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(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places: jars, tubs, etc. :-Stegomyia fasciata; S. fasciata var. luciensis; Culex fatigans; Armigeres obturbans; S. scutellaris.
(c) Larve from natural breeding places: pools, drains, streams, etc. :-Culex fatigans; C. vishnui; C. tritaniorhynchus; Anopheles tessellatus; A. kochi; A. rossi var. indefinitus; A. sinensis; A. ludlowi; A. barbirostris.
At the time of my visit to Batavia mosquitoes were very numerous, as may be inferred from the large number of species recorded. Stegomyia fasciata was preva- lent in all parts of the city. Special measures are in operation to reduce the numbers of mosquitoes, but the task is a formidable one.
Samarang.
Samarang, the principal port of mid-Java, is situated on the north coast about midway between Batavia and Soerabaia, in latitude 7° 15' south and longitude 110° 38' east. The population is about 96,000.
Trade. Samarang is the commercial centre of a very large agricultural district. There are rail connexions to all points in Java, and many steamships touch at this port on their way to Singapore, Australia, China, India, Europe, and America.
Temperature and Rainfall. The climate of Samarang resembles that of Batavia. The annual mean rainfall is eighty-six inches.
It is a Water-supply. The public water-supply is drawn from the hills. Constant high-pressure supply and is distributed over the whole area of the city. Sanitation and Quarantine.-These are supervised. by officers of the civil medical service. Samarang is a second-class harbour, and the quarantine station is not provided with its own apparatus for fumigation. A new quarantine station is projected.
There are no special measures in force directed against mosquitoes. Mosquitoes. (a) Adults taken in houses-Culex fatigans; Stegomyia fasciata; S. fasciata var. luciensis; Uranotania cancer; Anopheles ludlowi; Č. tritœnior. hynchus, Giles.
(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places:-Stegomyia fasciata; S. fasciata var. luciensis; Culex fatigans.
(c) Larvæ from natural breeding places:-Culex fatigans; Culex bitœnior- hynchus; Anopheles ludlowi; Anopheles barbirostris.
At the time of my visit mosquitoes were not numerous at Samarang, and Stegomyia fasciata was rarely encountered in houses. Larvae of this species were The admirable public water-supply found in jars used for storing water in houses.
is, I think, an important factor in keeping down the numbers of mosquitoes that one might have expected to encounter here.
Dr. W. T. De Vogel published in 1909 (Geneesk. Tijd, n. Ned, Ind., D). 49, A. 5) an account of malaria infection experiments with anopheline mosquitoes bred from larvæ taken in salt-water pools near the sea coast at Samarang. These mosquitoes were then identified as Anopheles (Myzomyia) rossi, Giles, and Dr. De Vogel's results gave rise to some controversy, as it had been thought that rossi was not a malaria-carrying species. During my visit to Samarang I re-examined these pools, but found in them only Anopheles ludlowi, Theob., and A. barbirostris v.d. Wulp. At Soerabaia, however, in similar situations, I took large numbers of larvæ of Anopheles rossi, Giles, and I think it quite probable that Dr. De Vogel experimented with this species.
Soerabaia.
Soerabaia is situated on the Kali Mas and its tributary, the Kali Pegirian, in It is a long, narrow city stretching latitude 7° 14' south and longitude 112° 44' east. along the banks of these rivers. Population 160,000.
Trade.-Soerabaia is the commercial metropolis of Java, and the greater part of the foreign trade is executed from this port. Regular steamship services are maintained with Makasser and other ports in Netherlands East Indies, and with Australia, India, and Europe.
Temperature and Rainfall.-The climate of Soerabaia resembles that of Batavia and other coast towns. The annual mean rainfall is sixty-eight inches.
Water-supply. The public water-supply of Soerabaia comes from the hills. It
is a constant high-pressure supply and is distributed over the whole city.
Dr. J. T. Terburgh, Chief of the Public Health Service of East Java, has during several years studied the important question of supplying the native population with pure water at small cost. This problem, of vital importance from the point of view
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of water-borne diseases such as cholera, is also intimately connected with the ques- tion of Stegomyia reduction in seaport towns. Dr. Terburgh was good enough to demonstrate to me the methods which he advocates, and to show me their practical working in a native kampong of Soerabaia.
Water is brought to each house in pipes, and by means of a permanent water meter devised by Dr. Terburgh a quantity of water estimated to be sufficient for drinking and domestic purposes is delivered at a uniform rate. The water is stored in a cement reservoir of appropriate capacity, whence it can be taken as required. Dr. Terburgh claims for his method that an adequate supply of water is delivered, that wastage is prevented, and that, after making provision for interest on capital expenditure and for repayment, the cost to the consumer may be less than he now pays for the transport of water from hydrants.
Owing to the more or less constant disturbance of the water surface in these reservoirs there is less tendency for the female Stegomyia fasciata to lay eggs in them than in the common water jar. Nevertheless, larvae of this species were not uncommonly found in the reservoirs. It was observed also that, despite the existence of an adequate supply of water at all times in the reservoirs, the natives removed water from them and stored it in jars in accordance with a custom that obtains everywhere through Eastern countries.
In his experiments Dr. Terburgh had not in mind the question of the reduction of breeding places of Stegomyia, but I understand that he proposes to carry out further experiments in an endeavour to meet this indication also. I was much impressed by the possibilities revealed by Dr. Terburgh's proposals for the solution of the problem of mosquito control in the densely populated towns of the East.
Sanitary Service and Quarantine. Special officers are in charge of these services, and they are provided with subordinate staffs, who are now being instructed in the details of anti-mosquito work.
A new quarantine station has been approved and is to be built on the island of Madura, opposite Soerabaia.
Mosquitoes. (a) Adults taken in houses: Culex fatigans; Stegomyia fasciata; . fasciata var. luciensis; C. sitiens, Wied.; C. vishnui, Theob.; Č. minimus: Anopheles rossi, Giles; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; Culex bitœniorhynchus; Anopheles barbirostris.
(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places :-S. fasciata; C. fatigans.
(c) Larvæ in cut bamboos :--S. scutellaris; R. aranoides,
(d) Larvæ from natural breeding places :-C. fatigans; C. vishnui; C. sitiens;
C. bitaniorhynchus; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; A. rossi.
Mosquitoes were numerous in Soerabaia, and S. fasciata was a common species. The problem of their reduction is receiving special attention.
Makasser.
Makasser, the capital of Celebes Island and its Dependencies, is situated on the west coast of Southern Celebes in latitude 5° 20′ south and longitude 119° 40′ east. Population 26,000.
Trade.-Makasser is a trade centre for Eastern Netherlands, East Indies, and a port of call for steamships proceeding to Australia, Manila, and Hong Kong.
Temperature and Rainfall. The mean temperature is about 80° Fahr. The climate is less equable than that of Java, and the daily variation may be as much as 18° Fahr. The annual mean rainfall is one hundred and fifteen inches.
Water-supply. The water-supply is drawn from surface wells in compounds. A piped water-supply has been talked of, but the expense involved is great.
Sanitation and "Quarantine.-These services are supervised by the military medical authorities. There are no special measures in force directed against mosquito breeding.
Mosquitoes. (a) Adults taken in houses-Culex fatigans; Stegomyia fasciata; C. tritaniorhynchus; C. vishnui; C. fuscocephalus; Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus; A. vagus; A. barbirostris,
(b) Larvæ from artificial breeding places :-Stegomyia fasciata.
(c) Larvæ from natural breeding places:-C. fatigans; C. vishnui; A. rossi var. indefinitus.
(d) Larvæ in cut bamboos :-S. scutellaris; R. aranoides.
Mosquitoes are exceedingly prevalent at Makasser, and Stegomyia fasciata very numerous. I could not learn that any special measures were in operation for reducing their numbers. There were large numbers of larvæ in the cement reservoirs used for storing water in bath-rooms.
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