A
+
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CONFIDENCE IN CURRENCY
Sir F. Leith-Ross's Views
INFLATION WARNING
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS
RELEGATION RULES
May Be Change This Year
London, April 11. With another season nearing an muly regular followers of Excluding risks of any
major end.
football
are wondering League seems to 02 catastrophe, there
be a every reason for confidence in the whether there is go ng to currency of China said Sir Fre-reform in the promotion and re- derick Leith-Ross, in the course ofligation rules.
un interview with the "North China Daily News" on Tuesday.
He felt. however, that as the balancing of the budget inevitably would take some time, China was Justified in borrowing to the ex- tent that savings were available.
On the question of China's cur- rency, he said:
Mr. Sam Allen, veteran secretary of Swindon Town, whose efforts on behalf of the smaller clubs are so wel known, telis me that there la every likelihood of the rules being altered at the next annual meet- ing of the League.
"Why do you think of the
TUESDAY, APRIL 28, 1936.
LAW AS A BASIS OF SOCIETY
Lord Macmillan On Daily Contacts
water to every householder's tap has to be administered and finan- ced and this in turn necessitates the utilization of the vast appa- ratus of local government law, with its many branches-rating, inspec-
London. Apr. 9.
04 Lord Macmillan delivered address on Law and the Citizen" which was broadcast in the Na- Jonal programme, last evening. Nothing was more remarkable, he said, than the strange misconception, and the like.". tions which existed about the law. It was a tribute to the genius of Dickens and to the pervasive in- fluence of the daily Press that to the ordinary citizen mention of the law conjured up a confused vision of the courts as portrayed in "Pickwick Papers" and "Bleak House, mixed with recollections of reports of sensational - criminal trials and sordid matrimonial dis- putes. As for the study of the law, it was deemed a dismal and re- It is felt that the misfortunes pellent pursuit whose, mysteries no Aston Vila and Blackburn one would care to penetrate who
was not paid to do so. II. may experience He would not suggest that every extreme difficulty in regaining citizen should be an expert lawyer their old status influence Lome of the
chance of the regulations being altered" Mr. Alen was asked. H replied. "Every chance.".
When the extention promotion
proposals and legallon before the League last May they rarrowly talled to secure the re- quisite two-thirds majority.
came
in
TAKEN FOR GRANTED That, Lord Macmillan explained, was only the beginning of their day's contacts with law. Another whole code of law lay behind the Provision of such public utilities as gas and electricity; at break- fast they enjoyed the protection of the Food and Drugs Act: taking an omnibus, tram, or Tube 4 legal ticket they entered into transaction involving both them selves and the company or local authority who had undertaken to convey them in a whole series of mutual rights and duties; at their employment they were in another set of legal regulations regulated
A POSITIVE PEACE POLICY
Lord Halifax On Confidence
Westminster, "Apr. 8. On the eve of his departure for Geneva to assist Mr. Eden in the proposed informal conversations with the Locarno Powers. Lord Halifax to-day gave the House of Lords an impressive review of for- eirn affairs.
Lord Snell began the debate or ask.ng for a statement to relieve prevalent anxieties. Speaking of- ficially for the Labour Party, he appeared torn between mistrust of Naal Germany and a desire to fos- ter any chance of peace which might be contained in Herr Hit- ler's proposals. Among his definite statements were that negotiations must not result in giving Germany a free hand in Eastern Europe, and that the proper policy for this country was to organize mutual se- curity with a League reformed for this purpose. He departed from a non-political attitude only on the subject of Abyssinia There, he said, the League looked like being
THE STAFF TALKS
character
That was why the Goverment had decided that there must be au interim period for the restoration of, confidence, that essential prelimin ary to negotiations of which they had never lost sight. That was why they had joined in the pro- posals of March 19, and why they regretted that those proposals, though their tentative had been proclaimed, had evoked no real contribution for the in- terim period from Germany. That was why the Government had made their contribution in the shape of the promised Staff conversations Lord Hallfax repeated that they underlined without extending the Locamo
would
TWO DOMINANT NEEDS
Meanwhile he felt that there were two dominant necessities for peace," The first was recognition of, Germany's equality. He hoped that France and Belgium themselves would grant this recognition, given the second necessity-namely, as- surance, that Germany would fulfi the obligations involved in equality. To be quite frank, why were there such gaps in Heri Hitler's pro- posals? How could there be con- Adence if the principle that the ne- cessities of a State justified any- For our part, we should stand steadfastly thing were maintained? by all who meant peace and oppose all who would betray it. The only possible test of sincerity was the test of time and of experience. Meanwhile every effort to promote peace would be made, but no pre- caution against a breach of the peace would be relaxed.
"The Chinese Government last November adopted a managed cur- rency without speciile and precise links with other world currencies, but variations between these cur- rencies are not at present of any The main great consequence. thing for China is to avoid adopt- ing a currency standard which or would involve her again in the necesa ty .of a severe price defla- tion
The monetary reform has given
clubs previously dead get plate-but he did desire that every not only by the common law but disgraced, and the responsibility wanton disturbance of the peace with enlarged to the the necessary elasticity economic system and has proved against Mr. Bendie Moore's recom-
lovers. who. If they descend Division
The ex-mendation.
main-
remarkably successful. change balance has been tained without any difficulty, and the trade balance has been greatly Improved. Allowing for invisibles,
China has probably now a favour- accounts, and, able balance from an economic standpoint. and
any excluding risks of major me catastrophe there seems every reason for confidence in the currency.
U
ACTION NECESSARY The Chinese Government should, however, carry through the pro- mised reform of the Central Bank as an independent institution, and take steps to balance the budget as rapidly as possible, so that in- Nation may be avoided. The" ba- lancing of the budget inevitably "will take sathe time, and, in the
meanwhile, the Government justified in borrowing to the ex- tent that savings are available.
The public expenditure must, however, be kept within the limits of the amount of revenue and of the real savings that are
able.
avali-
Questioned regarding the recon- struction of China. Sir Frederick said the resources of the country and the industry of her people were such that, if China could but obtain a period of peace and would orderly government, she 3000 become a most prosperous country.
"It appears to me that remark- able progress has been made, in many difficulties spite of the during recent years. If I were to venture on any comment, it would be that China is placing too much emphasis on industrialization, and too little on improving the condi- tions of the agriculturist."
FOREIGN DEBTS
On the question of China's for eign debts. Sir Frederick said he had not heard of any request for the prolongation of time for re- payment. "When the terms of the loan agreement provided that
to China is entitled ask for a postponement of capital payments, she can, of course, avall herself of this facility." he went on. "but in other cases such a postponiemen does not appear to me to be in the interest of China.. China is in
to
The proposal to be submitted to the annual meeting of the League 15 that four clubs should be re- gated from the First Division to that a the Second Division, and similar number should be relegated Second Division. with rom "he promotion. of enfire. on a similar
oasis.
have also been making efforts :0 secure support for the scheme:
WILL TAKE KING'S
--an appalling thing to
contem-
citizen should have a general con, ception of the legal system under which he lived. Every branch of knowledge had a technical aspect which was the province of the ex- pert, but it had also general prin- ciples which every educated per- son should know. The laws of the body politic were like the laws of the human body; it was for the the
skilled physician Lo
master
ernment.
Lord Halifax, while acknowledg-
by all-the statutes dealing with for the tortures inflicted by Italy workmen's compensation, employ-rested partly on the British Gov- ers' Hability, trade unions, and the a midday
into а payment of wages; at meal they might enter contract of sale and purchase of consumable commodities for which the Sale of Goods Act prescribed what were their rights; and co. without ever giving it a thought, they were at almost every moment a social
system built up and ordered by law which in general worked so smoothy that they took it all for granted.
Recently Northern Section clubs technique of the science of medi- availing themselves of
cine, but we must all, at our peril, possess a general working-know- He ledge of the laws of health. would be in favour of including in the curriculum of all our secon- dary schools some instruction in the general principles of law and If such instruction government. were intelligently given at would be found to be anything but a dull subject.
PLACE
Duke of York to be Scots Grand Master Mason
London. Apr. 2. The Duke of York is to be in-
27
of
That social announcement. last night cases discussion as to what change in plans would follow, the King's accession.
The reason why the study of at least the principles of law ought of
stalled Grand Master Mason to form part of any scheme Scotland on November 30, when beral education was because the Grand Lodge opens a week's cele-law was the very foundation of brations on the occasion of its bl- human society, the very basts on centenary.
which our civilization was found King Edward, who, as Prince of ed. By the slow growth of law Wales, had accepted the invitation the warring instincts of mankind to become Grand Master in the bi-had been accommodated and sub- is to follow the dued to order. We were not con- centenary year. precedent set by his grandfather. scious of this Influence regulating and become patron of the Scottish our lives and we had grown so accustomed to its operation that Craft.
we no more, thought of it thari we did of the air we breathed.
INSTRUMENT OF PROGRESS In the evolution of our organi- zed society, Lord Macmillan con- tinued, the effective instrument af progress had been the law. It was not for nothing that we inevita- the bly linked together. the words jaw and order." Without the framework of the law in which our lives were set it would be im- Grand Lodge for more than a possible to carry on the infinitely modern year has been raising a special diversified activities of fund of £6000 for the bi-centenary humanity. Not a single day or celebrations. In addition to dele-hour of our lives was spent gates from the Grand Lodges of which we did not benefit from the England. Ireland. and America, legal system under which we and probably some of the Contin- lived. ental Grand Lodges, there will be a large representation of district Grand Lodges in the Dominions and elsewhere.
USHER HALL CEREMONY The Installation of the Duke of York will be carried out by the Retiring Grand Master, Sir Iain Colquhoun, B.," probably in Usher Hall, in view of the large number of Masons expected to be present.
All arrangements are not yet complete, but the following is like- great need of capital, and capitally to be included in the week's
is available abroad at much lower rates than it is here. For example, the Chinese Government foreign loans secured on the Customs yield only about 54 per cent, per annum, whereas the domestic loans yield nearly double as much. The bur- den of the foreign loans of China is not heavy, compared with the
celebrauiors:-A church service at Glles Cathedral, a St Andrew's Day dinner, and a gathering in the Music Hall,
ACCENT OF YOUTH
London, April 6. British engineers, draughtsmen, wealth of the country, and the accountants, and others who "stay wisest course, therefore, is for Chine to maintain and to improve cut in the midday sun" in Malay her credit. This appears to be the will soon have to face another
from
$
river
in
or
Lord
proceeded:-- Macmillan You rise-in, the morning and take your daily bath, but have you ever legal thought of the elaborate procedure which has preceded the simple operation of turning on the tap? The water supply which you so easily take for granted bas been drawn pumped from underground sources
on impounded
gathering or grounds miles away and brought to your home by an intricate system of pipes. Think of all the rights and interests which have had to be dealt with before this
respit was achieved Landowners may have had to be compensated for the use of their property, the rights of millowners, and of navigation
policy of the Chinese Government danger, not to their health but to and fishing, may have had to be and I welcome the efforts which their self-respect. No longer will they are making to settle existing defaults."
considered, wayleaves obtained, streets opened and so on.
"The method by which all these complicated matters are adjusted ly to be found in an elaborate legal Waterworks code known as the Clauses Acts, by which every step
they be able to make known their ishes to natives by means of á handful of phrases in the local NO TRIPARTITE AGREEMENT dialect; their English accent. may With regard to the reported be the measure of their success.
of children of plan
between Thousands of co-operation America, Great Britain, and Japan 1.ationalities in Malaya are. now Engili for the assistance of China. Sir being taught to speak Frederick, said he had no know-correctly by latening to gramo- ledge of any such tripartite agree- phone records of "cultured" voices.law on the subject of water supply, means truly but our system of private Bui ment. "Our interests in China are I learning young
In the procedure is regulated. These Acta provide the general
to promote peace, stability, and learning fair, then the education legislation, of which the average
trade. I believe these would be authorities are building up
а лен
citizen has only the vaguest idea, enables special provision to be in the interest of all other coun-nurden for the white man.
made for the requirements of each tries, and their co-operation for
area. To the Select Commitees of these purposes is much to be
Regarding Customs revenue, and Parliament is confided one of the jurisdic- desired. Co-operation with, Japan will, of course, be especially help- the reported effect of extensive most responsible of all ful, but no arrangement has been smugging, Sir Frederick said. that tions, the duty of deciding the made. I have heard nothing of to date the Customs revenue had occasions and the terms on which not been affected. Of course, this private rights must give way to the suggested tripartite arrange- ment between the United States, would be much higher if legitimate public needs. But that is not all; the scheme which brings the duties were paid. Grat Britain, and China."
"Let me disabuse your minds," Lord Macmillan added, "of the idea that litigation is the essen-
tial feature of law. Litigation is rather a symptom of the failure of law. When one reflects on the millions of legal relationships. which in a single day the manifold, transactions and activities of our citizens involve and then "on the number of cases which find their
be realized at once how minute is way into the Law Courts, it will the percentage of Instances in which disputes arise which call for judicial determination."
1ng the general restraint of the Op- position, at once challenged this charge. The British Government had done everything possible to
war with Italy. If they had want- stop the war, short of going to ed to go to war, the rest of the
In Europe, Lord Halifax agreed, League would not have followed,
peace was the only object to strive for. But à peace polley could not be negative-for example, doubts about the British attitude had been partly responsible for war in 1914.
Moreover, there could be no peace
without removing fears and resent- ments. This was a fateful hour. precipitated by the German action which had struck a wounding blow at the only possible foundations of any international order. We want- ed to close the era of German grie- there was no hope of settlement vances, but we must realize that unless we could be positively and
would not be repeated. absolutely sure that such blows
obligations, and become operative only if France or Belgium were wantonly attacked. Mr. Lloyd George, he insisted, was quite wrong in saying that they encouraged war. On the contrary the knowledge that this country could resist with all her forces any
was a definite guarantee of peace.
He calmed public support for the 'principles of Locarno, which were recognized as a steadying influence and us corresponding to traditional British interests," They did not derogate from the Coven- ant, which, he would remind the war-mongers, was an instrument of peace and was reinforced by specific and regional guarantees of peace. But a specific obligation in the West did not mean that we abandoned interest in the East Peace might well prove to be indi- visible, and if it were broken in the East. we would fulfil our ob-
ligations under the Covenant.
An unremitting search for peace involved search for the means to in the German proposats. peace That search was being made, More- over, since the proposals were wider than Locarno, they might well re- League. He therefor asked all con- cerned to have a common purpose; quire he wider audience
that were present. common agreement could be reached.
if
of the
Lord Lothian feared that the
policy of the Government might only combine feebleness in Africa
commitments in
Europe. The people of this coun- try must make up their minds what they would fight for, and he thought it ought to be for our commitments to the Empire and not for commitments in Europe.
Lord Cecil, on the other hand. held that we should do our duty by the League without shirking the consequences, of treaty-break- ing and no chance of real peace.
Lord Mansfeld demanded a de- finite assurance that no mandated territory should be handed back to Germany, and Lord Strabolgi, as a Labour Party, of the roundly asserted that he would have gone to war with Italy.
member
This gave Lord Stanhope an oc- casion to comment on the reck- lessness of the Opposition policy. He repeated the tone of Lord Arnold. But he refused to give the assurance for which Lord Mans- field had asked. It would be un- wise, he said, for a Minister out- side the Cabinet to do so" when there was anxiety to get Germany back to the League and to negoti- ate a general settlement.
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