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by which the inhabitants themselves call them. From their ignorance of scientific geography, the Chinese have no general designations for extensive countries, long chains of mountains, or devidus rivers, but apply many names, where if they knew more they would be content with one. The united area of these countries amounts tử 3,951,130 square miles, or a little more than all Europe; the areas of each can not be exactly given. Manchuria contains about 700,000 square miles; Mongolia between 1,300,000 and 1,500,000; I'lí about 1,070,000; and Tibet from 500,000 to 700,000 square miles. These countries, it may be added, have divisions and capitals in the same manner as the provinces, though these can not be regarded as definite- ly settled.
Manchuria.
Manchuria comprises all the most eastern portion of the high table land of Central Asia, and lies between latitudes 42° and 58° N., and longitudes 120° and 142° E. It is bounded on the north by the Yablonoi-khrebet or Outer Hingngán
Mus, which sepa- rate it from the Russian province of Yakoutsk; east by the Channel of Tartary and sea of Japan; south by Corea and the gulf of Peh- chihlí; south-west by the Great Wall; west by Mongolia and the Juner Hing-ngán or Sialkoi mountains; and north-west by the Ker-
lon river and Daourian mountains. The limits between it and Mongolia are marked by a palisade running northeast for more than two degrees to Songari river, and down that stream to latitude 46°, and thence by its branch the Khailar, north-westerly to the Sialkoi, and north to the Daourian ranges. Only a small portion of this vast region has ever been traversed by Europeans, and most of it is a wilderness. It is estimated that the population may be more than 2,000,000 in all, though it has not been accurately determined by a regular census. It is ruled by boards and generals at the garrisons. Manchuria is comprised mostly within the valleys of the Songari and Sagalien rivers in the north, and the Liáu river in the south. There are three principal mountain chains, the Sih-hih-tih in the south- eastern part, the Yablonoi-khrebet in the north, and the Inner Hings ngin range in the west. The southern extremity of the Sih-hih-tih range bears the name of Cháng Peh shắn, or Long White mountains, The whole country north of the Long White mountains is drained by the Sagalien (which has also the names Amur, Kwantung
and Hehlung
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kiáng), and its tributaries. The source of this