D aily Press, September 16, October 23,1884.
D aily Press, October 23, 1884; C0129.217.18738, Marsh to Derby, no. 336, September 25, 1884, pp. 379-382.
D aily Press, August 25,1884.
23. C0129.217.19555, Marsh to Derby, no. 340, October 6, 1884, pp. 426-
427.
24. C0129.217.19557, pp. 480-482.
25. C0129.217.19557, pp. 470, 476-477, 492-493.
Chang Wen-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 122:14; Wang Liang, Ch'ing chi wai- chiao shih-liao, 48:5.
Chang wen-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 122:12,14; 73:8-9.
Hsü I-sheng, "Chia-wu Chung-Jih chan-cheng ch'ien, Ching-chi yen- chiu (Peking; 1956), 5:112-115; Chang Wen-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 73:16-17, ‘25-26; 12:27-29; 122:1, 19, 34.
Chang W en-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 122:33.
Chang W en-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 15:16-17.
Chang W en-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 11:11.
China M ail, December 15, 1896.
Morgan, Triad Societies in Hong Kong, p. 65.
China M ail, October 15,1884. 35. C0129.217.19555, p. 426.
36. C0129/217/19555, p. 422.
5. Popular Insurrection in 1884 313
37. C0129.217.19555, pp. 434-435
38. C0129.217.19957, pp. 482-483.
39. C0129.217.19555, pp. 434-438.
40. C0129.217.19555, pp. 434-438.
41. C0129.217.19555, pp. 434-438; China Mail October 6, 1884.
According to D aily Press, October 6, 1884, "some of the most intelli gent and influential Chinese in the Colony have also strongly advocated . . . a return to public flogging."
Of the sixty unofficial justices of the peace in Hong Kong, only seven were Chinese, all of British nationality as a condition of their appointment. They included Chan Kwan I (large real estate owner and comprador to the Augustine Heard and Co. in the late 1850s), Wong See Tye (comprador to Belilios and Co.), Choa Chee Bee (Fukienese, comprador to the Wahee, Smith and Co., Sugar Refinery), Woo Lin Yuen (Fukienese, secretary of the Man On Insurance Co.), Luk Sau Theen (of the Yew Cheong Hong), Wei Yuk (educated in Britain, comprador to the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London, and China), and Ho Kai (anglicized young barrister with a medical degree from the University of Abadeen and a law degree from Lincoln's Inn). For some of these men see Smith, "English-Educated Chinese Elites," pp. 85-86; Tung-shih-chü, Hsiang-kang Tung-hua san-yüan, 1:61, 63, 64, 67; Po Leung Kuk, Hsiang-kang Pao~liang~chü shih-liieh, pp. 125-126.
China M ail, October 6,1884.
D aily Press, September 23,1884.
Hong Kong D irectory (1884), pp. 362-363; Chronicle and D irectory, pp. 265, 268.
C0129.198.3979, Hennessy to Colonial Office, telegrams, March 2-3, 1882, p. 43. Another reason for the rejection was the project's connection with the Danish-Russian-backed Great Northern Telegraph Company, whose engineers were to be employed to supervise the construction of the cable. See Carl Smith, "How A-mei Pioneered."
China M ail, October 8, 1884.
Hu Ch'uan-chao, Tun-mo liu-fen, 2:14b, 21b; 3:7a. Thanks to Elizabeth Sinn for calling my attention to this work.
Chang Wen-hsiang kung ch'iian-chi, 73:7.
D aily Press, September 9,10,1884. 52. C0129.198.3979, p. 45.
53. CO129.220.5502, Bowen to Derby, no. 89, February 23,1885, pp. 281-
282.
D aily Press, August 26, 1884.
Tien-shih-chai hua-pao, pp. 3, 4, 51, 92.
Paul Linebarger, Sun Yat-sen, p. 177.
Shu-pao, November 5, 1884, March 21,1885; D aily Press, November 1, 1884.
D aily Press, September 22, 23, 1884.
D aily Press, September 2, October 7,1884.
314 6. Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism
60. C0129.217.19557, enclosure 2, pp. 480-482.
China M ail, October 7, 1884, quoted in Sinn, "The Strike and Riot of 1884," p. 69.
D aily Press, October 6,11,1884.
D aily Press, October 4, 6, 8, 9,16, 1884; China M ail, October 4, 6,1884.
Chang Wen-hsiang Icung ch'iian-chi 73:6-7. Viceroy Chang Chih-tung was fairly well-informed about situations in Hong Kong, because he em ployed informers and spies of both Chinese and foreign nationalities. "A Frenchman in Hong Kong often gave us secret reports. About French activi ties there, we know seven or eight out of ten," he confided to the Tsungli Yamen; Chang wen-hsiang Kung ch'iian-chi, 16:17,122:6.
65. C0129.217.19555, enclosure 3, p. 439.
66. Merlat, "En Marge de L'Expédition du Tonkin," pp. 228-229, states that the organized Hong Kong workers did not loot, not only because of the vigilance of British police and troops but also because workers were aware that such acts could only hurt their cause.
67. C0129.217.19555, p. 423.
D aily Press, October 4,1884.
CO129.218.20342, War Office to Colonial Office, Marsh to Granville, no. 204, enclosure 1, June 15,1885, p. 341; C0129.217.19557, p. 493.
70. C0129.218.20342, enclosure, p. 460.
D aily Press, October 25, November 1, 1884; C0129.218.20862, Marsh to Derby, no. 358, November 1,1884.
D aily Press, November 1, 1884.
D aily Press, October 11, 16, 1884.
74. C0129.217.19557, pp. 480-483; D aily Press, October 8,1884.
D aily Press, October 7, 1884.
Shu-pao, October 12, 1884.
For a discussion of "collaborationist patriotism" see Tsai, "Predica ment of the Comprador Ideologists," pp. 191-225.
Referring to the dockworkers in the strike of 1884, Chesneaux, Secret Societies, p. 126, states: "It is worth noting that when—for the first time in its history—the Chinese industrial proletariat took the initiative and staged a truly political strike, which was successful, it was a secret society that gave the call to action." See also Bastid-Brugere, "Current of Social Change," 11:575.
Unlike Eric Hobsbawm's "social bandits" who "took care not to harm the local people." See Bandits, pp. 13,143.
6 . Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism, 1887-1900
Among their many works are Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism; Carlton Hayes, The Historical Evolution of M odem Nationalism (New York, 1931); Deutsch,
Nationalism and Social Communication; and Eric J. Hobsbawm, N ations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, M yth, Reality (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism 315
Willson H. Coates and Hayden V. White, in The Ordeal of Liberal H u m anism : A n Intellectual H istory of W estern Europe, Since the French Revolution, 2
vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), 2:25-26, maintain: "Nationalism de
veloped during the early nineteenth century in the service of the emerging liberal ideal. It had taken on the character of an instrument of liberal reform in France during the Revolution and assisted in the exportation of liberalism to France's neighbors in Continental Western Europe The connection
between nationalism and liberalism was, however, not a necessary one. Just as an earlier, nascent national feeling had been exploited by divine-right monarchs like Louis XIV, so the more intense modem nationalism could be used to achieve conservative or autocratic purposes." See also Louis L. Snyder, Varieties of Nationalism: A Comparative S tudy (Hinsdale, Dl.: Dryden Press, 1976).
Eley, "Nationalism and Social History," pp. 90-91.
Eley, "Nationalism and Social History," p. 99.
Joseph R. Levenson, M odem China and Its Confucian Past (New York: Anchor Books, 1964), p. 61.
Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the W est
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 19.
Rankin, Elite A ctivism , pp. 26, 327.
Liu Kwang-ching, "The Confucian as Patriot and Pragmatist: Li Hung- chang's Formative Years, 1823-1866," Harvard Journal of A siatic Studies (1970), 30:5-45; and Liu Kwang-ching, "Politics, Intellectual Outlook, and Reform: The T'ung-wen Kuan Controversy of 1867," in Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker, eds.. Reform in Nineteenth-Century China (Cambridge: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1976), pp. 87-88.
David Pong, "Confucian Patriotism and the Destruction of the Woo- sung Railway, 1877," M odern Asian Studies (1973), 7(4):647-676.
Bays, China Enters the Twentieth Century, pp. 216-220.
John E. Schrecker, Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism: Germany in Shantung (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 250-254.
Young, The Presidency of Yuan Shih-k'ai: p. 106.
Gerald E. Bunker, The Peace Conspiracy: W ang Ching-wei and the China W ar, 1937 -1941 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 145.
Eley, "Nationalism and Social History," pp. 86, 99,104.
Shu-pao, January 28, 1885.
See Onogawa Hidemi, Shinmatsu seiji shisö kenkyü, pp. 4-5, 41, 45, 47- 50, 52-53; Hu Pin, Chung-kuo chin-tai kai-liang chu-i ssu-hsiang (Reformist thought in modem China) (Peking: Chunghua shuchu, 1964), pp. 67-68; Lloyd E. Eastman, "Political Reformism in China before the Sino-Japanese War," JAS (August 1968), 27(4):695-710.
Paul A. Cohen, "Wang T'ao and Incipient Chinese Nationalism," JAS
(August 1967), 26(4):559-574, and Between Tradition and M odernity .
Tseng Chi-tse, "China: The Sleep and the Awakening," pp. 1-10; Mou An-shih, Yang-wu yiin -tung (The foreign matter movement) (Shanghai: 1956), p. 128; Li En-han, Tseng Chi-tse, p. 276.
316 6. Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism
Ho Kai, "To the Editor." Ling-yeong Chiu, "The Debate on National Salvation: Ho Kai Versus Tseng Chi-tse," JHKBRAS (1971), vol. 11.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan, "Tseng-lun shu-hou," H IN H SCC, 3:10b, 23a, 24b, 25b-26a, 28b.
Hu Li-yüan, "Hsin-cheng lun-i hsu" (Preface to the Discourse on the New Government), H IN H SCC 4:1-4.
China M ail, May 21,1895.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan "Hsin-cheng lun-i," 6:23b-24a, 32a.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan, "Hsin-cheng pien-fung," 21.25a.
Hsü Chieh-lin, "Nihon to Chügoku ni okeru shoki rikken-shisö no hikaku kenkyü" (A comparative study of early constitutional ideas in Japan and China), Kokka Gakkai Zasshi (December 1970), 83(9-10):716.
Hu Pin, Chung-kuo chin-tai kai-liang chu-i ssu-hsiang, p. 72.
Tsai, "Comprador Ideologists," pp. 65-69.
Jung-fang Tsai, "Syncretism," pp. 19-33.
See the two English letters he wrote in 1909 published in the Queen's College journal The Yellow Dragon (May 1909), 10(8):147-151.
Hu Li-yüan, HINH SÇC, chuan 29, and 39.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan, "Hsin-cheng lun-i," 4:18b, 6.20a-21a; "Ch'üan- hsüeh-p'ien shu-hou," 18.4.
Hu Pin, Chung-kuo chin-tai kai-liang chu-i ssu-hsiang, pp. 73-74; Yen- p'ing Hao, "Cheng Kuan-ying: The Comprador as Reformer," JAS 29(1):20- 22.
Chang Chih-tung, Ch'üan-hsüeh p'ien, nie-p'ien, 22a.
See Tsai, "Reflections," pp. 99-118.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan, "Ch'üan-hsüeh p'ien shu-hou," 18.12a.
Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism, p. 455.
Ho Kai and Hu Li-yüan, "Hsin-cheng an-hsing" (Administration of the new government), H INH SCC, 10.19b-21a, 23a. 11.8a; "Hsin-cheng pien- t'ung," 19.20b.
Tse Tsan Tai, The Chinese Republic, p. 15.
Watanabe Tetsuhiro, "Ka Kei," pp. 63-64.
The estimated number of attendants varied—over fifteen hundred people according to both the Hongkong D aily Press and the China M ail; some seven hundred and fifty according to the Hongkong Telegraph (January 23, 1899); over seventeen hundred according to Li Tsin-wei, ed., Hsiang-kang pai- nien shih, pp. 24-28.
Li Tsin-wei, Hsiang-kang pai-nien shih, pp. 24-28; China M ail, January 23,1899; D aily Press, January 23, 1899; Hongkong Telegraph, January 23, 1899.
China M ail, January 23,1899.
China M ail, January 23, 1899.
China M ail, January 24, 1899.
Ho Kai and Wei Yuk, "Letter to Rear-Admiral Lord Charles Beres- ford," pp. 221-222.
Ho Kai and Wei Yuk, "Letter to Rear-Admiral Lord Charles Beres- ford," pp. 221-222.
Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism 317
Orwell, Burmese D ays, p. 40.
Hongkong Hansard, December 2 1 , 1899, p. 40.
Wesley-Smith, Unequal Treaty, 1898 - 1997 , p. 84; R. G. Groves, "Mili tia, Market, and Lineage," pp. 42, 62; Despatches and Other Papers Relating to the Extension of the Colony of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Noronha, 1899), pp. 51-52.
Great Britain Colonial Office, Hong Kong Correspondence (June 20 , 1898 to A u gu st 20 , 1900 ) Regarding the Extension of the Boundaries of the Colony
(November 1900), pp. 305-306.
Groves, "Militia, Market and Lineage," pp. 43-52; Wesley-Smith,
Unequal Treaty, 1898 - 1997 , pp. 82-87.
Colonial Office, Hong Kong Correspondence, pp. 307-317.
Tse Tsan Tai, The Chinese Republic, pp. 8-9; Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i- shih, 1:9, 18; Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen, pp. 71, 82; China M ail, March 12, 1895; Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, p. 41.
CO129.285.25027, confidential despatch from Major-General Black to Joseph Chamberlain, October 8, 1898, pp. 395-396; Tse Tsan Tai, The Chinese Republic, p. 13.
Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen, pp. 180-208; Tse Tsan Tai, The Chinese Republic,
p. 19; Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-min i-shih, 1:113, 4:92.
Ho Kai, "Chih Hsiang-kang tsung-tu," 5:16-19; Thanks to Dr. Chun- tu Hsueh for providing me with the original English document.
Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen, pp. 205-213.
Ho Kai, "An Open Letter on the Situation."
China M ail, August 1, 1900.
Wright and Cartwright, Twentieth-Century Impressions, pp. 353-354.
Peter Worsley, The Three W orlds, p. 292.
Linda Colley, "Whose Nation?" pp. I ll, 116. Peter N. Steams and Herrick Chapman, European Society in Upheaval: Social H istory Since 1750 (New York: MacMillan, 1992, third edition), p. 245, observe: "Traditionally hostile to nationalism, aristocratic interest groups [in Europe], along with conserva tive parties, began converting to it in the 1880's because it let them retain political influence despite democracy. The nation's interest, spokespersons argued, demanded protection for agriculture, a strong military, and an ex panding empire. Beneath all these resounding arguments were benefits to the aristocracy."
CO129.271.7908, Gov. Robinson to Joseph Chamberlain, March 11, 1896, pp. 439, 441.
British Parliamentary Papers, 26:325.
C0129.237.13476, Gov. Des Voeux to Lord Knutsford, May 31, 1888, pp. 527-532.
66. C0129.237.13476, pp. 531-536.
67. C0129.237.13476, pp. 536-539; British Parliamentary Papers, 26:326.
China M ail, March 1 and 2, 1894.
CO129.262.7340, Gov. Robinson to The Marquess of Ripon, March 22, 1894, enclosure, p. 449.
318 7. Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6
70. CO129.262.7340, enclosure, pp. 449-450; DaUy Press, March 13,1894.
71. CO129.262.7340, enclosure, pp. 454-456.
72. China M a il, March 13,1894.
73. CO129.262.7340, enclosure, p. 456.
74. CO129.262.7340, enclosure, pp. 456-460; D aily Press, March 14, 15,
16, 1894.
75. C0129.263.11451, Gov. Robinson to the Marquess of Ripon, May 26, 1894, enclosure, pp. 203-206.
7 6 . China M ail, March 30,1895.
British Parliamentary Papers, 26:6-7.
Legislative Council Sessional Papers 1896 .
79. China M ail, March 23-29, 1895; C0129.266.5241, Gov. Robinson's telegram to the Marquess of Ripon, March 25, 1895; C0129.266.7333, Robin son to the Marquess of Ripon, March 27, 1895.
China M ail, March 26, 1895.
China M ail, March 26, 1895.
China M ail, March 28, 29, 1895.
China M ail, March 29, 1895.
China M ail, March 29, 1895.
Orwell, Burmese D ays, pp. 112, 72.
China M ail, March 29, 1895.
China M ail, March 29, 1895; C0129.267.7713, Gov. Robinson to Mar quess of Ripon, April 2,1895, enclosure E.
88. China M ail, March 30, 1895; C0129.267.7713.
China M ail, April Î , 1895.
China M ail, April 1,1895. 91. C0129.267.7713.
92. C0129.267.7713, enclosure F.
China M ail, April 3-4,1895.
China M ail, March 29,1895.
. The Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6
See Chang Ts'un-wu, Kuang-hsii sa-i-nien; Tsai, Chinese Experience, pp. 62-76; Tsai, China and the Overseas Chinese, pp. 60-108; McKee, Chinese Exclu sion, and "The Chinese Boycott Reconsidered," pp. 165-191.
South China M orning Post, Nov. 7,1905.
Pomerantz, "The Chinese Bourgeoisie," p. 27.
Hatano Yoshihiro, Chügoku kindai kögyöshi, pp. 269-270.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 43, 55.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, May 17, 1905.
A Ying, Fan-Mei Hua-kung, p. 7.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, May 17, 22, 25, 26, July 8, 1905; Yu-so-wei, July 13, 1905.
Kwong Tak Aaron Chan, "Local Chinese Elites in Hong Kong and the Problem of Divided Loyalties: The 1905 Anti-American Boycott and the 1908
7. Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6 319
Anti-Japanese Boycott/' B.A. thesis. University of Hong Kong, 1987, pp. 73- 75.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 19, 21, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 26, August 2,1905.
Yu-so-xvei, July 16,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 15, 1905.
China M ail, September 18, 1905.
Kwong Tak Aaron Chan, "Local Chinese Elites in Hong Kong," p.
77.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 15,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 11,1905.
Which reads: "No Chinese shall hold or be present at any Chinese
public meeting whatever, not being a meeting solely for religious worship, without a permit under the hand of the Governor, which may be issued to the occupier of the house in or near which the meeting is to take place or to the person convening the meeting." China M ail, August 14,1905.
China M ail, August 14, 1905; H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 14, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 15,1905.
C0129.329.35986, Gov. Nathan's confidential despatch to Alfred Lyt- tleton, September 8,1905, enclosure 1; China M ail, August 14, 29,1905; Hua- tzu jih-pao, August 15, 30,1905.
C0129.329.35986; China M ail, August 29,1905; H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 30,1905; M orning Post, August 30, 1905.
M orning Post, August 15,1905; Kwong Tak Aaron Chan, "Local Chinese Elites in Hong Kong," p. 66.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 30, 1905.
China M ail, August 14,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 15,17, 21, 22, 30, September 1, 2, October 10, December 21,1905.
Wright and Cartwright, Twentieth-Century Impressions, p. 218; H ua-tzu jih-pao, September 27,18, October 10,1905.
Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," pp. 23-24, 29; Ho Tso-chi, "I-chiu- ling-wu nien, p. 40.
M orning Post, November 7, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, March 21, August 1, 1906.
Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," p. 29; Ho Tso-chi, "I-chiu-ling-wu nien," p. 40.
Yu-so-wei, March 3, 1906.
Yu-so-wei, July 22,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 12, November 2, 1905. "The boycott con tributed to the decision of the New York Life Insurance Company to with draw its agents from central China altogether"; Remer, A S tudy of Chinese Boycotts, p. 37.
M orning Post, September 19, 1905.
C0129.332.32996, letter from the director of the British-American To bacco Co. to the secretary of state for the colonies, September 13,1905.
320 7. Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 22, 28, August 16, 21, 25, September 1, December 19.1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 28, 1905; Ting Yu, //1905-nien Kuang-tung," pp. 31-32.
M orning Post, Nov. 23,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, Oct. 4, 1905; Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," pp. 26-27, 29; Ho Tso-chi, "I-chiu-ling-wu nien," pp. 33-34, 40; Yu-so-wei, July 25.1905.
Gwenneth Stokes, Queen's College 1862 -1962 (Hong Kong: Standard Press, 1962), p. 73.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 11,1905.
M orning Post, October 10, 11,1905.
Shih-shih hua-pao (November 1905), no. 6.
Yen Chung-p'ing, Chung-kuo mien-fang-chih, p. 124.
Feuerwerker, The Chinese Economy, p. 36.
Chu Shih-chia, M ei-kuo p'o-haL
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 19, 22, 42, 55.
Wang Ching-yü, "Birth of the Chinese Bourgeoisie," p. 46.
Bergere, "The Role of the Bourgeoisie," p. 252.
M orning Post, November 23,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 4, 1905; Yu-so-wei, February 24, 1906.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 18,1905. Shao-nien-pao, August 23,1906.
Yu-so-wei, July 6, 1905, February 24,1906.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 5, 7, 9,13, 27, November 16,1905.
Yu-so-wei, February 24, March 4, 1906; Shao-nien pao, September 27, 1906.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, September 1, 1905, March 19, 1906; Yu-so-wei, Febru ary 24, 1906.
Feldwick, Present D ay Impression, pp. 593-594.
Töa Döbunkai, Honkon Konto, 1:20-21.
Cheng Tzu-ts'an, Chih-nan-lu, pp. 156, 26. Kikuchi Takahara, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 41, speaks of the same predicament concerning the Ta- sheng Textile Company set up by Chang Chien who continued to rely on the machines and raw cotton imported from America.
Field, 'The Chinese Boycott of 1905," p. 80.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 21, 23,1905; China M ail, August 22, 1905.
China M ail, August 22,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 16, 21, 23,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 30, 23,1905.
M orning Post, August 19, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 14, August 5, 1905; Yu-so-wei, July 14, 1905; Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," p. 18.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 15, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 21, 1905.
Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," p. 32.
Charge d'Affaires Schuyler's telegram to the U.S. Secretary of State,
8. Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908 321
August 10, 1905, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,
1905 (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1969), p. 844.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 22, September 18, 1905; Ting Yu, "1905-nien Kuang-tung," p. 33; Ho Tso-chi, "I-chiu-ling-wu nien," pp. 41-42.
H ua-tzu jih-pao , October 19,1905.
C0129.329.35986, Gov. Nathan to Alfred Lyttleton, September 8, 1905, enclosure, "Memorandum of a Conversation." China M ail, September 12, 1905; H ua-tzu jih-pao, September 12, December 8,1905.
China M ail, August 3,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 17, September 4, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 14, 21,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, September 4, 5,13, 1905.
79. C0129.329.35986; H ua-tzu jih-pao, September 6, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, August 17, September 4,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 3, 1905; Feng Tzu-yu, Hua-ch'iao ko-ming,
p. 14.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 30, 31, November 1-9,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 2,1905.
84. Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 2:222-223,1:277-278.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 15-16, 1905; M orning Post, November 16, 1905.
Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 3:230; H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 25, December 5,12,1905.
HKHJMJSL, pp. 7-8; Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 3:255.
Cheng Tzu-ts'an, Chih-han-lu, pp. 26,156, 738, 739.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 7, 1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 11, 1905; M orning Post, December 11, 1905; Rhoads, "Nationalism and Xenophobia," p. 180.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 9, 1905.
M orning Post, December 11, 1905.
93. Hua-tzu jih-pao, December 9, 12,14,15,16,18, 20, 25, 29,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 26, 27,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 18,1905.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, January 4, 1906.
Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 3:228-229.
Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 3:230, 1:104; H u-tzu jih-pao, December 15, 16, 1905.
Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 1:127.
. The Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908
Li Shih-yüeh, "Lun i-chiu-ling-wu," pp. 67-69; Wang Ching-yü, Chung- kuo chin-tai kung-yeh, pp. 869-920.
Li Shih-yüeh, "Lun i-chiu-ling-wu," p. 72; Töa Döbunkai, Shim no kögyö, p. 60.
See Chan, Merchants, Mandarins, pp. 10,131-142.
322 8. Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 7,1908.
T. Roger Banister, External Trade of China, pp. 155-156,175.
Remer, The Foreign Trade of China, p. 48.
Banister, External Trade of China, p. 151.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 77-78.
Banister, External Trade of China, p. 130.
Remer, The Foreign Trade of China, p. 50.
Li, "Silks by Sea," p. 196.
Remer, The Foreign Trade of China, pp. 138-141.
Ch'iu Chieh, "Hsin-hai ko-ming shih-ch'i," p. 189.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 65-66, 78.
Banister, External Trade of China, pp. 148,150.
Yen Chung-p'ing, Chung-kuo mien-fang-chih, p. 132.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 77-78.
D aily Press, July 22, 1908.
C0129.351.21665, confidential report of the China Association to Brit ish Foreign Office, May 20, 1908, enclosure 3: "Suggested reasons for the arrested prosperity of Hong Kong," p. 692.
20. C0129.351.21665, enclosure 3, p. 693.
Banister, External Trade of China, p. 174.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 2: Kwangtung Seventy-two Commercial Guilds' Association to Wai-wu-pu, Kwang-hsu 34.2.8; Canton Viceroy to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.2.13; and the Liang-Kuang Fellow-Provincials' Associa tion to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.2.14.
The Tatsu Maru incident is narrated in Remer, A S tudy of Chinese Boycotts, pp. 40-45, and Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, pp. 135-136.
Remer, A S tudy of Chinese Boycotts, pp. 40-41; W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang,
vol. 4: Viceroy Chang Jen-chün to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.11.4, enclosure.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 69, 73; Remer, A S tudy of Chinese Boycotts, p. 41; W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 2:: Canton Viceroy to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.2.17; vol. 3: Japanese Minister Hayashi to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.3.8.
C0129.349.270508/09, Gov. Lugard to the Earl of Crewe, December 24,1908, enclosure 7, p. 574.
Consul Ueno to Foreign Minister Hayashi, April 17,1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:69-70.
Uchida Ryöhei to Ishii, April 29, 1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:73. 29. C0129.360.7004, p. 466.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 3: Wai-wu-pu to the Canton Viceroy, KH 34.3.15.
Ch'iu Chieh, "Hsin-hai ko-ming shih-ch'i," p. 189, 191, 192.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 2: Japanese Consulate to Shanghai taotai, KH 34.2.18; vol. 3: Japanese Minister Hayashi's letter to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.3.2.
3 3 . China M ail, November 2,1908.
Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908 323
Ekiko's telegrams to Hayashi, April 1, 8, 9 , 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho,
41:66-67.
M orning Post, April 9, 1908; China M ail, April 8, 1908; H ua-tzu jih-pao,
April 10,1908.
China M ail, April 8,1908.
China M ail, April 10, 11, 15, 1908; H ua-tzu jih-pao, April 1,1908.
Kikuchi, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 72.
Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, p. 138.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 71-73; China M ail, April 8, 1908.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 72-73; D aily Press, Au gust 24,1908; China M ail, April 15,1908.
China M ail, April 7,1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, April 8, 1908.
China M ail, June 20, 1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, April 10,1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, April 14, May 5, 23,1908.
Japanese Foreign Minister Komura to Vice-Consul Funatsu, Septem ber 12,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:90.
Nagasaki Chamber of Commerce to the Japanese Foreign Minister, April 23, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:71-72.
D aily Press, August 27,1908.
M orning Post, November 3,1908.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 77-79.
Ch'iu Chieh, "Hsin-hai ko-ming shih-ch'i," p. 189.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 79.
Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, p. 139.
M orning Post, November 4, 1908. Three years prior to the boycott, some Chinese match manufacturers had resorted to counterfeiting Japanese products; this was done by the I-ho Match Co., in July 1905; Yu-so-wei, July 13,1905.
D aily Press, September 11, 1908.
D aily Press, September 4,1908.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 3: Wai-wu-pu to Canton Viceroy, KH 34.3.15.
Kikuchi, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 79.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 1, 1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 1,1908.
Funatsu to Komura, December 12,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:114.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, July 1,1908.
Funatsu to Komura, October 24, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:96; Ki kuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 81.
Cheng Tzu-ts'an, Chih-nan-lu, pp. 737-740.
Noda Jitsunosuke, Honkon jijö , pp. 294-295.
Noda, Honkon jijô , p. 228.
3248. Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, p. 75.
Uchida Ryöhei to Ishii, April 29, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:73; Wai- w u-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 3: Japanese Minister Abe to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.4.9.
Vice-Consul Funatsu to Foreign Minister Komura, December 12,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:114; C0129.349.270508/09, enclosure 3, p. 559; Hu Ying-han, W u H sien-tzu, p. 8.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 3, 1908.
Uchida to Ishii, April 29,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:73.
Consul Ueno to Foreign Minister Hayashi, April 30,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:74; Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 88-89; W ai-wu- pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 3, telegram from "All Cantonese Students in Japan" to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.3.23.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 88-89, 90.
Matsumoto Takehiko, "Tai-Nichi böikotto," pp. 232, 235, 241-243. See also Sugano Tadashi, "Tatsu Mara jiken," pp. 17-32.
Kikuchi Takaharu, Chügoku minzoku undo, pp. 91-92. Consul Ueno to Foreign Minister Hayashi, April 17; Consul Segawa to Foreign Minister Hayashi, June 12; Vice-Consul Funatsu to Foreign Minister Komura, October 24, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:70, 80-81, 98.
Feng Tzu-yu, Ko-ming i-shih, 3:238; 4:188-194. According to W ai-wu- pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 2: Wai-wu-pu's telegram to Chinese Consul in Portugal, KH 34.2.19, the Tatsu Mara was commissioned by a Macao Chinese mer chant named T'an Pi-li to smuggle firearms for sale to "bandits" in China.
Funatsu to Komura, October 6,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:92-93.
Funatsu to Komura, October 24, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:97.
Komura to Funatsu, October 12, 13, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:93-
94.
Komura to Funatsu, October 24,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:95-96.
Funatsu to Komura, October 24, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:96-97.
Funatsu to Komura, October 24, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:97-98.
Funatsu to Komura, October 24,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:97-98.
Funatsu to Komura, October 30,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:99-100.
C0129.361.13949, Colonial Office to Foreign Office, March 25, 1909,
enclosure 1, p. 2.
Funatsu to Komura, Oct. 27, 30, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:99, 100- 101; D aily Press, October 28, 1908.
D aily Press, November 4,1908.
Funatsu to Komura, October 30,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:101.
D aily Press, September 16,1908.
D aily Press, August 25,1908.
C0129.349.47462, Gov. Lugard to the Earl of Crewe, November 25, 1908, enclosure 4, pp. 258, 274-275.
Shih-shih hua-pao, November 1908, no. 25, p. 2.
M orning Post, November 3, 1908.
D aily Press, November 3, 1908; China M ail, November 2, 1908;
8. Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908 325
C0129.349.270508/09, subendosure to enclosure 7, p. 578; W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing- tang , vol. 4: Viceroy Chang Jen-chiin's telegram to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.10.27.
D aily Press, November 3,1908; China M ail, November 2,1908; M orning Post, November 3, 1908; The Hongkong W eekly Press, November 9, 1908, p. 330.
C0129.349.47462, enclosure 1: Report on the Riots by Captain Super intendent of Police F. J. Badeley, dated November 7, 1908, p. 261; Vice- Consul Funatsu to Foreign Minister Komura, November 2,1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:101-102.
Funatsu to Komura, November 2,1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:102.
99. C0129.349.47462, enclosure 1, p. 261; D aily Press, November 3,1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 3, 1908; China M a i l November 2,1908.
Funatsu to Komura, November 2,1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:102.
D aily Press, November 3,1908.
103. C0129.349.47462, enclosure 1, p. 262.
104. Funatsu to Komura, November 2, 1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:102;
D aily Press, November 3, 1908.
105. C0129.349.47462, enclosure 1, p. 263; D aily Press, November 3, 1908. According to the M orning Post, November 3, 1908, a Japanese toy shop in Peel Street was wrecked, but this was not confirmed by the Japanese Con sulate records or other sources.
M orning Post, November 3,1908.
M orning Post, November 13, 1908; C0129.349.47462, enclosure 3, p. 269.
D aily Press, November 3, 4, 1908; China M ail, November 2, 1908; M orning Post, November 3, 13, 1908; C0129.349.47462, enclosure 1, p. 262, enclosure 3, pp. 270-272; H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 3, 4,1908.
Funatsu to Komura, November 2,1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:102.
M orning Post, November 3, 4, 13,1908.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 3, 4, 1908; D aily Press, November 3, 1908;
China M ail, November 2, 3, 1908.
D aily Press, November 4, 1908; H ua-tzu jih-pao, November 4,1908.
C0129.349.47462, enclosure 2, p. 264; M orning Post, November 3, 1908; D aily Press, November 5, 1908.
C0129.349.45592, Lugard to the Earl of Crewe, November 12, 1908, enclosure: Chief Detective Inspector's report, pp. 219-220; W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing- tang, vol. 4: British Minister to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.11.2.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 3: Japanese Minister Hayashi to Wai-wu- pu, KH 34.3.8.
Canton Japanese Consul Ueno to Foreign Minister Hayashi, April 7, 17, 1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:65-66, 69-70.
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 4: Viceroy Chang Jen-chun's telegram to Wai-wu-pu, KH 34.11.7.
118. C0129.349.270508/09, pp. 574-580.
119. Funatsu to Komura, November 20, 1908, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:107;
326 9. Hong Kong in the Chinese Revolution
W ai-wu-pu Ch'ing-tang, vol. 4: telegram from Japanese Attache Abe to Wai- wu-pu, KH 34.10.24.
120. C0129.360.7004, p. 466.
121. C0129.349.270508/09, p. 551; C0129.349.43433, Lugard's telegram to
the secretary of state for the Colonies in London, November 27,1908, p. 295; Funatsu to Komura, November 22, Nihon gaikö bunsho, 41:108, 111.
122. Funatsu to Komura, November 27, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:111; C0129.349.270508/09, pp. 557-558.
123. C0129.349.47462, p. 259.
D aily Press, December 4, 12, 1908; Funatsu to Komura, December 12, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:115.
Funatsu to Komura, December 12, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:114; C0129.349.270508/09, pp. 550-551, 559-561.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, December 4, 5,1908.
127. C0129.355.8247, p. 100; C0129.349.270508/09, p. 563.
128. Funatsu to Komura, December 4, 12, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:112, 114; D aily Press, December 4, 1908. The Hua-i Company, a Pao-huang-hui financial group, was founded in July 1905; see Yu-so-wei, July 16, 1905.
129. C0129.349.270508/09, enclosure 5, pp. 563-572; H ua-tzu jih-pao, De cember 7, 8, 1908; Funatsu to Komura, December 4, 12, Nihon gaikô bunsho,
41:112,114.
130. Funatsu to Komura, December 12,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:114. 131. C0129.360.7004, pp. 462-463.
132. Funatsu to Komura, December 29, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:122. 133. C0129.349.270508/09, pp. 549, 555.
Funatsu to Komura, December 4, 12,1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:112- 114.
Funatsu to Komura, December 12, 29, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho,
41:116-117,124.
Funatsu to Komura, December 12, 1908, Nihon gaikô bunsho, 41:116.
Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution, pp. 140-141; Orchard, "Chi na's Use of the Boycott," p. 253.
Hong Kong in the Chinese Revolution, 1911-12
For Hong Kong's role in the Chinese republican revolution, see Chan, "Chinese Revolutionaries"; Hsieh, 'Triads, Salt Smugglers"; Hsieh, "Peas ant Insurrection"; Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen; Rhoads, China's Republican Revolu tion. K. C. Fok, Lectures on Hong Kong H istory, pp. 53-65; Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, chapters 1-2.
Wales, The Chinese Labor M ovem ent, p. 209; Chan, "Labor and Empire," p. 35.
Ch'en Ta, "Wo-kuo nan-pu ti lao-kung kai-k'uang," pp. 3-4.; Furu- yama Takashi, "1920-22 nen Honkon rôdôsha no tatakai," pp. 48-49.
Chan, "Labor and Empire," pp. 33-34.
9. Hong Kong in the Chinese Revolution 327
Ch'en Ta, "Wo-kuo nan-pu ti lao-kung kai-k'uang," p. 4; Furuyama Takashi, "1920-22 nen Honkon rôdôsha no tatakai," p. 49.
Furuyama Takashi, "1920-22 nen Honkon rôdôsha no tatakai," pp. 49-50; Ch'en Ta, "Wo-kuo nan-pu ti lao-kung kai-k'uang," pp. 4-7.
K w angtung hsin-hai ko-nting shih-liao, p. 98.
The Hongkong D aily Press, December 17,1908.
Hsieh, 'Triads, Salt Smugglers," pp. 146-164.
Borokh, "Early Role of Secret Societies," pp. 135-144.
Hsieh, "Triads, Salt Smugglers," p. 148.
C0129.394.68512/13, Governor May to the Hon. Lewis Harcourt, De cember 16,1912, p. 85.
Liu Yu-tsun and Ch'eng Lu-hsi, "Hsin-hai ko-ming yun-tung chung ti T'ai-shan," pp. 92-113.
CO129.399.7204, Gov. May to the Hon. Lewis V. Harcourt, January 22,1913, p. 268.
CO129.394.40743, Governor May to the Hon. Lewis Harcourt, Decem ber^ 1912, p. 6.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 20,1911.
D aily Press, October 19, 20,1911; H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 20,1911.
D aily Press, October 24,1911; H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 24, 31,1911.
D aily Press, October 23,1911.
D aily Press, October 24,1911; H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 24,1911.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 24,1911.
H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 26, 28,1911.
D aily Press, October 31, November 1, 8,1911; H ua-tzu jih-pao, October 24, 26, 28, 30, November 1, 7,1911.
24.
YEAR
NON-CHINESE
CHINESE
TOTAL
1910
20,806
415,180
435,986
19 1
18,893
445,384
464,277
1912
21,163
446,614
467,777
1913
21,470
467,644
489,114
1914
20,710
480,594
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.