1908-12-12 — Page 9

WOMAN.

HER HISTORY THROUGH THE AGES,

In his new book, "Woman Through the Age," Dr. Beich quotes an American writer who says: "History is more than incidents; it is the move ment of man." Dr. Reich himself shows u that history is largely the movement of women.

He begins with Egypt:--- W with the Egyptians, occupied a well-

Vonton, defineil, important, and high position. Religion largely influenced their home life, for since their goddesses shared Iwith the gols supreme power, so the women were held to have the same equality with men in human affairs. The child in herited and took the rank of its mother, irres pective of the status of the father.

Despite all this, the Egyptian woman posserned familiar feminine weaknesses, and some unusual in modern times---

The women of the better classen, who wore exempt from toil and exposure, were all thus painted yellow, the tiut getting paler as they rose in the social scale. And to the beauty of the skin was attached as much importance as to dross, Artificial means of painting were resort- ed to freely, the beauty of the skin being enhanced by the frequent ns of oil and perfumes in the preparation of which much ingenuity was exercised; parts of the body were even tattooed. IN BABYLON

The Babylonian women was even more for. tunate than the Egyptian:

In theso days of women's demand for the. franchise it is interesting to note the immense power held by women in Babylonia thirty centuries ago. The dowry system, which gave the women rights over her own property, and the great influence of wealth in the country, made of her an independent actor in her own affairs; and in the documents that have come down to as we and married women transnoting business which in modern States comes mainly within the province of mez.

We find them selling their own property entering into partnership and trade, conducting lawsuits even against their own husbands for the unsuthorised disposal of their property, and muleting them in damages; they are also par ties to the leading of money and in the par chase of slaves. In fact, in all matters of bui- ness rights there would appear to be no difference of eyes between the man and the woman in the the law.

The Greek woman, about whom Dr. Reich naturally has much to say, was in a well-defined inferior position. The following indicates the wisdom and the good fortune of the male Greek:-

Silence at all times, whether in or out of the house, was considered the duty of a woman; and not only was she expected to keep silence herself, but she was also expected to conduct herself in way that no one else could speak about

such her.

IN BOME. As in Greece, so in Rome From the very beginning Rome was a'man's State. Early Roman law and custom placed women in a position in which, in spite of the gradual relation of legal restrictions, the steady. growth of the imperial ideo forced them to remain. In the family the Roman woman was avery minor factor. ...

were

All children, male and female, were equally aubject to the paternal will, but the poi tion of daughters was more galling than that of sons, inasmuch as their freedom loss, and considerably of action Wad acts which were permitted to a son regarded as crimes when committed by a daughter. A single instance will suffice to illustrate this. It was enough for a woman to have tasted wine to be held worthy of death; and, if. we believe Tertullian, the Romans first resorted to kissing in order that they might the more easily detect their women folk in such lapses from strict virtue.

Of course, both in Greece and Rome women played a great part, making history as ofton by her vious as her virtues. Byzantine women, medieval women in cloisters and in the world, and the women of the Renaissance are all described. Here is an interesting picture of middle-class-lifo in the Middle Ages:--

The burgher woman was ill-eduoted, and violent in temper, uncouth in manners, and foul of speech. She tried to tyrannise over. her husband, and would boat him when she could, being often, in her turn, soundly belaboured.

She was probably a better housewife than we usually see out of France to day, understood har husband's business, managed it in many cases for him, and could drink nearly an hard as he For the tavern was the resort of the respectable goodwife just sa quch as of hor mate, and to that she went on her way to and from church or when marketing. In fact, it was her house of call, the place where the gossip of the town was discussed.

IN ENGLAND.

Two chapters are devoted to the English women of the Tador and Stuart periods, and two to the French women of the Courts of Lonis XIV, and Louis XV. Of the gorgeous days of the "Grand Monarque" Dr. Reich says:-

In contrast to the lavish bathing of the be noted in earlier Middle Ages just a may the Court of the English Restoration at Whitehall, so at Versailles the student feels that cleanliness was remote as godliness. though the salle de toilette was as ostenta- tious the chapel; and if sometimes gentle. man of Francs were rained the cost of

by the clothes their wives wore, and if the mis

dirt, tresens sppeared fart proceeding from per

in superb costumes, acnal negligence of what was not visible, form undoubted and ugly reatures of the

The salon are given a champter to tham The salon of 1730 was domestic and rather dull. That of 1760, was gay, noisy, and de lightfully heartless. That of 1780 was more pessimistic, more grave, and when there was laughter it was au bout des deuts."

scene.

selves

-

The

salon under Louis XIV was a symbol of the past,

that of Louis XV of the present, that of Louis XVI. of the future.

Dr. Reich is always outspoken, and often coustio. Hore are two examples →→→

To turn to the English woman of the eight- tenth century after contemplating her French Bister of the same period is like eating a penny buu after enjoying a delicate bolair. The one was provincially insular and narrow-minded, whereas the other was delicious, vivacious, and almost too broad in her views..

And of the modern American woman he

Bayi

There are over twelve million pianos ju American honsos used mostly by woman; yet there is not a single American pianiste of even the third order. There are thousands of schools for American women, yet there is not a single America woman of noto na a scholar.

The laat word, then, in American, womanhood is this, that they represent actually what the ancient Greek myths (if myths they be) represented symbolically-s realm of Amazons grafted upon a realm of man.

It is a wondrous array that passes through Dr. Reich's pages: Agrippins and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen Anne and Aspasia, Mrs. Browning and Lmoreaia Borgia, Joan of, Aro.

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12mm, 1908.

and Massalina, Mme. Recamier and Charlotte Bronte, St. Taresa and Mme. de Steel.

Dr. Reich is evidently an antifeminist, in the present-day meaning of the term. He believes that in an Imperial Biate the man must pre. dominate, and his general attitude to the posi tion and power of woman may be gathered from the following quotation--

Mast wisely might Mme. de Methville observe, as I have already quoted "Women are the originating causes of the great convulsions of States, and wars which rain kingdoms and empires proceed nearly always from the effects of their beauty or malice." This is at least as goods motive as the reckless shaking of a mailed fist or the impulse to tight in order to distract attention from an imminent bankruptcy due to foolhardy speculation.

And again:

She (Josephine) over loved Napoleon; he was far too great ever to be loved by any woman. But he loved her madly just as Nelson loved Emma Hamilton. So long as he loved Josephine he was incited by his love for her to do those things that convulsed the world. From the time he discarded her he encountered the misfortunes which began at Moscow and ended at St. Helena. So long na he idealised that unfaithful Creole, what he imagined her to be urged him to achieve heroic deeds.

An interesting, careful book, rather collecting information than adding to it, perhaps hardly inspired, but certainly clever.

THE KING'S GREAT DIAMOND.

HOW THE CULLINAN WAS SPLIT UP.

The magnificent brilliante, unequalled in the world, which have been produced by the cutting and polishing of the great Cullinan diamond ars enumerated with their weights as follows

1. A pendelogas or drop brilliant weighing 516 carats. The extreme dimensions of the stone are 2,322 Inches long and 1,791 inch board. 2. A square brilliant weighing 309,3 16 carate, 1,771 inch long by 1,594 inch brawl,

3.

A pendeloque weighing 92 carats.

4. A square brilliant weighing 62 carats. 5. A heard-shaped brilliant weighing 18 carate,

6. A marquise brilliant. weighing 114 carats. 7. A margaisa brilliant weighing 89-16 carats 8. A square brilliant weighing 6 carats. 9. A pondeloque brilliant weighing 29-32 carats.

10. Ninety-six brilliante weighing 74 carats. 11. A quantity of unpolished ends weigh ing carata..

9

Before being eut, the Cullinan weighed 3,026 English carats, or more than 1lb. avoirdupois.

LARGEST IN THE WORLD.

The first and second stones are far larger than any others in the world, as the following com- parison alows:-

*Callinan " No.

Carate, 516) 309 3-16

No. 2. Jubilee (owned by Mesirs, Wern- her, Beif, and Co., and member of

236 Diamond Byndicate) Koh-i-noor-pati

106 1-16 Callinan No. 1 is thus nearly five times larger, and Cullinan No. 2 nearly three times larger this the Koh-i-noor. And all the Cal linan stones, large and small, exhibit "the most marvellous brilliancy that diamonds can show."

An account of the cutting and polishing of the Transvaal's gift to the King was given in the Times, This has been safely accomplished by Mesers, Joseph Asscher and Co. in their factory in Amsterdam, under the inspection of Mesars, M. J. Levy and Nephews, The diamond was handed to Messre. Asscher at the Colonial Office on January 23 last, and was taken by three members of the firm, of Dover, Calsis, and Brussels, to Amsterdam. Here it was lodged in the strong room in the basement of Masars, Asscher's new and model.

Way

diamond factory, where 400 workpeople are

employed.

All the diamonds on the premises are stored away every night. The walls of the room are of steel and concorete over two feet thick, and the immense outer door is secured by a lock

working with a combination of numbers which is known only to the heads of the firm. Inside there is a door eight inches thick with nine concealed locke, and inside that again a couple of steel coffere, in one of which the Callinan diamond has reposed every night for the last nine months.

..

CUT IN TWO.

The first operation undertaken on the stono was to divide it into two pieces. For dividing diamonds two processes are available sawing. and splitting. In the former, which is the more modern and was introduced only about ten years ago, use is made of a thin dise of steel or phosphor copper, revolving some 3,000 times a minute, which slowly cute through the diamond in any desired direction.

i

Bawing his the advantage that it often enables the material to be more economically utilised, but it was not thought advisable to use the way for the Cullinan diamond because there was always the risk that the dise, having get some distance into the stone, might bend, and so So it was determined to split the great stone. cause the out to deviate from the desired line. First, a groove had to be cut in it, and after this had been dess, Mr. Joseph Asscher under- took the immensely responsible business of actually splitting the stone.

The diamond was held with dement at the end of a strong wooden stick which was fixed upright. Mr. Asscher held the knife-a wedge of steel, something like a comb in shape-in his left hand in the groove. In his right he grasped a short, heavy steel rod.

ALAPOSSIBILITIES OF FLAW,

The scene of suppressed bat intense excite. ment can be imagined as Mr. Asscher lifted his homer to smito the largest rough diamond the world has ever seen. For the question was, would the Cullinan split in the way desired, or would the split follow some hidden flow and possibly shotter the diamond in many pieces ?

A blow with all a man's strength was needed.

It fall and the stone was unbroken Again the master cutter raised his rod and smote the knife. And this time the knife eat clean through, and left the Culligan in two parts, one weighing 1,977 and the other 1,0403 carats.

A few days later an even more difficult work had to be done the farther cutting of the lar ger stone, and for this a twohandled knife had to be invented and used.

Next came the long and delicate process of grinding and polishing the stones, which was done by M. Heari Koe, a Dutchman who was born in London. A special room was built, and special apparatus was devised for the process, which occupied about five months

Most large diamonds are cut into fifty-eight facets, but the Cullinan stones were so large that the first was given seventy-four and the second sixty-six,

HOW LONDONERS LIVE, WORK,

AND PLAY.

เve

HISTORY IN FIGURES,

What is London? This is the question which the London County Council seeks each year to answer in its annual roftime of statistics, and every year the answer becomes more over- whelming in its vastness.

The latest, rolame isemel yesterday tells us in the first place that Ailministrative London is composed of 741,816 acres of land and water. The land is laid out as followe

Miles of streets

Houses

M

Factories and workshops

2,1344

611.785

28,265,

9,026

Parks and open spaces. (acros) On this land live 4,795,789 human' while around them withis: few mules 3.000,000 make their homes. This is the greatest aggregation of men, women, and children in one place the world has ever known. If the 4,795,769 inhabitants of Adminis trative London were spread over the whole screnge there would be 60 persons to every acre, and in each sore there would be eight houses for them to live in. Moss them all togefhor however, giving each person about twe square feet to stand in, and it would be possible to get the wide popciation in Hyde Park and still have over 100 acres to spare.

The population of London Is continually changing. Every hour tourteen new Londoners are born and eight die,

POVERTY.

London is probably the wealthiest city in the world. Its property is insured, from fre at £1,040,057,846. Despite this, however, thers is a large amount of poverty. The figures show that

One person in every thirty-three is a pauper, Twenty persons in every 100, die in a work. house or a workhouse infirmary....

London does much to cope with its burden of poverty, and every year £10,066,043 is dis- tributed by various charities,

No one can tell what it costs to feed London's population. Here, however, is a part of its enormous yearly bill of fere

Dead mest (tons)................... Live cattle.

Live Sheep Fish (tons)

Milk (gallons)

419.037 58,735

375,950

174,332 30,826,330

In addition to these items, an army of 60,275 Londoners are busily working all the year in preparing other food and drink for their fellows consumption. Here are some of them

I Broad and confectionery making... 23:756

Jam making s Cooon and chocolate 1 Other foods

Brewing, ete

6.242 2.406

14,108 9.885 4,283

Aerated water manufacturing... The water consumed by Londonsts" and need enormous volume of 82,152,249,000 gallons & for washing and other purposes reaches the year, and for this they pay £1,832,772 ʼn year. mum

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WOKKATORS AND PACTORIES.

London is essentially a place to work in, despite its many attractions to the visitor. In its 28,265 factories and workshops alone 568,641 men, women, and children find employment. The largest number of these are engaged in making clothes. Here are the figures of the principal occupations:-

Placos. People.

9,499

... 130,500 82,702

79,350

60,946

2,324

60.275

1,781

29,506

Drass..... Wood and wood articles, 4.031 Paper and printing................ 3,011 Metals and machinery 2,872 Food, ete Laundries Londonera are much given to travelling in trains, tramcars, and oranibuses. The weather may noceant for this, for it might be consider. ably better than it is. The average, that may by expected each year is about sa fellowa -

1,280 hours of sunshine out of a possible

4.456 hours..

160 rainy days, with a total rainfall of 243

inches.

An average temperature of 50degrees,

Whatever the cause, however, the fondness for being carried about instead of walking is undoubtedly one of the Lendener's greatest faillings. The facilities are tremendous. Here

are some of them

The great trunk lines have termini in London. The local railways are worth £66,888,265. There and 174 miles of tramways. Omnibuses number 3.762, of which motor- omnibuses form nearly a third.

The number of passengers carried by the local railways and tramcara alone numbered over 949,000,000 last year equal to 200 journeys for overy man, woman, and child in Londen, while millions more were carried in omnibuses and

caba.

AMUSEMENTS.

There is a wide variety in the means by which Londoners are able to amuse themselves when the working day is over. In addition to the open air pastimes to be found in the parks and open spaces, the following sources are available to thei:-

$3 Concert halls ... 261 Theatres .... Music halls

11 49 Museums " There are also sighty-eight public libraries open to them, which possess 1,184,092 books. The total number lesued last your was 6,300,387 books, of which 4,013,222 were novels.

Londoners are great letter writers, and in the course of the year their correspondence amounts

Tretters....

to:-

737,100,000 Postcards....... 165,800,000

In addition to these they send 28,260,000. telegrams in a year, and enjoy 145,906,633 chats over the telephone,

How is this vast city governed. In all there are 101 local governing bodies which deal with every side of public life. These have a total of B.783 affected members. Many of the offices are held in duplicate, however, and it is probable that the total number of persons engaged in the government of London is about 2,800.

They are elected by 816,593 voters, of whom 118,695 are women

ST. ANDREW'S BALL AT HANKOW.

Hankow like other international centres in the Best had its St. Andrew's Fall, int a local contemporary is burious to know why there were no Scotch (shouldn't it be Scottish?) reels? However, the community had a good time and the festival is responsible for the following poetic effusion in the Hankow Daily News:--

TAE OUR BEITHER SCOTS. The lads and bonnie lassies skirled Which anglicé I think means whirled They reeled in manner tine and braw And bravely did the music blaw While wony a mon wha couldna jig Was in the verdroom spielin brig The ekirlia room was unco bricht Gae fine waar the electric licht T'waur farfu gaid the wee bit sup Of breid and beef bee in a cup In troth it is the will of a

see saither Scottish ba

Twas past the joyfu' cor of two,

Before the lassies ganged awa

Houch age the haggia this was brought

Wi whisky of a rich guid sart

The mixture is guy fine; Alack! It does not suit a Susserch

D

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