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TAB HONGKONG DAILY | RESS, WEDNESDAY, JULY ÁTA, 1928
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AMERICAN NATION LECTURESBY PRESIDENT OF -
·COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,
THE TWO MADISONS...
BOWERN &
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1. Madison's flight never reached the upper nirs where genius made its home. He was learned, patient, plodding, und indus: trious. His work upon the Constitution was indispensable, and his record of the THE AMERICAN REBELLION,
debates in the Convention was the primary and original source of our information Dr. N. Murray Butler. President of is to what took place behind those closed Columbia University, New York, delivered doors, Whether it was his jealousy of Hamilton or his friendship for Jefferson, the Watson Chair lectures, this year in or, is some thought, his persound political England. He selected as bis subject ambition that directed his course, certain it was that there were two very different "Building the American Xation.","
The first lecture was delivered at the bora of a family of Virginis planters in Madisons to be reckoned with." The one,
AUCTIONEIRA, COAL MERCHANTS Mausten House, Lendon, when Dr. comfortable circumstances, cuzar into FIGHT Brokers, Metal MeroHANTS. Murray Butler, spoke on the "Forerunners Public life at the early age of 25 and,
Machinery For Sale, New and Old in Fire- after. George Washington, became the Olas Condition, a g of the American Nation, Samuel Adams most conspicuous representative of VirtMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS, SHARE-BROKES and Benjamin Franklin. He said it had to ginia in the Consitutional Couvention at be borne in mind that the American Philadelphia, as well as che of its wax tion
or three most active and influential mem- settlements were an integral part of the berk. The other and fater Madison, be- British Colonial system, and they could came the leader of the anti-Federalist or, anly be studied from that point of view, Republic Party in the Firs: Congress, was the author of the Virigínia Resolutions of The history of the American nation began 1798 which practically denied the entire at that indefinite and indeterminate body of principle upon which the frames point, about the middle of the eighteenth work of the new Government End been British control became sufficiently wide. years ns. Seeñitary of State in the Cabinet spread to contemplate revolt. It would be of Thumas Jefferson, succeeded him for a great mistake to suppose that this rest-two terms as fourth President of the lessness passed into revolt because of any; United States. Either Madison was a specific act on the part of the British trimmer," in the sense in which that Government. As a matter of fact, it was word had come to be used since its first the freest part of the British Empire introduction to the language by Haflifax, which revolte. It would be a fair, matter or he was inexplicable.
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for discassion whether the. Colonies did Dealing with the Convention which not benefit by their distance from Great drafted the Declaration of Independence, Britain; sometimes they were overlooked Dr. Butier said that from the point of and forgaiten. What really happened | view ofgan American, and perhaps from was that tendencies, movements, and am-jany point of view whatsoever, the group bitions, long preparing, came to a climax of delegates there brought together was under the co-operating influence of var- extraordinary. "At one time or other fifty- ious, forces. It was a real revolution five different individuals participated in Had it not bren for the revolution" in the work of the Convention. More than Great Britain of 1058, and the vast in-half of the participating delegates were crense of the power of Parliament, the lawyers, not a few of whom had received American revolution might never have their instruction and discipline in Eng- taken place. The kings rexed the Colonies lands or Scotland. They were men of few much less than Parliament, and Acts of books, but of very good books, and their Parliaments, in which the Colonies had combined knowledge of the history and no direct representation, gave grounds for principles of government was amazing. increasing dissatisfaction, apart from the Moreover, it was a Convention of young justice or merit of the mousures them-men; the venerable Franklin was, to bo artyes. It was wrong to think of the insure, more than 80 years of age, but he habitants of the American colonies as was unique in his long life. Washington wholly English, There were also Dutch, | himself was but 55, and the more active German, French, and Swedish immigrants, and ardent spirits of the Convention were By 1776 the population of the Colonies much younger. It seemed almost incred- amounted to something more thanih'e that Hamilton was only 20, 'while 2,000,000, of whom two-thirds were of Eng-| Madison was but 38.
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|lish stock, one-sixth of Scottish-Irish stock, When the Convention was organized it and one-tenth of German, stock. It was, was wisely decided to conduct the debates however, from the English stack that behind "closed" deors. Despite a wide the impulse of the revolution came, sprend impression to the contrary, the GARTERS
and the voices which directed it were public interest gained and did not suffer Samuel Adams and Benjamin Franklin, when responsible representatives were able These men were the inheritors of English to carry on their preliminary considera ideals, but they were Americans and not tion of largo public policies in intimate' Englishmen. It was the new and develop-land confidential conversation and discus ing type which was in revolt against any sion, rather than befors galleries filled form of Government from a distance-it with applauding or disapproving specta might have been for a time anti-English. tors, together with representatives of a but it could not be described as un- truculent and sensation loving. Press. English. The logic of events was too When feeling was running as high as it strong even for hig minded loyalists.was in 1787 the Constitutional Convention Though the Congress passed a declaration might well have reached no conclusion of allegiance to the Crown, events had whatsoever had its debates been conducted been taking place which only needed the publicly. Indeed, it was not until 1840. assembling of such a body to hasten the four years after Madison's death, und conflict. That the British Forers should, more than fifty years after the adoption of have attempted to seize the arms and the Constitution, that Madison's notes, munitions of the colonists was quite furnishing the only complete and vera- natural, and when that attempt was made cious record of what took place in the fighting was inevitable. Nationalunion Convention, were published. and national feeling were not created by
PERENNIAL PROBLEMS,
the Declaration of Independence: they As one reviewed the debates he could preceded that Declaration. It made no pot fail to be impressed with the peres. difference what policy England might nial character of the problems that were follow towards the colonists: they had under discussion. The growth and de all the elements for a complete nation. fence of liberty and reconciliation of
Lard Queensborough, in proposing the vote of thanks which was heartily accord-liberty and government had always de ed to the lecturer, said he believed Dr. cupied and would always occupy the mind and the effort of man. There was, on the Butler had delved into 2,400 books for his one hand, a thirst for liberty, and, on the materials.
other hand, & fear of liberty, which were Dr. Barker, Principal of King's College, in constant conflict. The Constitution of in supporting the motion, expressed the the United States was a sincere and highly belief that the schism between the two
peoples. need never have happend if the practical endeavour to reconcile gorn- statesmen on both sides of the water hadnt with liberty under the conditions
which prevailed at the time of its adop been adequate to the needs of the day: "tion and ratification.
Dr. Butler, in reply, remarked that iti was necessary to put events in their time setting, and sometimes things which were possible 300 years after were impossible
300 years before.
<7
THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION,
at
matters of detail it would have parsed Had that Constitution gone largely into with the generation which saw its birth. By confining itself for the most part to fundamental principles simply and clearly stated, it offered framework that would fit and had fitted many very different and
In his third lecture which was delivered rapidly changing circumstances and cou- the University Coilogy of South ditions. Whenever the makers of a writ- Wales, Cardiff, Dr. Butler dent with the ten Constitution yielded to the temptation works of Alexander Hamilton and James to include in its provisions what was mere Madison, whom he described as master ordinary legislation, they themselves tend. builders of the nation."
ed to break down the distinction between
If Hamilton, be said, was a master Constitution and statute, and to bring builder by reason of his broad vision, his Constitutions into disrepute. The Coa philosophic grasp of the principles stitution of the United State, in its of government, his practical adminis original form was as free from this con- trative skilt. and his unrivalled fusion as any document in the history of powers of exposition and argument," so government,
Madison was a master-builder by reason The Constitution was made for three of his wide and accurate knowledge; this millions of fairly homeyeneous people patient industry, and his capable willing living along the Atlantic seaboard. It ness to work out in detail what others had served, with certain changes, to make were content to sketch only in outline. possible and to accompany the develop Without Alexander Hamilton and James ment of this population into a people who Madison the Constitution of the United numbered. more than one, hundred States could never have been drafted by. millions, drawn from a large variety of the Convention or adopted by the people, races and nations, who spread from the Alexander Hamilton was born, on the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Island of Nevis, one of the smallest of boundary of Canada to the Rio Grande the British West Indies, on January 11th; and the Gulf of Mexico. Were its prin- 175**
He was descended from the well- ciples not essentially sound any such hap- known Ayrshire family of Hamiltons of pening would have been quite impossible Grange Whether we saw him as no earn-This Constitution was now called on to est youth seeking instruction at King bear the atrain put upon it by a new and College in the Province of New York, very different set of circumstances. Com- long since become Columbia University, mercial, industrial, and economic charges or as a brave and competent officer of that were nothing short of revolutionary. the Continental Army, or as the talented and taken place peaceably in the life of and eloquent leader of the New York Bar, ali modern peoples, and by no means least or as a persistent and ingenious pleader in the life of the people of the United for a stronger and better Govern ent; States. The next hundred years would or as a Secretary of the Treasury whose determine whether the work. of the achievements were yet unrivalled, or ag a founders would endure, and whether the writer on the philosophy of government noble system of civil and political liberty who had carved his name by the side built on that work would be made incrcus-. of that of Aristotle, there was about ingly secure and beneficent, or: whether Hamilton an infinity of charm and at- that work would give way to another tractiveness-that passed all description series of experiments with a new adven Whatever proud eminence be assigned to ture, on the uncharted sea of political. any other, Alexander Hamilton" stood as opportunism. A Constitution, however the greatest and most commanding intel-xcellent, was something to be worked, not leet that the Now World had produced. worshipped,
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