•
MALARIA AND MOSQUITUES;
INSTRUCTIVE LECTURE.;
(Gone uded.)
It follows then that Malaria would entirely and finally disappear if any one of thiện mea- sures could be efficiently carried into eft-cli- 1. If the blood of all malarious persons could be disinfected say by quinine;
2. Ifall healthy mosquitoes could be prevent ed from biting ipfected persons ; or, if infected mosquitoes could be prevented from biting healthy persons;
3. Hall Anopheles mashiroes could be des troyed.
Unfortunately no one of the three is capable of sufficiently universal_application; and it remains in any given locality to apply the general principles stated as may seem* most likely to reduce malaria to a minimum, or cause its entire disappearance, in that locality,
Now as regards Hongkong:-
the first is manifestly impossible among a po- pulation where constitucets are changing by the thousand every day through, the Canton and olher loral steamers;
inay
the second is equally out of the question as a public measure, though much be done in the
way of personal pro. phylaxis by the careful use of mosquito nging, and. in special circumstances, the use of wiregauze protection of doors, windows, and verandahs;
but the third ng sure is, I claim, entirely possible and thoroughly practicable. could sufficient public opinion demanding it be aroused to allow of efficient legisl tion on the subject.
Let every nullah in and near the city be given a perfectly smooth floor by careful training; let the 'Sanitary Poard be given authority to treat--every-collection of stagnant water, whether it be an onzing from the hillside or a raincollection in an old flowerpot, at a nuisance, to be dealt with as other nuisances are dealt with; let a sufficient staff be provided. to carry i to effect the new bye-laws; let it be thus rendered impossible for mosquitoes to find breeding-places within the precincts of the city; and Anopheles and Culex alike would disappear from this city of Victoria.
Let me briefly show reason for my plea that Culex as well as Anopheles should be exter- minated.
THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1902.
genus, and he includes these two insects in a new small genus, Stegomyia, describing them as the Stegomyia Fasciata and the Stegomyia Scutellaris. 1 find that the habits of S. Scutellaris here exactly correspond with those se of S. Fasciata in the regions where Yellow Fever prevails; and what I want to po'nt. aut is, that if Vellow Fever should visit Hongkong,,we have a mosquito swarming in the Colony which can cause it to become epidemic. We are apt to think of Yellow Fever as the scourge of the far-away, West Indies and Central America, and not to be reckoned with here. Let me read to you a recently as December 4th (Daily-Prist):"A paragraph that appeared in our local papers so
"New Shipping Line in Hongkong, ChinaCom- *mercial S.S. Co., Ltd. We are informed that the China Cantmercial S.S. Co., which was in- "corporated in Hongkong on the 1st November, "will inaugurate a service between this port "and Mexico at the beginning of March pext. "freight and presengers, and a monthly "The Company's steamers will carry both
"service will be maintained between Hong- "kong and the Mexican ports."
I hold, Sir, no brief to advertise this company. I have directed attention to the paragraph have read, in order that I may point out to this representative meeting that from the first of next March Langkong will be in direct com. munication with one of the great endemic centres of Yellow Fever, and we may any day thereafter have Yellow Fever landed on our shares. And, as I have said, we have the appropriate Culex, or Stegomyia, ready to carry it from man to man, a mosquito which from its
day-feeding habits is
more difficult to reckon with than Anopheles. Now let me show the converse of all this, Yellow Fever has been endemic in Havana con- tinuously throughout its history. Yellow Fever has been to it always what Bubonic Plague has. been to Hongkong in recent years, though not so fatal. There were during 1900 1,344 cases of Yellow Fever, with 310 deaths. In February of last year the authorities of Havana resolved to act on the mosquito ecry of its origin, and to take measures to abolish it.
[Extract from The Medical Review of October, igo?] "An Ordinance was issued requiring all "people within the city limits to keep "receptacles containing water mosquito-proof, The city was divided into listricts An
"under whose directions oil was poured into all "puddles, cess-pools, etc., nnd after sufficient "notice had been given all receptacles in which "Jarvae were found were destroyed. All persons "having larvae on their premises were fined. To prevent the stegomyia from biting infected persons tho hospitals-and-houses-in-which
There is among the Chinese of this neigh-inspector-was-appointed-for-ench-district, bourhood a disease, or rather a group of diseases, the most striking of which is elephantiasis, where a limb or other part of the hody becomes hugely hypertrophied. and life becomes a burden from the sheer weight of the part affected. These diseases" _are_due to the presence in the lymph vessels of a parasitic worm, the young of which appear in the blood stream as the minute blood-worm, one of whose names is the Filaria Sanguinis Hominis, the thread worm of the human blood. Now this blood-worm is transmitted from one human being to another by a culex mosquito, Culex Fatigand, one of the brown forms of mosquito so common in the early evening in this Col ny. The details differ somewhat, but practically transmission takes place just as malaria is transmitted by Anopheles..
Again, Yellow Fever has now been traced, equally, definitely to a Culex, Culex Fasci- ates, as the transmitting agent. It is sim- ply a variety of the black-and-white striped "tiger" mosquito that gives us 50 much trouble in the daytime, Culex Scutellaris. Theobald, the entomologist at the British Museum, has recently broken up the old Culex KS for ASAHI JAPANESE BEER-
G. Girault
"their
were cases of Yellow Fever were "thoroughly screened. To kill the infected mos- "quitos the is fected building was dusted from "top to bottom with pyrethrum powder......The "mosquitos were carefully swept up and des. "troyed.
The houses contiguous to the "infected house
were treated in the "same way lest infected mosquitors, kad escaped to them. The reporting of yellow "fever was made 'compulsory."
What was the result of all this? The destruc- tion of mosquitoes was begun on February 27th, In March there we e only two cases. No other case occurred until April 20th. This condition had never been approximated before in Havana. The total of cases after that was -April 2, May 4, June o July 4, August 6, September 1, and in October, November, and December, 1901, and January of the piesent year, not u single case occurred,
SK for ASAHI JAPANESE BEER
G. Girault.
What was done in Havana a year ago con- be done in Hongkong, in view of Malaria and the Filarial Diseases present with us, and to anticipate Yellow Fever.
Meanwhile, until the law, shall step in, as step in it will one day, to compel the abolition of stagnant water, let me urge for-asons of personal interest the systematic inspection of premises for the presence of "wrigglera" in water: It is undoubted that most of the mosquitoes that infest any house have been bred on, the spot, in such receptacles as old flower pots, broken dishes, empty tins, water tanks, fire buckets, the plates ander flower stands, under the ice chest to catch the drippings, under the fect of furniture to prevent the approach of ants, and such like. An inspection once a week is sufficient to effectually stop the breed- ing of mosquitoes in any locality.
Before we turn to the practical demonstration I would like to refer to the connection of malaria with carth-cutting Explanations of a far-fetched character, into which I shall not enter, have been offered; but so far as Hong- kong is concerned the following is the probable. explanation f what until recently was very mysterious Let us consider the case of a new
building being erected at the Peak, in a part of the Peak where in ordinary times malaria is unknown. This absence of fever is not entirely due to the absence of Anopheles mosquitoes, for they breed in the ravines at the Peak as wellas elsewhere. But in ordinary circum- stances the locality is peopled by Europeans or Chinese who have been ipng associated with Europeans, and who, when they have previously suffered from malaria, have had their blood. cleared of the parasite by the use of quinine. The conditions, in fact, are pretty much whai they are in many parts. of England, where Anopheles are present and formerly worked havoc among the population. James I. of England and Oliver Cromwell, the Protector, both died of malarial fever. But in England drainage has reduced the number of mos quitoes, and the, malarious part of the population has been saturated with quinine, until as the years have passed fewer and fewer anopheles have been infected, most of those that exist are harmless, and malaria is nearly extinct,
coolies are essential; the remedy is, destroy the mosquitoes and this can he done, le
I bave urged that in addition to the ravines and the waterpzols throughout the district being dealt with, there should be a general fumigation at all basements, boxrooms, servants quarters, matsheds, &c., in this locality with chlorine gas adult insects, which tend to hibernate in such in course of the winter, for the destruction of places. It is a mistake to suppose the mosquito the creature of a day. It lives for months, and there is a modified hibernation, fertilized females living in a quiescent state throughout spring. the winter, ready to lay their eggs in the early
P
And now let me invite your attention to the practical demonstration I have prepared.
Under the microscop s you will and specimens of the parasites of malaria; of a kalteridium in the blood of n
pigeon; of the blood-warm, Filaria sanguinis hominis;
dis. and of the important tinguishing features of the two great mos- quito groups. Dr. Hunter has kindly pro- mised to stand by the microscope table for reference is anything should not be clear. A Louch, or a shake is sufficient to put a high-power microscope out of focus. And I shall be glad if anyone who fails to see what is said to be seeable will at once direct attention
unter or myself. to it, that the matter may be rectified by Dr.
On the second table I have placed pictures and photographs illustrating much of what 1 have been saying, and showing one or two of the workers in this field of science whose names I have mentioned. I also submit for your inspection a few of the books on malaria and mosquitoes, bath more. elementary and more abstruse, for the informa tion of those who may wish to go into the question more fully. Some of them at Fast are. I believe, in stock locally, ..On the third table will be found specimens of the mosquito in all its stages, pinned specimens, loose specimens, and living specimens. All the living specimens are safely muzzled My chief aim in arranging this part of my demonstration has been to facil tate to enable you to train the eye-to-recognise- comparison between Anopheles and Culex, and
them either in the larval stage or in the adult stage. The individual names are of no import ance from the present point of view, and they are net labelled in detail.
Tut the building of a house in such a Peak district as have supposed introduces an entirely new factor. The first public indica. tion of the new scheme is the erection of a big matshed, and the ineportation of a crowd.of Chinese coolies, who spend the night as well as the day in the hitherto non-malarious district, I have
bad Occasion mention that the crescentic mosquito-infecting form of the parasite of malaria is extremely resistant, and persists in the blood of a person-who-has-suffered-from-malaria-for-cat, were anopheles of species, and 39.221,
I may mention in. passing that the two. "genera prevail in Hongkong in very unequal proportions, fortunately from the point of view of malaria. That I might determime their relative prevalence, I examined during thei twelve months, October 1, 19co, to September 30, 1901, 31.390 mosquitoes, supplied to me in and the New Territory through the kindness of weekly instalments from all parts of the island the police; and I found that 1,169, 6, 3.7 per
to
periods after all trace of the fever. has disappeared. There are thousands of people walking the streets of Hongkong to-day show ing no symptoms of malaria, yet infective to mosquitoes through the crescents in their blood, In any crowd of coolies, therefore, it is almost a foregone conclusion that some of them are malaria infected. Our hitherto harmless Peak
Anopheles fed on them, ingest the parasite, and became themselves, infective So.it.comes. about that a few weeks after the commencement of earth-cutting for the new building cases of fever begin to show themselves in the houses in the neighbourhood, especially among the children who
1.2. 56.3 per cent, were culer of 12 species.
Of the three species of Anopheles, Anophe bre ds on the low levels and among the rice
·les Sinensis is a widely distributed form, It fields. The other two, Anopheles Maculatus and Anopheles Minimus, were named and de cribed from specimens which I sent to the British Museum through Dr. Rees of the Lon been found. elsewhere this in Hongkong. don Tropical School. They have not thus far
They breed is the ravines all over the Colony,
wherzy.r the water is for any cause prevented from running freely.
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and such cases continue to occur throughout the operations, and for a short time after, Then the gang of coolies disappear from, the locality; the residents quininize. 'themselves and their servants who may have suffered; the infected mosquitoes die out; and conditions return to their normal. The earth-cutting is Lover; the fever is gone. The earth cutting, Sir, had nothing t do with the fever; it was a mere accident of the situation.
The recent severe epidèmic of thalarid in the region surrounding MacDonnell Road 1 et. tribute to no other cause than this, Anopheles were breeding in these ravines in the past in swarms, as they still are where measures against building operations above MacDonnell Road them are not being adopted; but the extensive
with the crowds of Chinese coolies introduced, have made them now infected mosquitoes. The building operations must go on; the crowds of
SK for ASAHI JAPANESE BEER-
G. Girault.
- In most exhibitions you are particularly requested "not to touch." In this demonstration you are invited to touch and handle everything. The flasks and tubes of mosquitoes and larvie are arranged in pairs, ane containing culex and the other anopheles. for examination side by de. The males in both genera are readily distinguished by the abundantly feathered condition of the palps and antennae. With the exception of probably only Stegomyia, of which I spake in reference to Yellow Fever, all male' mosquitoes in this Colony are vegetarian in their habits.
The lecturer, in conclusion, practically der. monstrated in detail the distinguishing features of Culex and Anopheles in both the larval and adult stages of their existence,
In addition to the practical demonstration of specimens, the lecture was illustrated through out by wall-diagrams showing the results of the various researches described, and by Lic. tures of the insects specially named during the evening,
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