1984-11-13 — Page 23

二期星

日三十月一十年四八九一屦公年三十七國民華中 育教濟經

麥美買共中

噸萬五十成

貨交年明期定

下跌百分之一.一.

成長率。

·每天三千五百三十萬輛,遠低於今年三落的估計 一年工業國家石油消費量會微幅增加一一幫到達 〔巴黎電)國際能源局(IEA)預測,明

尚未表示將要簽訂新協議。 的粮食供應協議於今年年底即將期滿。目前雙方 爲期四年的中(共3

十四國沙拉每天三千四百九十萬桶。 [IEA說,估計今年經濟合作暨發展組織

貨到三千九萬喵。 的穀物——全部均爲小麥1

美萬交 於一九六五年社交中國大院

十個月的批發水李源根增加百分之一、五 十月份指數年佟率是百分之一,四。本年首 (華盛頓九日電)

共十月 十角演武田)小葵・交音時

年間爲一九八五年。

·新購買的小麥,將使美國應 上遽宜佈說:加上道批

九六七年初進續下降六僻月以來的最長下跌時期, 這三個月的連續跌幅成爲一九六六年底至一

農業部稱:中共又向美國 買十五萬公期(約合五百五

**

份月十國美

價物發批華 二分千跌僑

月三第跌連爲

一月九日電)美

國勞工部公佈,

美婭十月份的製一

·成品生產商務酒

指數連續三個|

-月下跌,跌爲

椌豕悌性調整後

BEGNO.11

八月的指数

,與九月份的跌

華僑經濟

BK

加拿大失業 美食 十月份下降 著短于前位

· 大十月份的[

| 鸿整後由九月

報日僑華

WAH KIU YAT PO

45

頁二第張六第

日一廿月十年子甲歷夏

期鼢

0 kunim炁。

者,請與下述職員聯絡: 台亦存備該通吿,歡迎閱,擬獲取更詳盡資料

·號內。九龍廣東道海洋中心地下沉易署之海湖雕 出口商(紡織事務)通告第三組第一一〇〇八四| 〔二〕詳镐被述於一九八四年十一月七ㄢ致

十月是百分之十一點。 的百分之十一點八下降至百分之十一點三,去年

紡織品要施一九八四八五年配額調用分案第二 〔特訊)寳易网LE已宣佈櫞芬蘭之受限制

輸芬蘭受限制紡織品

八四至八五年度配額

·調用方案第二期實施

降至一百四十二萬人・下降五萬四千人。

達一千一百塔七萬人,經季節性調整的失業人數 ,經李節性調整的就業人數增加三萬二千人,

田鉱業——工業主任芬蘭組。電話:三1

易署發出之商業資料通告。 舫絨事務 ) 黿米,微詢業內人士是否合意訂問會

咀海洋中心地下貿易署之詢問櫃台亦存僱該通告 出口商(紡織事務) 通告(各組) 內。九龍尖沙 ,歡迎索門,擬獲取更郜盡資料者,請與下述職

(二)詳情歡越於一九八四年十一月六日致

| 本港貿易署公佈

對商業資料通告

[特訊】本港易署署長已發出致出口商(

工商界可以訂閱

第一部:

· 談四部交換機將提供四萬七千五百餘國內艏 一, 並將爲北京鼓尙大酒店提供電話接線服

·爲愛立信向中國提供四 AXE數字书話交換機」 交換機,昨日在北京舉行交接儀式中交給買方。 第一部交換機屬於北京旅遊公司,由通訊局,

·.這將是中國使用首一部上連電話交換機,亦 瑞典愛立信公司售予中國AXE蚊字式電話

,捉供專用自動接線分機。

話線路及三千五百條幹線。

-爱立信公司亦已被獲中國各地有關公司聚

愛立信供應中國

數字電話交換機

江——助理貿易主任,

·黃聯瑞———電話:三——七三三九。

(有關商業資料通告之查饷)

·六有關訂閱服務之查鸪]

席交接儀式。

“故有二百多位喜歡,包括中國高級官員,出

PM

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟

明德出版社

王啓光提供資料 陳勵德

ECONOMICS (8)

K.K. VONG & L.T. CHAN.

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD,

1. Disscuss the economica

of large-scale

production and explain why some small

existi

firms still

Economics of large- scale production can be achieved when. output increases, the average cost of production tends to fall over normal ranges of output. The following are some of the main economics of scale enjoyed by large-scale production.

a) Economics in the use

of factors of production

The total costs to output increase less than proportionately for a large output: than a smaller one. Since large scale production may need more labour force, a greater dvi viene fr labour will most! probably be employed. Consequently, the average output per man-hour can be

expected to rise and qualified specialists can be introudced. In addition,

a larger

firm will attract more efficient labour because it can offer its employees better propects of promotion to higher-paid posts. Greater division of labour also enables a more capitalistic method of production. and employment of more specialized machinery. Large scale of production enable the economical use of its materials, for what might be waste to a small firm can often be used by a large firm in the manufacture of by-products.

Economics of

administration

As far as economics of administration is concerned, due ton increase in division of labour, a larger firm is able to attain a more efficient use of labour and better management methods.

Marketing economics

It is generally the case that a large firm can buy more cheaply than a suall one,

for it buys new materials component parts, etc. In bulk. Hence it enjoys the quantity discount for: large purchases. Similarly, a large retailer can buy

directly from the producer at a low price than that. charged by the wholesaler. As far as advertising and

promotions

are

concerned, a large.

firm is able to

afford a nigh spend-

ing on these items

than a small firm.

d) Economics in finance. Large firms

generally are

considered to be safer

borrowers, by the: banks,

thus the they

can borrow money from banks at a lower rate. of interest.

Economics in research

Large firms again have advantages ́over the small, for they can set up their own research departments, have their own laboratories, and can employ a large number of trained research workers. In this way a large firm is able to study betterments for the company and innovate products for the company's growth.

Economics in welfare

A large firm is financially able to provide long-run, extensive welfare facilities and improve the working conditions for its employees. Even though large firms can enjoy the advantages through large scale. production, the fact that small firms still survive indicates the following reasons:- (1)The size of the

(i)

business tends to be small where

the work involves the provision of direct services, for instance doctors, accountants, dentists'.

(ii) the work

can be done craftsmen e.g. in tailoring (iii)a personal service

is provided such as that of the demestic plumbe of electrician.

(2)Sometimes, many small retailers can survive because they have been able to given personal attention to the particular requirements of their own group of customers who are willing to pay a little more for this service.

(3)Small firms are just

right in supplying enough qualities when there is only. a limited demand for a commodity in the

market.

(4)In some forms of

production, costs quickly start to rise as production expands, and so the most economical unit is the small firm, or in other words, the optium size of the firm should be small.

2. What are the different

types of integration?. State the advantages and disadvantage of

integration. There are 3 distingishable types of integration:

Horizontal integration

A horizontal integration results

from the combinati on of 2 or Rore firms that sell in the same line of business. Since a horizontal: integration combines competitors together, it increases the degree of industrial concentration and tends to contribute to a reduction of competition within an industry.

b) Vertical integration

A. vertical integration results shen one of the firms in the combination supplies the other with an important service of intermediate product. The integration of a paper mill with a g magazine is such an example. This type of integration gives a company more control. over its distribution and purchasing. Even though the firms involved are not direct competitors, vertical integration sometimes results in a considerable reduction of competiton by providing a way for

a firm to hold

substantial control in one market to spread its control t another.

c) Conglomerate

integration

A conglomerate integration results when firms that are distinct, often unrelated, industries combine together. The integration of a steel manufacture and a cigarette company is an example.

integra- conglomerate Although a tion is less likely to influence competitive conditions than either horizontal or vertical integration, it can

still reduce the scope

of competition when the two firms

integrated are strong potential competitory or are important customers of each other.

Advantages of Integration

Integration can bring about operational efficiency and reduce the cost of production, Thus the customers can benefit by paying a lower price as a result of integration. Excessive competition: can be eliminated. through integration and wastage of valuable resources can be avoided. also, when small firms integrate together to form a...” single large firm, the economies of large- scale production can be obtained. More.. chance and wider scope for improving quality, standardization and

research facilities for for products can be realized through integration of firms. Likewise, integration may increase

coordination between different stages of

production and

substantial increase

be

in output can achieved..

Disadvantages of Integration

Integration can create many new problems which the original firms are unfamiliar with or difficult to tackle with. Also, since integration can result in operational efficiency, redundant labour will have to be dismissed and this can pose a serious problem especially in countries where unemployment is alreadly critical, Even though

integration in general can reduce risks and undertainies for production, the organization formed may may be too complex and. too large to manage. Thus, worse Com ordination instead of better coordination between various stages of production may arise. Combination of firms likewise can reduce competition and increase concentration as well as monopoly power. Concentration is especially a problem when the industry is very critical to the

country concerned. The decline of collapse of

a big firm in such an industry may put a large number of workers out of job and push the related industries into difficulties. A depression or mass unemployment may thus result. On the other band, monopolistic power can bring harm to the consumers if the large firms.

decide to charge

higher prices in order

to realize more

profits.

歷史

CA)

明德出版社黃玉瑜 提供資料 HISTORY (8)

VIOLA WONG YUK YUE

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD

Last time we discussed the origin and weaknesses of the Weimar Republic, that is, Germany 1918- 1933. In 1933 Hitler rose to power and started to build a dictatorship, putting an end to the Weimar Republic. There were many reasons for

the failure of the Republic and the rise of Hitler. One of them was concerned with the weaknesses of the Republic (which we discussed last time.)

1. Early career of Hitler (a)In 1921, Hitler

became leader of the Nazi Party.. The Party was based at Munich of Germany Hilter began to establish party. branches in other places. (b)In 1923, the Nazi Party attempted a revolt at Munich. It was known as the "Beer fall Putsch" (A putsch is a

revolt.) Its failure resulted in itler' being arrested and sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment, but he was released after 9 months.

::

(c)Knowing that it was

difficult to overthrow the Weimar Republic by armed force, Hitler tried the other method winning more followe followers (i.e, Nazis) and power in legal ways, However, the. Nazis never hesistated to use violence, as illegal method against enemy parties. (d)Before 1925, Hitler

depended on the Socialists for support. After that, he allied with the German People's Party, an extremist, rightíst organization.

an

(e)In 1925, Hitler wrote the Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In it le outlined his programme for obtaining power and making Germany i. Union of all

Germans in Central and East Europe to form a "greater Germany, including (iermans in Austria, the Sudentenland (in Czechoslovakia),

etc.

Abolition of the Versailles Treaty,. for example, the end of

reparations, the return of the former German colonies, and rearmament. iii.Anti-Semitism,

that is, anti- Jewish measures.

iv.

Anti-Communism Lebensraum (living space) in East Europe, conquering. countries there

and colonizing them for the German people.

to settle in.

2. The rise to power of Hitler, 1930-1933

(a)The Great Depression

of 1929-30 hit Germany badly. Unemployment. grew rapidly. The coalition government fell from power, and President Hindenburg began using bis special powers (that euabled him to appoint a cabinet without the. parliament's support in times of emergency). He appointed Bruning as Chancellor, even though Bruning did not enjoy support ir the Reichstag (parliament).

(b)Many German people lost confidence in moderate parties and began to vote for extremist parties (ie, the Nazi Party and the Communist Party). By mid-1952, the Nazis became largest party in the fleichstag, obtaining 36% of all the votes. It was followed by the Social Democrats and Communists.

the

(c)Papen was appointed

Chancellor

(follow-

ing Bruning) in May 1932, Like Bruning, he could not get support from the Reichstag and bad

to

depend on the President's emergency powers for staying as Chancellor.

(d)As the political

situation grew worse (ie moderate parties failed to find support among voters for forming a government), President Hindenburg and other people thought of using Hitler's popularity to form a government while

still retaining real power from behind the scene.

(e)itle was appointed

Chancellor in January 1933, Papen became Vice-Chancellor.

(f)Rightists like Papen and a few military leaders thought that they could tame. Hitler and control him like a puppet. But soon Hilter got rid of them all and created. a dictatorship.

5. Reasons for the

success of Hitler (a)The serious weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were the first reason. (They were discussed in detail last time.) (b)Serious economic

problems increased the popularity of the Nazis. More and more Germans lost. confidence in the ability of moderate parties in overcoming these economic problems. The Nazis obtained many votes.

(c)Hitler promised a

glorious and strong Germany for patriotic Germans. As it was noted last time, the roots of democracy were shallow in Germany. Many Germans were willing to give up democracy (as Germany's enemies were democracies, for example, Britain and France, and welcomed a dictatorship if the dictatorship could make Germany strong again.)

(d)Hitler had personal

qualities that appealed to many Germans. He could. persuade people with violent speeches. And he skilfully used of propaganda to influence people.

(e) Leftist parties failed

to unite against. Hitler and pervent bia from obtaining power. The USS forbade German communists tó ally with the socialists to defend against the Nazist. (f)Rightists like Papen

underestimated Hitler, They thought they

could make use of him to gain support. However, Hitler made use of them instead, for indeed it was the rightists who invited Hitler to become Chancellor in early 1933..