CO882-(3-4) — Page 502

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

Reference

THETICO. 882

52

Construction

of waterclo-

sets, baths, and sinks.

Pipes to be placed out- side house,

ventilation and dis- connexion.

Pan closets

and D traps condemned.

Water *upply;

waste

prevention.

Different patterns of closets; Aushing and waste-pre- venting cisterns.

Water waste prevention.

17. Plate III. shows the method of fixing waterclosets, baths, and sinks in accordance with the principles laid down.

The 18. Figs. 1 and 2 show two closets with the necessary apparatus and fittings. pipes from them are carried out, at once, through the wall of the house, and there con- nected to a vertical soil pipe, which is carried up full size (4 inches) to the top of the house, thus serving as a ventilating outlet. This ventilating pipe should be carried

up as straight as possible above the highest windows.

If there were windows in the roof it might be necessary to carry it up as shown in the dotted lines, but beuds should be avoided as much as possible. The whole arrangement is disconnected from the town sewer by a syphon trap and ventilating inlet, in the manner already shown in Sheets I. and II. It will not be necessary to provide discon- nexion for each set of closets, one syphon and ventilating inlet may often be made to serve for a whole building, but no brauch of any considerable length should be without a ventilating outlet, and no trap or other obstruction to free circulation of air must be interposed between each or any of the outlets and the common inlet.

In Figs. 1 and 2 I have shown the disconnexion effected by a simple syphon and inspection pipe, the latter serving as ventilating inlet.

In Figs. 3, 4, 5 more complete arrangement of a disconnecting manhole is shown. In all important buildings it will be well to incur the extra expense of the manhole on account of the many advantages possessed by it.

19. The arrangement known as the pan closet, with D traps, should on no account be used.

It is found that bidden accumulation of filth takes place in it, causing a nuisance, no matter how perfect be the arrangement of drains to which it is connected.

20. To provide a continuous supply of water a cistern is fixed in the roof. Even with a constant supply this is requisite to meet the occasional interruptions that must from time to time take place, and also because the mains must not be connected directly to the closet for fear of contamination to the water supply. The water from this cistern must, on no account, be used for any other purpose than for the closets.

21. On the upper storey, one of Tylor's patent closets is shown, a very perfect but expensive arrangement. In it the pan is closed below by a flat valve, which falls down and allows the contents to escape.

On the lower storey a much cheaper, but for most purposes, sufficiently effective arrangement is shown. Here there is no valve at all, but the flush of water from the amall cistern above sweeps all before it through the trap, which, in this case, is of stoneware. The mechanism attached to this cistern is so arranged that by pulling the chain for an instant only the whole of its contents, three gallons, is rapidly discharged, thus securing a powerful flush, the effectiveness of which depends more on the rapidity of discharge than on the absolute quantity of water used. To this end the service pipes are made of greater diameter than is usually the practice (1 inches and 1 inches respectively).

22. This cistern also serves as a water waste preventer, for there is an arrangement by which even if the chain be held down it is impossible to produce a continuous stream of

water.

An arrangement, having the same object, is provided in the valve of the Tylor's closet also.

Overflow 23. A lead trap or "safe" is placed beneath each closet to catch any leakage or over- pipes are not flow. to be con-

The small overflow pipes from these safes, from baths, and also from cisterns, must on nected to

no account be connected with any soil-pipes or drain, but their openings must be placed drain, but must have

in the open air so as to be easily visible, for two reasons: Firstly, because by connecting their outlets them to a drain a free passage for sewer gas into the house would be made. These

visible.

Improperly fitted baths

and sinks

pipes only come into action in the event of some derangement of the mechanism, and consequent leakage. For long periods, therefore, nothing passes through them, and therefore the water, evaporates from any syphon or trap, which may be provided, leaving a free

passage for gas, Secondly, if connected to drains, leakage would go on undetected; On the other hand by leaving their mouths exposed, any water issuing from them causes A mess and a nuisance, attention is called to the leakage, and it is remedied. report I have already called attention to the necessity of preventing waste. For this purpose alone it is absolutely necessary to adopt in all cases this arrangement of wastą and overflow pipes,

In my

24. Fully as much danger to health is caused by improperly arranged baths and sinks as by imperfect closet arrangements.

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO

ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC-

4

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON!

51

selves the owners of adja ent houses would probably find it impossible to can only be ements necessary for this favourable combination. The intervention of a brought

about by authority, such as the Government, alone can bring about the desired Govern- again is another strong reason for the governmental execution of the work ment. ins from the four slop stones meet in a manhole, beneath the floor of one of Description

okhouses. The manner of uniting the streams of the various pipes by of Figs. 6 and channels is shown. They are curved, so as to avoid sudden changes of 7, Plate II. h retard the flow and tend to cause deposit and obstruction. These

ls, which are very important, may either be formed of half-round tiles reep, or they may be moulded in cement plaster, finely rendered. The ered with slab-stones or any other convenient covering.

e gives complete access to the four branches and to the main pipe. The es are provided with gullies, but the drainage from the upper floors is them, as in the alternative plan shown in Plate I., Fig. 2., so that no gully ed upstairs.

they wanted for the four slop stones of the cookhouses in rear (shown in 8), for by slightly raising them their drainage may be delivered above

g lateral branches to the outer cookhouses are provided with ventilating e carried up above the roof, and serve for ventilation only. ecting manhole, in the street, gives access to the syphon, and also to the

e house. A V-junction is shown just beyond the syphon, from which a rried back to the manhole, the opening being closed by a cap. By this

ay be introduced into the pipes beyond the syphon to clean it. This is if the distance beyond the trap is great, but it is scarcely necessary with b shown in the drawing.

ecting manhole also serves as a ventilating inlet.

pose a small vertical grating is fixed in the kerb of the footpath. With

iting pipes already mentioned the system of circulation is complete, for it thod of fixing a ventilating inlet is shown in Figs. 8 and 12. Here a 6-in

d that there is no trap or obstruction between inlet and outlet.

I from the manhole to a chase, cut in the wall of the house, a vertical ized at the opening.

lines in Fig. 6 show how the drainage from other groups of houses might

the same disconnecting manhole.

I 11 show a simple form of inspection bend, for situations in which it may

ble to construct a manhole or turning chamber. A block moulded in

■ semicircular channel formed in it, and it is covered above by a lid.

de means of inspection and ventilation also if desired.

A

ff the lid the two branches of pipe may be cleared without disturbing or oint.

and 9 show the manner of draining into a back alley. Here no pipe what- Back drain:

he house. The slops from the sinks, both upstairs and on the ground age into an

ed out, at once, through the wall of the house, and delivered over gullies alley.

> that there is the most complete disconnexion possible. The drain down ntilated by a pipe at one end, and by an inlet, communicating with the chamber, at the other. The latter also, with the turning chamber, gives

to the pipe. As a further precaution, however, each junction is pro- inspection cap, which adds but little to the cost.

far the most satisfactory arrangement of all.

well if it could be more frequently adopted. The facilities to drainage

ck alleys are so great, that apart from all other considerations, they should

in all new buildings wherever possible.

be somewhat elaborate provisions for the removal of stoppages, shown in With good it might be inferred that such misfortunes are of frequent occurrence, workman- orkmanship, however, this is not the case, but, in the absence of some such ship stop-

pages should

e damage and inconvenience caused by repairs is so great, that it has been be very le to adopt them, and I have, therefore, shown the different artifices used rare,

sc.

that local conditions will render such complete appliances less necessary.

it that can only be decided by trial. The experience gained in draining a

Il soon show what simplifications may be ventured on.

G 2

+

52