88
159
Place, and their present landlady had offered to let them have the ground floor for £45 (£60 after the War), with the exception of one room at the back; the addi- tional accommodation to include a cellar or other small place in the basement. On the other hand, they were only asked to pay £150 for premises offered at 89, Queen's Gate, which they could take on a five-year agreement with the option of a break at three years on payment of a fine of £30. The house was being thoroughly redecorated, and the charge for keeping the rooms in order would only be half that now charged. Details of the rooms and space available at each place were laid before the Sub-Committee.
Mr. Neave, on being asked his opinion, said that the terms asked by their present landlady were not worth accepting, but he hoped they might get better. Their present housing would be better should there be any increase in the staff, while the Queen's Gate flat would afford better accommodation for the expansion of the library.
It was finally decided to leave the decision to Dr. Marshall and Mr. Neave, with authority to go as far as £175 a year.
Dr. Marshall said that Dr. Lamborn, now a captain in the Veterinary Corps in East Africa, had asked him what he was to do when the military operations there came to an end. Mr. Read suggested that he had better come home, as his leave would be due about then. The Sub-Committee agreed.
£
8.
d.
£
Cash with Crown Agents
Sales of Bulletin (estimated)
Outstanding liabilities:-
8. d 4,788 13 1 70 0 0
Salaries to end of March
Unerpended balance of Carnegie
Fund
in
Stegomyia survey Far East
(estimated)
Stationery Office (estimated):
•
Printing Review (twelve parts) Printing Bulletin (four parts) Stationery
345 14 0
1,040 4 2
400 0 0
316 10 0
320 0 0
30 0
2,452 8 2
4,858 18 1
Balance of Tropical African
Fund
1,000 0 0
Balance of Bureau Fund
1,406 4 11
£4,858 13 1
£4,858 13
1
52942
APPENDIX IV.
Estimate of Recurrent Expenditure for the 1916-17.
year
£ 6. d.
£ 8. d.
Government grants
5,550 0
Interest on deposits
70 0
200
Salaries
3,910 0
0
Review of Applied Entomology,
deficit
Bulletin of Entomological Research,
deficit
Translations for the Review
320
0 0
|
300 0
180 0
Elvaston Place office
Library
Travelling expenses
200 0
80 0
Scientific equipment
Camp equipment General expenses Credit balance
100 0
70 0
50 0
000000000
120 0 0
290 0
£5,620 0 0 €5,620 0
0
SIR,
No. 73.
MALAY STATES.
THE HIGH COMMISSIONER to THE SECRETARY OF STATE. (Received 4th November, 1916.)
(Malay States. No. 310.)
Government House, Singapore, 27th September, 1916. WITH reference to my despatch No. 416, of the 21st October, 1915,* I have the honour to forward copy, in duplicate, of Parts I. and II. of a Progress Report
on
<<
A Survey of the Mosquitoes of Far Eastern Ports, with special reference to the distribution of Stegomyia fasciata. Fabr
"
2. Dr. Stanton, in forwarding these reports, writes: "These reports are an account of observations made in the ports named in them, and of some additional records bearing upon the distribution of species of Stegomyia in this region. They are not intended for publication in their present form. In a further report of investigations in the ports of China and Japan I shall include a summary of all the observations and such conclusions as may emerge from a study of them. I propose to send for publication separately an account of the biology of species of Stegomyia."
I have, &c.,
ARTHUR YOUNG
31669
No. 72.
MINUTES OF THE NINETEENTH MEETING OF THE FINANCE SUB- COMMITTEE OF THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, HELD At the Colonial Office on 29th June, 1918.
Present:
DR. HARMER (Chairman).
MR. READ.
DR. MARSHALL.
MR. NEAVE.
MR. FIDDIAN (Acting Secretary).
The minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting* were approved.
Dr. Marshall explained the steps taken to obtain better accommodation for the Bureau. At present they paid £115 a year for their rooms at 27, Elvaston
* No. 67.
Enclosure in No. 73.
A SURVEY OF THE MOSQUITOES OF FAR EASTERN PORTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF STEGOMYIA FASCIATA, FABR.
PROGRESS REPORT 1.
By A. T. STANTON, Bacteriologist, Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States.
It is the opinion of eminent medical authorities that when the Panama Canal is fully opened to traffic Asiatic countries will be exposed to grave danger of the introduction of yellow fever. Any plan that may be devised for the protection of India and the Far Eastern Colonies from this danger must take account of the distribution of the known yellow fever carrier Stegomyia fasciata and its near
*Not printed.
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
C.O
Reference :-
885/25
PUBLIC' RECORD OFFICE, LONDON |
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TOPage 91
89
mmin
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
C.O
Reference :-
885/25
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
180
allies, and of the sanitary and other circumstances affecting the prevalence of mosquitoes in Eastern ports. In September, 1915, I was instructed by the Govern- ment of the Federated Malay States to undertake an investigation of these factors for the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.
This first progress report is an account of observations made in the ports of Bangkok, Saigon, Haiphong, and Canton.
Bangkok.
Bangkok, the modern capital of Siam, is situated on both banks of the River Menam, in latitude 13° 45′ north and longitude 100° 30' east, about twenty-five miles upstream from the bar at the river's mouth. The city proper, the Govern- ment offices, banks, and business houses are on the left bank of the river; on the right bank are rice mills and other industries, and the dwellings of a large part of the native population. The city is intersected in all directions by a network of canals. The estimated population is 625,000.
Trade. The trade of the port is mainly with Singapore, Hong Kong, Swatow, and Hoihow. There is also direct steamer connexion with Saigon and Batavia.
Temperature and Rainfall. The monthly mean temperature of Bangkok is above 80 Fahr. for all months of the year except November, December, and January.
was
The annual mean rainfall is about fifty-seven inches. The months May to October are wet months; December, January, and February are dry.
installed in Water-supply. A public water-supply for Bangkok November, 1914. The water is taken from the Menam about twenty-five miles north of the city, carried by a canal to the filtering plant at Bangkok, and thence distributed in pipes over the greater part of the city on the left bank of the river.
In addition to this public supply, which is as yet available for only a small part of the population, there are artesian wells, shallow wells, and the river and canals, all of which are drawn upon.
The storage of water in jars for household purposes is the rule in Bangkok Recently the Government announced a substantia! among the poorer classes. reduction in the water rates with the object of encouraging "the use of pure water for the well-being and health of the public."
Sanitation and Quarantine.-The sanitary administration of the city is con- Provision is made for three trolled by the Ministry of Local Government. European Medical Officers, a Bacteriologist, and a number of Siamese assistants. No special measures are in operation for the reduction of mosquitoes.
The quarantine This department also deals with quarantine matters. station, which at the time of my visit was closed, is situated at Koh Phra, an island about sixty miles from Bangkok. It is proposed to construct a new station on the river about fifteen miles from the city.
The quarantine arrangements at this port and the law relating to quarantine The health officers are pressing are inadequate to meet modern requirements. for reforms.
Mosquitoes. An investigation was made of the distribution of mosquitoes in all parts of the city by examining specimens taken in houses, and by the identi- fication of larvæ taken in artificial and natural collections of water in the neighbourhood of houses.
The following list of species is in order of comparative frequency of their
occurrence :-
(a) Adult mosquitoes taken in houses:-Culex fatigans, Wied.; Stegomyia fasciata, Fabr.; Stegomyia scutellaris, Walk.; Mansonioides uniformis, Theob.; M. annulipes, Walk.; Culex gelidus, Theob.; C. concolor, Rob. Des.; C. sitiens, Wied.; Mansonioides annuliferus, Theob.; Anopheles sinensis, Wied.;' A. sinensis var. peditaniatus, Leic.; A. rossi var. indefinitus, Ludl.; A. barbirostris v.d. Wulp; A. fuliginosus, Giles; A. fuliginosus var. nivipes, Theob.; Culex halifaxii, Theob.; C. fuscocephalus, Theob.; Uranotaenia cancer, Leic.
(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places: jars, tube, barrels, tins, etc.:- Stegomyia fasciata; Armigeres obturbans, Theob.; Stegomyia scutellaris, Cya- thomyia brevipalpis, Giles; Toxorhynchites immisericors, Walk.; Culex halifaxii; C. fatigans; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus.
(c) Larvæ from natural collections of water: pools, canals, ditches, etc. :~~- Culex fatigans; C. gelidus; Armigeres obturbans; Culex concolor; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; A, sinensis.
161
In Bangkok throughout the city mosquitoes are numerous, and Stegomyia fasciata is a very common species. The habits of the people in the storage of water and the restricted distribution of the public water-supply combine to make the task of its reduction a very difficult one. The quarantine arrangements of the port are urgently in need of improvement.
Saigon.
The
Saigon, the capital of Cochin China, is situated on the banks of the River Saigon, a tributary of the Donnai, in latitude 10° 46′ north and longitude 106° 30' east. The town lies about forty miles upstream from Cape St. James at the mouth of the River Donnai, and is accessible to the largest steamers. population of Saigon is about 70,000. The city of Cholon, which for practical purposes is a part of the port, is situated about four miles farther upstream, and is connected with Saigon by a steam tramway. Cholon is the centre of much com- mercial activity in connexion with the milling and export of rice, the staple product of Cochin China. The population of Cholon is 165,000.
Trade. The trade of the port is with Hong Kong, Singapore, Manila, Japan, and the Netherlands East Indies by direct services, and with Europe by way of intermediate ports.
Temperature and Rainfall.—The monthly mean temperature is above 80° Fahr. for all months of the year except December, when it falls slightly.
The annual mean rainfall is about sixty-five inches. The rainy season begins about the middle of May and ends about the middle of November. January to March are the driest months.
Water-supply. The public water-supply of Saigon is collected from a number of surface wells within the city and from a small catchment area about two miles outside it. The supply
now intermittent, necessitating storage in tanks or jars.
A plan for a continuous high pressure supply is under consideration.
Sanitation and Quarantine. The sanitary administration is controlled by the Civic Corporation through their Medical Officer of Health, who is assisted by sanitary inspectors. Though no special measures are directed against mosquitoes the efficient civil sanitary service ensures that breeding places are not neglected. The quarantine service is directed by the Chief of the Health Service of Cochin China, an officer of the sanitary and medical services of Indo-China. quarantine station is situated at Nhabe, fifteen miles downstream from the city; the buildings, accommodation, and equipment are complete.
The
These services throughout Indo-China are well maintained. All the principal ports and many of the smaller ones are provided with rooms for disinfection and mobile apparatus for the disinfection of ships.
Mosquitoes.--(a) Adult mosquitoes taken in houses: Culex fatigans; Stegomyia fasciata; S. scutellaris; Armigeres obturbans; Mansonioides uniformis; Culex gelidus; C. sitiens; C. concolor; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; A. sinensis. (b) Larve taken in artificial collections of water-Stegomyia fasciata; S. scutellaris: Ochlerotatus gubernatorius, Giles; Cyathomyia brevipalpis; Culex concolor.
(c) Larvæ taken in natural collections of water: -Culex fatigans; C. gelidus; C. concolor; A. rossi var. indefinitus.
At the time of my visit, towards the end of the rainy season, mosquitoes were not numerous in Saigon, but Stegomyia fasciata was not uncommonly met with. In the native city of Cholon larvæ of this species were common.
In the annual report for 1914 of the "Ambulance du Cap St. Jacques," Major J. E. Rencurel describes an outbreak of fever of obscure causation among officers and their families. A further small outbreak at Cape St. James occurred in 1915, and similar cases were observed at Saigon. Major Rencurel identified this fever with the "six day fever of ports" described by Leonard Rogers, and attributed its spread to a biting insect, mosquito, or fly. Certain officers who had experience of the fever and of the conditions at Cape St. James entertained the suspicion that the disease might be related in some way to yellow fever.
Haiphong.
Haiphong is the shipping port for Hanoi and other commercial centres in Tonkin, and for the Chinese province of Yunnan. It is situated in latitude 20° 50′ north and longitude 106° 42′ east, on the banks of the Rivers Cua Cam and Song Tam Bac. These rivers are joined by several channels with the River Song Koi, a
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