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The increase in the British. expen-
TRUTH OR SAFETY. FRENCH ARMY relatively. The figure given diture on the army was said to be
CHALLENGE TO RELIGIOUS
BELIEFS.
"EXPENDITURE..
TOFRIKING COMPARISONS
WITH BRITISH. DELUSIVE FIGURES.
"Professor 3. Radhakrishnan, George V. Professor of Mental and Moral Science in the University of Calcutta, recently delivered the second of his course of four lectures under the Hibbert Trust at the University of Manchester. In his opening lecture be had spoken of some of the factors, intellectual and moral, that might be regarded as constituting a challenge to re ligious belief as they happen to be held, and argued that it was neces
As in previous years various de: sary for the true religious loader
vices have been employed to cover to take note of the challenge, to understand the deeper current of up the real expenditure and deceive. which it was the expression, and the public, especially in other coun to believe that it was due to a tries, as to the real magnitude of loyalty to a deeper reality and not French preparation for war. The merely the expression of free-think-report presented to Parliament re- presents France as one of the least ing individualism.
(Continued on next Column.) ·
16.8 per cent. Another table de-k monstrated that the total expendi ture of France on war preparations army, navy, and Air Service- was less, by rather more than £4,000,000 than in 1913, whereas in other countries it was much higher,
M. Dandier had no difficulty in riddling these figures, which he showed to be fictitious. He pointed out that the figures in the report
did not include the cost of the military Air Service and that a con
of the effectives of the active army year is 440,419, which cannot include the 200,000 colonial troops, some of whom are quartered in France, and must make some other omissions. The lato Minister of War, M. Painlove, gave in the Chamber last year the estimated strength of the French Army an a At the end of one of its evening peace footing in 1930, which was sittings in Paris recently the well over 700,000. It is, indeed, Chamber began the discussion of larger than the normal strength be- the French Army Estimates. Therefore the war, although smaller, of was time for only two speeches course, than in the abnormal considerable part of the army expendi before the House rose at midnight,ditions existing, after November, tire was dissimulated in other that of the Reporter. M. Bouilloux 1913, when two annual contingents estimates. When, he said, all this Lafont, and a remarkable speech by of conscripts had been called up other expenditure was included, the M. Daladier, who, made a senthing in one year, a measure which, as real east of the army in 1930 would exposure of the figures it.. before M. Montigny remarked last year, be for,c00,000, wherens the estimat
amounted to a partit mobilisa-ed cost in the Budget of 1914 was" Parliament.
about £43,200.000, and the average tion.
annual cost in the five years, 1908- 1912, the normal pre-war years, was further said that statements made only about 231,400,000. M. Daladier by the Reporter himself showed that supplementary estimates to the amount of about £17,360,000 would be required next year, and this would bring the total cost of the army, navy, and Air Services up to £116,100,000, which exceeded all the rest of the national expenditure, excluding the service of the debt, by £16,000.000. Was there, he ask ed, another country in the world where there was such a relation between the military and civil ex- penditure?
25
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Figures Challonged. The number of French conscripts has been diminished since the end of the war by the reduction of the period of military service, but the loss is compensated by an increase in professional soldiers and colonial troops. Moreover, the substitution In his second lecture he dealt with
of civilian employees for soldiers in seme of the methods of escape which
non-military enpacities, such modern intellectuals were devising fur the purpose of facing this
We had got to make up cur minds clerical work, increase the effective challenge. These, he said, ranged whether we would care for truth or military strength. The total num-
as many troops as in British East from dogmatic denial to dogmatic for safety. We were trying to 'comber of civilian employees is to be
Alvica, which had more than double In Syria, with a the population, affirmation. Starting with dog-bing safety with inquiry for truth brought next year up to 50,000.
The estimated cost of the army
population of about 2,500,000, France matic denial, he said there was first within limita We were afraid ut
had 18.000 soldiers, not including the position of the emancipas going beyond these limits for fear next year, according to the report,
auxiliarien and Syrian legions ed tighbrows-naturalistic atheism.
whereas in the territories for which something dangerous should hap-will be in round figures 8,320,000,000 According to the people who held pen. The lecturer suggested that franes ($52,180,000). This the Re-
Great Britain had a mandate, where this position the world was the there was a lack of recognition of porter said, was about £40,000 lesa
M. Daladier also said that no the population was twice as much, -- expression of unpurposive, unthink the spiritual side of man, and thatthau the expenditure this year, in- ing, mechanistic forces, which went modern methods did not louch that eluding the supplementary estimates other array in the world had 20,000, the number of British soldiers was on in a relentless way indifferent side of him as it ought. In India and lower than the expenditure officers, as France harl, or anything | 790.
The like that number, and that Great M. Daldier also dealt with the to the hopes and fears of humanity they had exaggerated the energies 1913, which was £50,000,000. Materialism, he added, had still a
of the soul and treated life in other Reporter was, thas able to put be Britain spent no more on defend methods of the French Army, which
Colonial, Empire with he held to be out of date, and in-" fore the Chamber a comparative ing
warfare great appeal, notwithstanding the aspects indifferently, with the re-
400,000,000 inhabitants than Francesisted that in modern revolution which had been brought sult that they were, where they table showing that France had re-
duced her military expenditure since spent
with material was more important than defending one about by modern physics. It merewere. What was needed was a co-
numeroux effectives. The speech ly adjusted itself to the new view ordinated view of man as hody, 1913, whereas Great Britain, the 60,000,000. In French East Africa
was loudly applauded by all the which modern physics presented. nind, and spirit in the old platonic United States, Italy... Japan, and there were more than three times
parties of the Left. (Continued on sex! Column.) Belgium hed all increased theirs.
Negation Not Enough.
Mr. Bertrand Russell might be regarded as representing this posi Gon. According to Mr. Russell the universe was an indiferent one which by some kind of accident had preduced human individuals with eunsciences and intelligences who were able to sit in judgment upon it. There was no good in thinking that human values were something fundamental. Why not recognise the truth that modern science was forcing undh as-that sone day the whole of humanity was destined to lisappear! And if the rare were destined for annihilation, why not accept "the fat in opp daylight!
Well, there was untething exalted in resignation of this kinil; gomes thing subline in such stulciem. But we could net rest in a negation. The question arose: If there was nothing fandanwatal so far as this life was comerned why deny our- selves the precarious joys of this life! From sublime stoicism to
-paganism was are step. Both views were based upon a pes- simistic alituile. We could not say ibat such a position was an uli mately satisfying ton it' anggest. ed many quralicans, How far in stance. did it happie that a ni-
which. Verse:
W13 regardless of human hopes and fears had yet pui forward aan individuals-men who were capable of magnificent. sacrifices and heroisms-like Budda and Christ? Was such a universe the dismissed as an utterly god- Jess one. On the other hand, it was asked why we should say that this universe was unable to atisfy the higher aspirations of man, and apon what standards was the uni- verse thus condemned. In reply to these last questions it was asked why we should nsume that the purpose of the universe was to make individuals happy that the world was a factory for the mass produc tion of pleasures. Were we not too egotistic; were we not individuals anxious to fill our lives with excite ments and pleasant sensations, rather thau Fonsidering ourselves as spiritual beings? Why should we consider ourselves as central in the comic process? If we under- stood our smallness in the whole cemic process, should we be as we were apt to be?
was
An important movement what be would call humanism. which was supposed to be distinct, from naturalistic as well as re ligious philosophy. Humanism com- plained that religion asked us to sacrifice our instincts and appeti- tes: that at its heart there was a while repression, principle of humanism did not believe in eiplin-
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of human nature. This inward check of discipline it did not at- tribute to any kind of god, but to the higher nature of man. But when the way in which humanism was put forward we saw that it had to be supplemented by some metaphysical background, and if we had enough reverence for that background it was converted into a religious view.
ism
Superstition Growing,
Then there was the position of dogmatic affirmation, the position which asserted the need for the dia- cipline of authority. Authoritan- was not peculiar to Chris tianity. In India they had been 'victims of it to a greater extent than they had in England. And it should be remembered that while Rome made Galiico re cant, Geneva might have burnt him, and Tennessee would have driven him out. To-day superstition seem- ed to be growing in the world; we had enormous faith in mascots and mediums. That was what happen- ed when we began to hug authori tarianism to us.
(Continued on next Column)..
sease.
Comparison with Britain.
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