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NATIONAL FINNISH
EPIC
(Continued from Page 6.)
it. Ife found that in Karelia (the eastern part of Finland, which is even to-day the widest part of the country) certain old men wero in the habit of chanting long folk lays. These he collected und combined into a coniposite whole. Exactly one hundred years wo last Thursday, on February 28, 3836, Lonnrot signed his foreword to the first edition of the Kalevala, and this day is celebrated in Finland as "Kalevala Day".
The Kalevala is wellten in Flanish, and Finnish is (with tho cxreption of Basque) the most difficult Janguage In Europe.
| Moreover, it is not even written in standard Finnish (thus it cannot be read in school in Fininud with. out the aid of a glossary) but In the Karelian dialect of Finnial. The study and appreciation of the Kalevala is therefore unly for Finns, or for those few persons who are Interested in Finno- Ugrian philology (the philology of the group of languages to which Finnish, and also Estonian, Hun- garlan, Lappish, and a number of lesser-known languages in the U.S.S.R. belong). The rest of the world must rely on translations which, besides being often grossly inaccurate, can never represent the great beauty of the Finnish
innguage (Finnish competes with Italian and Russian for the honour of being the world's most beautiful language).
The study of the Kalevala is thus, by its very nature, a philo. logical one. Nowhere is philology more actively studied than in Fin- land (the very schoolchildren seem to know the rudimenta of it) and naturally no philological subject has been as much studied in Finland as the Kalevala.
MODERN RESEARCH
It is, therefore, not surprising that ideas to-day about the Kale- vala are very different from what they were fifty years ago. Then it was widely believed that the Kalevala-with Ils everpresent struggle against cold, gloomy Pohjola "the Kingdom of the North" reflected something like the Golden Age of Finland, an age of great heroes and much song. Nowadays seleutile research has shown as the true nature of the Kalevala in a clearer light-it Is, in a word, ani so much a collected whole, as a selection.
The lays which Lounrot collect- ed a hundred years ago are not the only ones; in Finland an enormous number of somewhat similar heroit lays have bren' collected (those so far published fill thirty large quarto volumes) and in Estonia (like the Germans and the Dutch, the. Finns and Estonians are close relations) there is a aimilar epic (the Kalcicahoeg) and
quantity of folk-lays.
of
To-day, therefore, the Kalevala represents for us a vast body of folk-tradition, full of stories goda and heroes and (some of it), like all folklore, of immense anti- quity. But running through it all there is the essential Finnishness which is its charm. Anyone who kaows the Kalevala well will agree that the type of folklore in it is even more characteristic than, for instance, the Celtic folk-lore well known to us here in England.
NO
on-
And so research has not, as is so often the case, destroyed a nation- al emblem, but has rather hanced its value, and we may envy the Finns a literary genre to which we in England have nothing in the least comparable.
It is
to be hoped that
the Kalevala-celebration, may stimu- Inte people in this country, if only a few, to a more active interest in this distant but fascinating land, in its people, Ita literature, and its language.
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