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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, FRIDAY, JUNE 14, 1929
THE MENACE OF MALARIA.
CLASSIFICATION BY SPECIES.
Below is the concluding ment of Dr. A. R. Wellington's
lecture og malaria.
with the habits and Hfe history of our anopheliner if he goes the | right way about it.
Classification of Mosquitoes. Entomologists are riot yet instal-good on the subject of classifica
purpose it will be sufficient if we tion of mosquitoes, but for our
divide them into anophelines and culicines.
Before you can eliminate any thing with surety you must know something about it, and the more you know the more chance, you have of succeeding.
}
There are at least 160 kinds of anophelines known. Some come from one region of the globe, It is impossible to eliminate'allaume from other regions. It in mosquitoes from Malaya-or even very important to remember this, all apophelines but it is possible for one of the reasons why anti- to rid local areas of the malaria malarial eradication hap so often carrying anophelines. by attacking failed is that the measures adopt- their breeding places.
ed have been blindly copied from other countries and it has not been realised that the anopholiner in the two places are different and that what is suitable for the era- dication of ono species, is quite The unsuitable for the other. American varieties differ from the fauna of the different the African and the Aslan and 400- din. Linents differ in different tricta. The anopholines of Pana ma are quite different from the anophelines of Malaya,
The eradication of malarin by this method seems easy to those who have but a smattering of mes quitology--but it is not by any means ab kimple as it look.
An American Medical student, after watching an eye surgeon do an operation, said, "Well, Doctor, that looks casy." "Young man," repiled the surgeon, "It does look easy but believe me I spoiled a whole hat full of eyes before I
could do it like that."
The amateur mosquitologist la apt to apoll a whole hat full of stales or towns before he gets the requisite knowledge which leads to success. He must learn by his own failures or by the ex- perience of others.
the
Not all species of anophelines carry malaria, in fact the great majority play no part in spread of the disease. In Mainya there are 20 kinds but only three seem to have any bearing on the malarla problem.
Life History of Mosquitoes.
In dealing with malaria you must first flnd the breeding places of the anophelines at fault, and The life of a mosquito in divid- you cannot And the breeding ed into four stages, the egg, the places until you can apot the larva, the pupa, and the imago pr larvae and can distinguish¡one') adult fly, species from another.
|
The eggs are laid on water,
It te just as absurd to suppose | After a couple of days they hatch that a man who knows nothing of and a free swimming larva or mosquitology can rid an cstate of wriggler emerges. The larva can | malaria-carrying anophelines as breathe or get its oxygen from the it is to suppose that a man who water or the air. I am aware that han nover seen a tiger and knows most authorities say they only nothing about ita habits can rid breathe air but 1 have kept them an estate of a man-eater.
alive for 24 hours submerged in water and out of contact with air. The larval stage, lasts about ten days in the temperature of the F.M.S.
War against particular races of mosquitoes can be, compared to war against particular races of men. In, isolated cases amateur efforts may effect small local suc- cesses-usually, however, they fall quite often successes are put down to measures taken when the credit is due to nature.
Campaigns of any magnitude can be successful when planned by those who have atudied the enemy's habite and who are ac- quainted with his life history.
Destruction of Larvae,
to
In an anti-mosquito campaign every 'effort must be made bring untoward influences to bear upon the enemy mosquito and upon his reserves, the laryne, Not only must the general know his work but each individual down to and Including the private must bo so trained that he will do his
work without a hitch. In an anti- mosquito campaign thoroughness is everything, lack of attention to detail will spoil all; And when success appears to have been achieved constant care is neces- sary to uce that the enemy does not reconcentrate and turn auc- cess into failure.
Remember, a mosquito army is an aeroplane army and has a wide range of operations.
The larva becomes a pupa, n comma-shaped body surmounted by two tubes through which the immature fly Inside takes the air it requires for breathing purposes After a couple of days the pupa hatches and the mature Insect emerges. For a few minutes it rests on the pupal case or on the water, unfolding its wings and let ting them dry. It then flies away, The whole metamorphosis lasta about a fortnight.
Distinction between anophe- linea and culicines. Anophelines eines in all four stages. One ano. can be distinguished from cull- pheline can be distinguished from. the anti-malaria worker need only another in all four stages, but bother about the adults and the larva. ▸
The anopheling adult when rest- ing holda itself so that the head, are in a thorax and abdomen straight line, like an expert diver taking a header. The culicine adult has a humped back attitude when resting.
Anopheline larvae are more or lean cigar shaped. They rest in a horizontal position on the surface of the water. Culicine larvae are Anti-malarial work (mosquito moro irregularly shaped than the elimination) is health work or pre-anophelines. They rest beneath ventive medicine; it has little to the surface of the water and get do with curative medicine. I what air they require through a mention thle here because plan- tube projecting from the hind end tora and others no often make the of the body.. mistake of thinking that Any medical man is competent to ad-
Known by hair Whiskers.
vise on anti-mosquito measures. Distinction between different Every doctor has the foundation anophelines. -- Ono anopheline for this health work but every larva is knowr, from, another by dector has not progressed beyond their eyebrows and by their whis-
that stage.
A military campaign would cer tainly fall if generalled by one who only knew how to take care of the physical condition of his awn army and knew nothing of the enemy. An anti-mosquito campaign, will fall if it be gen eralled by a physician ́or a sur- goon who has not studied the mosquitoes.
kers.
Anophelines are' like birds in that each species has its own favourite breeding place where it lays ita eggs, Why this should be has not been worked out, probably facilities for food supply and pro- tection are important factors.
The English school boy collect-
ing eggs knows the likely places But the study of mosquitoes in for the nests of the various kinds not confined to medical men. of birds. He gained his know. Anyone can become acquainted
(Continued on Page 11.)
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