PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
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C.O. 882
ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON
Description
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12. Plate I., Figs. 1, 2, 3, shows a method of draining a single house built back-to- back with one behind, so that the drainage must be carried out to the street in front. This is, perhaps, the most inconvenient and costly condition that will be met with.
of Plate I.. showing method of draining a
At a short distance from the street sewer a 4-inch stoneware syphon or trap is placed single back to prevent the escape of gas from the sewer to the house drain.
to-back house to the
street in
front.
Description olate
This syphon is provided with a second oblique junction, into which a 4-inch pipe is adapted, which is carried up to the surface of the street where its opening is covered with a cast-iron grating.
This serves, firstly, as ventilating inlet, and secondly, for inspection and removal of obstruction. By lifting the grating a book or spoon may be passed down into the syphon, and any deposit removed. The diagonal plate prevents children from dropping stones down the pipe.
From the syphon the drain runs straight to the cookhouse, where there is a V junction. One branch leads to the slop stone in the lower cookhouse, where escape of gas is again prevented by a Doulton's stoneware gully or trap. This is placed beneath the slop- stone, which is slightly raised above the floor, in order to prevent the introduction of rubbish. It is to be hoped that the provision of increased facilities for the removal of sweepings and rubbish as recommended in the report will remove the temptation to put them down the drain, a practice fatal to any system of drainage.
The second branch communicates with an upright pipe which is carried up above the roof, and which is open at the top.
This pipe serves as a ventilating outlet, thus completing the system of circulation, and it also receives the drainage from the slop-stone in the upper cookhouse, which is likewise provided with a Doulton's gully.
As the flimsy construction of the floors, which too often obtains, may occasion great difficulty in fixing a gully, an alternative method of dealing with the drainage of the upper storey is shown in dotted lines in Fig. 2. The slops are carried down in a plain pipe which delivers over the sink in the lower cookhouse. As this pipe is completely disconnected, no gas can enter it, and, therefore, there is no necessity for a second gully.
The ventilating pipe would still be required, but as it carries no fluid, it may be made of any suitable material, such as zinc, cast iron, or even the rough earthenware pipes surrounded with plaster might be employed, similar to the down pipes at present used. Provided always that the clear diameter be not less than 4 inches. Smaller ventilating ripes than this are found to be useless, for they oppose too much resistance to the passage of the air, and they are liable to obstruction by spiders' webs, insects' nests, mice, &c.
The ventilating pipe is covered above with a plain cap, to keep out birds, &c. A simple open-topped pipe has, so far, been found to give as good results as any of the elaborate caps or cowls which from time to time have been recommended.
For the sake of clearness no means of fixing the upright pipes has been shown. They might be attached to the wall by hoops, or they might be supported by encrusting them with plaster, after the manner of the country.
As to the provision for removal of obstructions. The most probable place of occur rence will be at the gullies or traps.
These can be cleaned out by simply lifting the slop stone.
Next, as to liability to stoppage, is the syphon, which may be cleared, as described, from the ventilating inlet. Lastly, a stoppage may occur at the junction of the two branches, or in the main pipe leading from it, and this contingency is provided for by the long inspection cap. By taking up a few paving stones the lid may be taken off, and a long jointed rod, or long rattan, may be forced down the main pipe, or up either of the short branches.
The means of access thus provided are not perfect, for this involves the breaking up of pavement. They will suffice, however, for all ordinary cases, and they are as much as can be afforded in a single dwelling.
After all, stoppages will be very rare, especially when there is a reasonably abundant water supply, and when the people have become used to the new system.
In the next drawing more complete methods are shown, the expense of which will be justified as they are designed to serve a group of dwellings.
13. Figs. 6 and 7, Plate II., show the method of draining a group of four houses, built on the back-to-back system; and in red dotted lines an arrangement is shown drainage of whereby four more houses might be combined with the same system.
combined
four houses,
The economy resulting from the combination of several houses is obvious, and justifies Combination the use of more complete appliances than is possible in the case of the independent for this pur treatment of a single house.
pose,
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Left to themselves the owners of adja vent houses would probably find it impossible to can only be come to arrangements necessary for this favourable combination. The intervention of a brought
about by strong central authority, such as the Government, alone can bring about the desired Govern- union. Here again is another strong reason for the governmental execution of the work ment. of drainage.
14. The drains from the four slop stones meet in a manhole, beneath the floor of one of Description the central cookhouses. The manner of uniting the streams of the various pipes by of Figs. 6 and means of open channels is shown. They are curved, so as to avoid sudden changes of 7, Plate II. direction, which retard the flow and tend to cause deposit and obstruction. These curved channels, which are very important, may-either be formed of half-round tiles made to the sweep, or they may be moulded in cement plaster, finely rendered. The manhole is covered with slab-stones or any other convenient covering.
This manhole gives complete access to the four branches and to the main pipe. The lower slop stones are provided with gullies, but the drainage from the upper floors is delivered over them, as in the alternative plan shown in Plate I., Fig. 2., so that no gully traps are required upstairs.
Neither are they wanted for the four slop stones of the cookhouses in rear (shown in red dotted lines), for by slightly raising them their drainage may be delivered above those in front.
The two long lateral branches to the outer cookhouses are provided with ventilating pipes, which are carried up above the roof, and serve for ventilation only.
The disconnecting manhole, in the street, gives access to the syphon, and also to the drain under the house. A V-junction is shown just beyond the syphon, from which a 4-in. pipe is carried back to the manhole, the opening being closed by a cap. By this means a rod may be introduced into the pipes beyond the syphon to clean it. very desirable if the distance beyond the trap is great, but it is scarcely necessary with the short length shown in the drawing.
The disconnecting manhole also serves as a ventilating inlet.
This is
For this purpose a small vertical grating is fixed in the kerb of the footpath. With the two ventilating pipes already mentioned the system of circulation is complete, for it will be observed that there is no trap or obstruction between inlet and outlet.
Another method of fixing a ventilating inlet is shown in Figs. 8 and 12. Here a 6-in. pipe is carried from the manhole to a chase, cut in the wall of the house, a vertical grating being fixed at the opening.
The dotted lines in Fig. 6 show how the drainage from other groups of houses might he carried into the same disconnecting manhole.
Figs. 10 and 11 show a simple form of inspection bend, for situations in which it may not be desirable to construct a manhole or turning chamber. A block moulded in concrete has a semicircular channel formed in it, and it is covered above by a lid. A 6-in. pipe affords means of inspection and ventilation also if desired.
By taking off the lid the two branches of pipe may be cleared without disturbing or breaking any joint.
Alley.
15. Figs. 8 and 9 show the manner of draining into a back alley. Here no pipe what- Back drain- soever enters the house. The slops from the sinks, both upstairs and on the ground age into an floor, are carried out, at once, through the wall of the house, and delivered over gullies in the alley, so that there is the most complete disconnexion possible. The drain down the alley is ventilated by a pipe at one end, and by an inlet, communicating with the disconnecting chamber, at the other. The latter also, with the turning chamber, gives complete access to the pipe. As a further precaution, however, each junction is pro- vided with an inspection cap, which adds but little to the cost.
This is by far the most satisfactory arrangement of all.
It would be well if it could be more frequently adopted. The facilities to drainage afforded by back alleys are so great, that apart from all other considerations, they should be insisted on in all new buildings wherever possible.
16. From the somewhat elaborate provisions for the removal of stoppages, shown in With good the drawings, it might be inferred that such misfortunes are of frequent occurrence, workman With good workmanship, however, this is not the case, but, in the absence of some such ship stop- provisions, the damage and inconvenience caused by repairs is so great, that it has been pages should found desirable to adopt them, and I have, therefore, shown the different artifices used rare, for this purpose.
It may be that local conditions will render such complete appliances less necessary. This is a point that can only be decided by trial. The experience gained in draining a few blocks will soon show what simplifications may be ventured on.
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be very