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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH. THURSDAY, FEBRUÁRY 9. 1933.
reveal
STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
POPULAR TALK GIVEN FROM Z.B.W.
Size of An Atom.
tors, the nature of the gas in the First of all, however, how big tube, the nature of the glass of an atom! Well, that is a rather which it is made, etc. Many gases, diicult question to answer in ful colour-effects; and it is upon
however, give wonderfully beauti popular lecture, because the num this property of the discharge-tube, Lers involved are almost stunning as it is called, that the electric th their smallness. Suppose we light advertisements in our big take a match-box full of air, and cities, depend. These advertike divide it into a million parts. menta are simply cloverly-bont One of the most interesting and Suppose we take one of these tiny discharge-tubes, which glow in instructive lectures of a popular nature evor given over the radi parts, and divide it into a million the form of letters of light, then parts; and suppose wa again take the electric current 18 Dassed in Hongkong, was that by Rov. one of these parts, and divide that, through them. Father D. Donnally, &.J., on Tues- Into a million parts. In each of the
Reduce the pressure still fur- day night. He took as his subject tiny cubes of air loft after this ther, however, and the beautiful "The Structure of the Atom," and last division, there will be perhaps illumination, in great measure 1,000 molecules and a molecule
sold:
*
tube, and not, apparently, from the electric discharge itself, which at this stage of exhaustion is colour- losa.
This glow, naturally, interested it? Where did it come from? physicists greatly. What cauac
May I say, before beginning this (which is an agglomeration of vanishes; its place is taken by a peculiar groenlah glow, coming evening's talk on the structure of atoms, into the nature of which
from the walls of the containing the atom, what a pleasure it is to be is unnecessary to enter her) in permitted to speak in this way to two, three, ten times as big as a
Moreover, it is clear, with the listenera-in of ZBW ?--and also, utom. what an immense consolation it is out any scientific training at all, to be talking to a microphone! that the atoms are far more tight- For microphones, no matter how ly packed together in a solid subd- dull the lecturer who addresses tánce auch as from, than in a mix them, are fortunately Incapable of ture of gases such as air. Even
The Glow Explained. throwing bricka! And an attempt if my calculation is a trifle wrong, by indignant listeners-in to wreck and the last tiny cubo resulting
Sir William Crookes was the our divisions contains only this studio is, I suppose, hardly from within the bounds of probability in 100, er only 10 molecules, instead first to show, in 1886, that this civilized Hongkong!
of 1,000, it does not really matter glow was caused by a stream of may help tiny particles proceeding with I am to speak to you to-night about much. The example
Will you to realize how incredibly small great velocity from the negative the structure of the atom.
terminal of the tube, and Imping- you forgive me, if I begin by a few an atom is.
And yet it is possible, by means ing on the walls of the tube. One words as to what exactly an atom
of his experiments consisted, for in?-Most people are, I imagine, of modern scientifle methods, to instance, in mounting a small prepared to be told that matter, split an atom into its component cross half way down the tube be the ordinary matter around us, parta, and even--more incredible fore sealing and exhausting, and chairs and tables and houses and still-to detect the effect produc mental particles. The ordinary an atom, if its velocity be high wall at the end of the tube_op- the like, is built up of tiny funded by one single such remnant of showing that the shadow of the cross was cast on the glowing a enough. man's conception of, sny, what
posite the negative terminal. Fur How is all this done? To at ther, if a magnet were brought bar of iron would look like under an Impossibly-powerful microscope tempt to answer that question, I near to the tube, the ahndow mov- is that the microscope would must ask you to consider with me ed. showing that the stream of ve for a few moments a thing which particles which caused it were certain grittinėna structure: the iron is, in the last la as old as lightning, and as mys- electrically charged, as they were analysis, more like sand than jelly, terious as matter itself, the electric deflected from the straight course This ordinary-mun's conception is spark.
by the action of the magnetic quite correct; qnd these funda-. The Electric Spark.
field. mental units, out of which
You all know that if you get an The next step.-by no means a chemical elements are built up, we electrical machine (an induction simple one, by the way was to call atoms.
coll) in motion, and attach wires mensure, if possible, the mass of All this, of course, was part of the terminals of the coll these flying particles, and their common knowledge long before when you bring the ends of the electric charge. This was accom. the development of modern physical wires close enough together, an plished at Cambridge by Sir J. J. theory and modern physical electric spark leaps noisily across Thomson, one of the most brilliant methods. But in the old days (ie the intervening gap of air. We experimentalists in the history up to fifty years ago) scientista say that there is a difference of of physics. The succeeded in de- knew of no methoda elther of electrical potential between the monstrating that the stream con- splitting up atoms, or of detecting ends of the wires, and the result of sisted of negatively-charged par- what happened when they were this potential difference (the word ticles, whose velocity was of the split up; and so they were content really means "clectrical pressure") order of one-tenth the velocity of to deal with the atoms as if they is to drive the spark violently from light (ie. about 20,000 miles n were the smallest existing units. one wire to the other.
second), and whose mass seemed The world seemed to the scientists Now suppose that we enclose to be about 1/1,800th of the mass of Inat contury to be built up out this spark-gap in a glass tube of the smallest atom then known of about ninety different types of which capable .of being to science, the atom of hydrogen. tiny particles, the atoms of the exhausted of air, and apply a Physicists had, therefore, suc- chemical elements, hydrogen, oxy- auction pump to draw the air out ceeded in detecting the existence gen, carbon, iron and the rest.
of the sealed tube. At first the of tiny particles very, very much Our problem to-night is, in spark continues to pass notally as smaller than any atom. great measure, to discuss what before: but as the pressure bappens when these tiny unita, iron lowered, the notae dunfnishes, the or oxygen atoms, are spilt into two electrical pressure required to force parts; and to appreciate what a the spark across falls greatly, and strong light has been thrown on the tube becomes, filled with a their internal structure by split beautiful, flickering glow, or rather, ting off from them still tinier with rapidly-shifting bands of particles, which prove to be always light. The colour of the light electrically charged.
lemitted depends upon many fac-
the
to
It is easy to imagine the stir caused in scientific cirles by this unexpected, discovery. This was, however, but the prelude to a whole series of discoveries, which followed in rapid succession, and which, taken in combination. showed that mon's ideas as to the (Continued on Page 12.)
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