EXPLORING THE SEA.ed by giving us a stock of informa
· REVIEW OF 25 YEARS'
WORK.
THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,
SATURDAY,
Tho
At the back of the whole story and, fishing far and wide, some- is the economic problem, the fear times in depths untouched a score leat our more and more importun of years ago, we still take some- ato demands prove too much for where about the same, aggregate the bountiful harvest of the sea. quantity, perhaps between 2,500,- The situation seemed serious 1000 and 8,000,000 tons. onough a quarter of a century ago, money value of this vast catch has and is serious still. The "re nearly doubled meanwhile, rising. sources of the sea" (to use Profes-from, say £25,000,000 to not very sor McIntosh's phrase) are such far from £50,000,000 sterling:.... that the famine, constantly appre-
Biological Problems. hended, is constantly staved off or
tion about the physical phenomena of the North Sea, not even yet complete by any means, but incom parably better than we had before and suficient to form a basis for many useful deductions.. In July, 1902, there met at
As to the biological, or more Copenhagen for the first time an strictly "fishory" investigations, it International Counell for the Ex-would be a long story morely to ploration of the Sen, promoted and indicate their number and variety, subsidized by all the Governments and an all but endless one to dis- of Northern Europe; and laat week cuss their steady progress and the postponed; but the tell taken of
The problems which the trade the same Counell mat at Stock-results to which they have led ...the stock is always large and goce has to face and which the biologist holm, after completing a quarter A new era opened when the nasomotimea almost beyond belief. of a century of wide-spread re- tions undertook the endowment of The once teeming halibut banks of may be naked to spive are not to search and exploration, says Pro-co-operative research; when stu-British Columbia, virgia ground abo answered in a word, but may fessor Thompson, writing in the dents of fishery problems all over very few years ago, are now de- require separate study and sopár- Europe, and more or less all the plctod; and little wonder, for, ofate answers for each species of world over, could plan their in-flsh caught and marked and liber- pretty certainly is diminishing; fish. The plaice may be and Three years before the Inter-vestigations and compare thefrated, no less than 60 per cent, were but the herring shows no signs of national Council was firmly and results together; and when a little very soon eaught again in the or formally established, a prelimin-fleet of exploring ships began to dinary course of the fishery.diminution in its inexhaustiblo ary meeting was held at Stockholm spread over the northera seas, Twenty years ago Northern Eu-supply. The plaice is a much- In 1809, on the invitation of King working by common methods to a rope took every year out of the prized and valuable fish, the young Oscar and his Ministers; and it is common end.
saà about 2,600,000 tons of fish; of which gather in multitudes on shallow sandy grounds such as those on the Danish coast, where they are all too casily captured long before they are mature; and this problem of the plaice kas greatly exercised the International Council for many years. Various protecting measures, with their several advantages and inevitable
Times in mail week.
in memory of this first preliminary
conference that the Council
bas.
chosen Stockholm once
again for its place of meet-
Ing. The Conference of 1899 drew
籍 tentative pro-
ק!
gramme tentative because there
was as yet no money to carry it out; and that first programme, In- spired by Otto Pettersson, Fridtjof Nanson, Professor Cleve, and Sir John Murray, was closely followed for many years. It was in the main hydrographical; it took it for: granted that we must learn the natural history (so to speak) of the sea before we could under- stand that of the fishes which live in it; and Maury's book on the Gulf Stream was enough to show what a wonderful story this study of the sea embodied. Of the North Sea we knew nothing at all. or next to nothing, save what thei charts showed--the deeps and the shallows, and very imperfectly thei currents, and the tides. But as to the manner in which the waters of various temperature and salinity were stratified or interstratified, and how they came and what they brought with them from Atlantic. Ocean dr., Baltic Sea-all these things were hardly known or yery imperfectly understood; moreover, it was known, but in the merest outline, that these various pheno- mena were subject to. periodic changes, to regular seasonal fue- tuations, and also to changes of longer period or seemingly of ir- regular, occurrence, as the cur- "rents of the ocean swelled and poured with greater or less volume into the shallow waters of the nar- row seas. Nor could it be doubted for a moment that these pheno- mena, if only one could unravel and comprehend them, would! throw light on such crucial pro- blems of the fisheries as the migrations of the herring, or the causes of its fluctuations in abun-i dance, even of its notorious dis-1 appearance at long intervals from certain coasts, bringing wealth, now utter poverty.
In the North Sea.
ΠΟΥ
For several years, then, the ex-{ ploring ships provided by the several countries, by England and Scotland, Germany, Holland, Bel gium, Norway, and Denmark, ran a network of regular seasonal ob- servations, this way and that across the North Sea and all the way to Feroe; and their work! eked out by temperature observa-" tions and water-samples collected by friendly captains of linera, end-
ARTISTICALLY SPEAKING.
DIA BY NEÁ DEMOCE, INČ,
disadvantagea, have .:. been
thoroughly discussed and are now pretty well understood; but the. cost of carrying them out is heavy, the trade is nervous about making sacrifices even for future benefit and the matter of protection re- mains in abeyance.
In the smaller countries it hap- nens perhaps more often than in. the large that a man of great and original ability can be spared from the common task to carry out in- vestigations of his own. In Den mark Dr. Johann Schmidt, an ex- plorer und naturalist of the first order has taken his ship the Thor far beyond the ordinary field of the International Council's work to explore the deep waters of the Mediterannean and of the Atlantic
in the latter oconn chiefly in the neighbourhood of the Sargasso Sea. These expeditions have yielded immense collections, skil- fully preserved, such as have not come into the hands of English naturalists since the old days of the Challenger. But Johann Schmidt's great triumph has been the working out of the life-history of the eel, begun by Grassi, and now elaborated almost to the utter- most detail-a great piece of fan- damental biological investigation; which the International Co. ncil is proud to be associated with ...
They builded well who had the foundations of this International Council a quarter of a century ago.
DRAWING
MATERIALS
More than 250 miles of branch lines will be built by the Canadian Pacific Railway in western Canada this year, according to announce- ment by President E. W. Beatty. It is the intention of the company to have as large a propertion as possible of the branch line mileage authorized for construction this senson available for handling this year's crop," he said. In addition to contracts al- ready for grading 16 miles west of Maxtone and 10 miles north of | Melfort, Lenders are now under consideration for another 225 miles in various parts of the prairie provinces.
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