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Reference :-
CO885/25
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
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The banks of the rivers are low and consist of alluvial mud, from which the present site of the town of Haiphong has been reclaimed. Scattered throughout the town are extensive pools and areas of marsh land. The population of Haiphong is about 45,000.
great waterway connecting Yunnan with the Gulf of Tonkin.
Trade-Haiphong is accessible to large ocean-going steamers. The sea-borne trade of the port is mainly with Hong Kong, Saigon, Pakhoi, in the Province of Kwang-si, and Hoihow, on the island of Hainan.
Temperature and Rainfall.-The monthly mean temperature rises above 80° Fahr. only during the months June to September. From December to February it is about 62° Fahr.
The annual mean rainfall is about sixty-nine inches. May to October are the rainy months.
Water-supply. The public water-supply is a continuous high-pressure supply drawn from storage reservoirs in the hills and distributed over the whole area of the city.
Sanitation and Quarantine. These services are controlled by the Director of Health Services of Tonkin, whose headquarters are at Hanoi, and who is repre- sented at Haiphong by an official of the department.
The quarantine station is at Binh-Dong, about ten miles downstream. There is a complete equipment of buildings, materials, and staff.
houses:-Culex fatigans; Mosquitoes.--(a), Adult mosquitoes taken in Stegomyia fasciata; S. scutellaris; Årmigeres obturbans; Mansonioides annuliferus; M. annulipes; Culex sitiens; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; A. sinensis; A. minimus, Theob.
(6) Larvæ taken in artificial collections of water :-Stegomyia fasciata; S. scutellaris; Armigeres obturbans.
(c) Larvæ taken in natural collections of water:-Culex fatigans; C. sitiens. At the time of my visit to Haiphong in December, 1915, the temperature was low, 64°-72° Fahr., and mosquitoes were few in number. Specimens of Stegomyia fasciata were taken.
Dr. P. L. Simond, Inspector-General of the Sanitary and Medical Services of 2, Med. Chir. Indo-Chine, T. VII., Indo-China, reports (Bulletin Soc.
of specimen Stegomyia
Hanoi, fasciata in 1916) that he found a Tonkin, in November, 1915, but considers that the species is rare in this region. Dr. Simond has also made observations in Cochin-China, where he found specimens This conclusion of Stegomyia fasciata, but concludes that it is a rare species. was not borne out by my examination of breeding places in Saigon.
Canton.
Canton, the capital of the Chinese Province of Kwang Tung, is situated on the Chu Kiang or Pearl River, in latitude 23° 7′ north and longitude 113° 14' east. The city proper extends to a breadth of about two miles, and is about six miles The suburbs extend along the river in circumference; it is enclosed by a wall. for about five miles. The population has been estimated by the Customs authorities at 2,500,000.
Trade.-Ample means of communication exist between Canton and Hong Kong, a distance of ninety-five miles by water and one hundred and twelve miles
and by railway. Foreign steamers a large number of native craft ply communication with Macao, and regular daily. There is daily steamer
other West River towns and with Wuchow and communication with Shanghai and other Chinese ports. Ocean-going vessels of considerable draught can proceed to Canton.
Temperature and Rainfall. The monthly mean temperature exceeds 80° Fahr. only during the four months June to September. During the months December to February it falls to about 60° Fahr.
The annual mean rainfall is about sixty-five inches. April to August are theTM rainy months.
Water-supply. There is a public water-supply of limited extent brought from the hills eight miles from the city, but both within and without the city walls there are large numbers of wells. The practice of staring water in jars is very general. Sanitation and Quarantine.--În the Chinese city little is attempted in the way of sanitation as understood in Europe. The municipality of Shameen (British concession) employs a Medical Officer of Health.
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There is a quarantine anchorage down river from Canton, but there are no buildings or staff to deal with infected ships. The Medical Officer of Health, Shameen, has assigned to him by the Chinese Customs Department some duties in connexion with quarantine matters, but these duties are ill-defined.
Mosquitoes.—(a) Adult mosquitoes taken in houses-Culex fatigans; C'. sitiens; Armigeres obturbans; Stegomyia scutellaris; Anopheles sinensis.
(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places :-Culex fatigans; Stegomyia scutel- laris; Armigeres obturbans.
(c) Larvæ from natural breeding places:-C. fatigans.
The weather conditions were unfavourable for the development of mosquitoes during the time of my visit. No Stegomyia fasciata, either larvæ or adults, were found. S. scutellaris larvæ were present in fair numbers in jars both within and without the city, but their development was slow. Larvæ of this species taken at Canton on 13th December, 1915, which were apparently then half grown, trans- formed to pupa on 6th January, 1916, in Kuala Lumpur, and a few adults hatched out 8th-10th January, 1916.
Since my visit I have had sent to me collections of mosquitoes taken in Canton during the month of March. Among these were no specimens of Stegomyia
PROGRESS REPORT II.
THIS second progress report is an account of observations made in the ports of Batavia, Samarang, Soerabaia, and Makasser, with some notes on collections from other places in the Malayan region.
Batavia.
Batavia, the principal city in West Java, is situated on the Bay of Batavia in latitude 6° 7' south and longitude 106° 48' east. It is a long, narrow city extending along the banks of the River Tjiliwong, and comprises the port (Tandjong Priok), the old town (Batavia), and the new town (Weltevreden). The population is about 138,000.
Trade. Batavia has extensive trade relations with all the neighbouring ports and is the point of departure for lines of steamers to Europe, America, and Japan. Temperature and Rainfall.—The annual mean temperature is about 79° Fahr. The temperature is nearly the same throughout the year, the greatest difference between the highest and lowest monthly mean being only about 20.
The annual mean rainfall is seventy-one inches. October to April are the wet months.
Water-supply. The public water-supply is drawn from artesian wells, and is distributed throughout the city by means of pipes to hydrants and private houses. From the hydrants water is carried in tins to the houses in the native quarters and is there stored in earthenware jars. There are also a large number of open wells.
A scheme for a constant high-pressure supply of water from the hills has been under consideration for some years.
Sanitation and Quarantine.-Special officers devote their whole time to sanitary work, and important progress has been made during recent years in improving the condition of the native quarters of the city.
There is a special staff which devotes attention to anti-mosquito measures. Native assistants are taught to recognize the different kinds of larvæ and to deal with breeding places. By means of posters in the vernacular languages, kinemato- graph films, and lectures the people are taught the importance of mosquito-borne diseases and the means of preventing them.
The quarantine station is situated on two islands in the Bay of Batavia, about six miles from the town. It is supplied with ample accommodation to meet any emergency. There is a complete equipment of apparatus for disinfection.
Mosquitoes. (a) Adult mosquitoes taken in houses-Culex gelidus, Theob.; Culex tritaniorhynchus, Giles; Stegomyia fasciata, Fabr.; Mansonioïdes annulipes, Walk.; M. annuliferus, Theob.; S. fasciata var. luciensis, Theob.; Mansonioides uniformis, Theob.; Culex fatigans, Wied.; Armigeres obturbans, Walk.; Stegomyia scutellaris, Walk.; Culex whitmorei, Giles; C. vishnui, Theob.; Aedeomyia catisticta, Knab.; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus, Ludl.; A. sinensis, Wied. A. ludlowi, Theob.; A. fuliginosus, Giles; Banksinella lineatopennis, Ludl.; Uranotania cam- pestris, Leic.; Culex bit@niorhynchus, Theob.; Rachionotomyia aranoides, Theob.; Lophoceratomyia barkeri, Theob.; C. fuscocephalus, Theob.; Cyathomyia brevipalpis, Giles.
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