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DEL
CRACI
LIVER
Compay
eDistillers
EDINBURG
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 24TH, 1924
“ D. C. L.”
MALT EXTRACT
LIFE IN OLD CALCUTTA,
THE MIGHTY RETINŢE OF -SERVANTS.
We reproduced recently some extracts | !
WORKERS' LOST ABILITY TO THINK.
EFFECTS OF THE MASS INFLUENCE.
from a most interesting series of articles The members of the Industrial Welfare contributed to the Calcutta Englishman Society Conference, bold in Balliol Col- COD LIVER OIL giving a survey of life as it was in Cal- lege, Oxford, on Sept. 14th, listened to
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cutts one hundred years ago. In the a paper prepared jointly by Mr. A. T. final article of the series attention is M. Flemning and Miss Alico. Bennie, of drawn to the great array of servants the Metropolitan Vickers Electric Com which those old-time. Sahibe considered pany, Limited, on the subject of" Edne necesary to their comfort and their ation in Industry." dignity. Mr. Catton also describes the ancient substitutes for such modern necessities as the ice chest and the punkah.
A great retinäs of servants was kept, and the practice, says Sir Charles D'Oyly, has often been the topic of much inconsiderate censure." But the following picture is not overdrawn, is taken from the Oriental Aungal for 1935:
The authors stated that the great educational need of industry was to coun- teract the tendency of modern industrial methods, which so affected the bulk of
the workers that they no longer retained mental mobility. The fact of being one of millions of workers in amalgamated unions, the character of mass production, the methods of labour, industrial envir onment, and in no less a measure the character of the home surroundings, all. contributed to this immobile mental con- "Seated on an easy chair of the coolest,dition of the workers. construction, one leg carelessly thrown There should be instruction of a char
It
upon a costly moruh, the aristocratic civilian smokes his hookah in all the actor which would enable the worker to jadolent luxury of
fulfil this duties of citizenship. In order temperature of 'ainety-four degrees. His siscar ád to full this wider function in industry vances, with a profound salaam to re the worker must have a fundamental con- ceive his orders for the day:
ception of the principles of economies. the If he had this conception he would be hookah-burdar stands ready to replaceable to keep clear of the argument of the exhausted chillum, the peadah to the agitator who preached fallacious bear his master's commands wherever ideas, such as the belief that shorter he may chose to have them conveyed ; hoars of labour with less effort would and the punkah-bearer to fan him with minimise unemployment If the cher. the broad leaf of the palmyra. Every acter of the work was monotonous it de want is anticipated; all he has to do manded mental recreation for the work- for himself is to think and as soon as er in out-of-work hours as compensation his wishes are expressed they are for the loss of interest in working executed When he retires to his hours. nightly repose, he is undressed by his obsequious valet, and when he rises be is dressed by the same hand. When he goes abroad he is borne on the shoulders of four sturdy retainers and attended by as many morg; or when he chooses to go on foot, covered by a chatta and followed by a host of servitors of vari- cus ranks and designations, his walk for pleasure or for exercise is a positive. procession: C
:
Many of these domestics have disap. peared altogether, and are barely renem bered even by their names. The Soontah burder was a servant retained only by persons of rank or in office. He carried a short silver baton about two feet long and rather bigger at the upper end where it was ordinarily a little curved like the handle of a dagger and was ornamented with a tiger's face or some such device. The other end was considerably, smaller. These batons were formed of solid silver care's filled with rosin. Highër in rank than the Soontah-burdar came the Chobe- dhar. He carried a straight pole of simi- Tur formation as the baton, about five feet long and from three to four inches in diameter at the top tapering down to about an inch and a ball at the bottom where it was armed with a strong ferrule
of iron. v.
for
Under the mass influence the worker tended to lose his ability to think for him. self, and to become non-creative as new ideas and thoughts were concern ed. In this way he became a willing accessory to any mind more vital than his own, and might readily be influenced by unscrupulous individuals to his ultim ate disadvantage..
As to meeting the present-day needs, it must be remembered that the general education of the young worker at the primary school could only be regarded as laying the foundation of his education, which really commenced when he en- tered industry and was faced with the problem of making for himself a place in the world; and from that piont the essence of all educational effort must be to develop his latent capacity. The inculcation of a desire for reading and of discrimination between what to read and what not to read was of the utmost importance.
at dinner and poured about a half timbler of it, according to custoin, into water. his host, what you are doing why, you Do you know, young gentleman," said might as well drink so much gold "'!
Massalchis in those days were, as their DUTIES OF THESE SERVANTS.
name indicates, torch-bearers and ran in Some persons of distinction kept both front of the palanquin. Khelassis who these classes of servants. It was their pulled the swinging purkhas received business to attend at the hall-doors, to from Rs. 4 to Rs. a month. Lastly, announce guests, and also to deliver and there was the sirear or money-servant. receive notes aud messages. They also who
Was a "species of house-steward. ran by the side of the palanquin. the Gentlemen in India, we learn from Six proximity which they kept to the person Charles D'Oyly rarely or never carried of their master or mistress denoting their money in their pockets except when rank in the domestic hierarchy. The travelling and relied upon their sirears other servants preceded the palanquin in | to make all purchases and to receive and the same order. Occasionally a Jemadar disburse all money. The pay of the sir or head-servant who carried no insignia car, who was always a Hindu, would be and who was either a confidential or an Rs. 10 to Rs. 30 month and some of old servant ran by the side of the machine them were accustomed to serve without and kept up a conversation with his empay on account of the dustoori or deduc- ployer.
tion of one-sixteenth which it was the rule to give to them upon all purchaser
:
The wages of these superior servants varied in different parts of the country.
Mention must not be forgotten of the A Jenndar might receive, from Rs. 12 to
hookah-burdar, whose business it was to Rs.. 13 month, a Chobedhar from Rs. 9 prepare and attend to the hookah and to la 15; and a Scontah-burdar from who received from Rs." to Rs. 10 month- Ra5 to Rs. 10. They generally wore ly. Some gentlemen, says Sir Charles belts of coloured cloth and a breast-plate of silver or brass bearing the initials of D'Oyly, even kept two hookah-burlars to
attend them by night as well as by day. their masters' names. Below these men came the hircarrahs or messengers who
LONGEVITY IN BENGAL carried nothing but an iron-spiked walk- The old notion that the only alternative ing stick decorated with a cotton tassel, to making a fortune in Calcutta was to and pendahs or peons, (footmen) who car-die of a fever is scouted by Sir Charles ried no sticks Peone were used to carry Oyly. He asserts that the best course local correspondence but the hirearrabe for a newcomer to follow was to do as were accustomed to be sent on long jour he should find the old inhabitants do and to bura all the instructions which his One or two or even three khitmatgars doctors in England might have given invariably attended each gentleman's him." He goes further and lays no small table and were provided with small hand-stress on the great age to which numbers punkahs or with whisks made of hair, of European inhabitants have lived in feathers or grass roote with which they Bengal. Many of these," he says, kept away flies." It was the practice for "* have not been blessed with strong con- one khitmatgar to stand behind his mas- stitutions but by prudence and forbear- ter's chair at meals; and within recent ace have formed, so to says an artificial times the khitmatgar always accompanied stamina which has stood them in better or mistress whoa they went out stead than the robust iron habits of the dinner. If Mrs. Fenton, who jotted less temperate. With several the clim down her impressions of India in 1827.
neys.
hi
is to be believed," The mission in life date, noeording to him, has actually. the durwan is to search the persons of proved highly restorative" A fever was, however, to be expected within the first. your friends khitmatgars whenever you season, and the severity of the attack give a burra khana in order to make sure wil depend on the state of the constitu that none of your spoons and forks are tion This fever was considered as a
Khit- disappearing along with them.”
Bessoner," and fatal effects were only matgars received 5 to 10 rupees a month to be apprehended on the patient dis- and khansamas (or consumers, as they regarding the admonition of his friends. were called, with a spice of malice) 20 or and exposing himself to the sun or asso-
ciating in midnight revels"
even 30.
! HOW DRINK WERE COULEN.
In spite of the absence of electric fans and modern methods of sanitation, Eng- lishmen in Calcutta were, as a matter of fact, often long lived. William Cotes Blac quiere, who was for many years Police Magistrate and is said to be the original of the Saviour in Zoffany's picture of
The
Last Supper" in St. John's Church, died in Calcutta in 1852 at the age of ninety.
Saltpetre was used for cooling liquids and solidifying buttere and jellies. This was the work of the Aubdar (Abdar) who, if he were skilful, "could regulate the temperature to an astonishing extent. Decanters were very seldom used and wines were placed on the tables in bottles which were invariably covered with cloth bags kept constantly wet. Claret was the usual drink and also madeira, and an
In 1848, four years before his death, excellent story is told by Captain George there arrive a young man of the name of Elers is his Meinoire of the consternation Robert Beichambers, well known to a he caused on returning to England in past generation as Registrar of the High' 1806. He mechanically seized a bottle of Court on the Original Bide, who spent madeira which was standing next to him sixty-five years in Calcutta and died as
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