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NAVAL DEFENCE AND THE IMPERIAL CONFERENCE, SINGAPORE AS A KEY PORT

·JUSTICE WITHOUT WAR. LORD R CECIL ON POWER OF PUBLIC OPINION.

Lord Robert Cecil, lecturing at the Exsex Hall, on May 24th on The Moral Basis of the League of Nations," said the day was specially appropriate for the subject. The Empire was not only a great political entity, it was a great example of how nations bouki be hold together without force, merely, by desire to co-operate for the benedit of the whole of the inhabitants of the Rengare, all for the advancement of humanity at large.

[BY ARCHIBALD uvas.}', In no very long time the distribution of the British, Fleet will be pivoted once more upon the Middle Sen, and the val and full conception of an anic navy without an immediate enemy view, must assert itself on our vision, living the perimeter of the Empire, as well as on the yision of the peoples of the far-

The League stood for peace is opposed to flung Dominisus, That means that we

war, for co operation between the nations must take up once more the tasks al suvalis opponce to hostility, and it did not seen preparation which were abandoned in the that anyone, however prejudiced, could early years of this century, when Germany doubt that there was a moral basis for such loomed menacingly on the horizon. Among a movement as that. And yet there were those tasks, none is more important than good men and women who were opposed to the League, and more, perhaps, who were the development of Singapore as a saval doubtful of it and regarded it as a political base. It might be imagined from sume of experiment of no great importance or pro- the speeches in the House of Commons mise, and as to which they reserved their

opinion the other day that Singapore was not"

That is a misera already a" naval base, ception.

It has been a place of refresh ment for the Fleet for ny years, with docks and restricted repairing facilities, 2nd it is protected already by furtifea tions. We have there now twr companies": of Royal Garrison Artillery, besides fortress company of Royal Engineers, an infantry battalion, and the 32nd Company of the Royal Army Medical Corps, with a sigual section, Singapore has its wire. less stations, as well as, emblem, aut when it is added that Singapore and the other smaller ports of the Straits Settlements are visited every year by 12,500.000 tons of merchant shipping, exsuelve of untive

It was true that unless they had song kind of international organization, patiuni lived in anarchy, and the only way by which they could enforce the precepts of justice was by

by the strength of their own right arm. The doctrine of anarchy and force was absolutely inconsistent with any real independent life, particularly of the sual.er nations. To say that right anul justice, as between uations, was to be enforced by each nation, was to make each nationa Jaced disastrous results. He thought it was judge in its own cause, and that hai pro- the failure to recognize the evil of that principle in the Treaty of Versailles, and other treaties, that had been responsible for so much of the totest today. The to it was that such a doctrine of

craft, some conception may be formed of most vital objection anarchy felt justice

its importones from the point of view of commercial strestegy,

and right dependent on the fortunes of war. They must look for something to take the place of international anarchy, and he thought the experiment which was being in the League of Nations was the right line. They would have an agreement among the nations, to which all natiots should be admitted, working, not by force, but by the operation of world public

opinion.

It has been suggested that the Singapne scheme cuts across the spirit, if not the leter, of the Washington Naval Treaty and that we are shocking the world's cocience. The most conclusive evidence that issue is supplied by the American Press evidently after consultation with the Nary Department at Washington. might quote an Associated Press mesenge.

Publis opinion was an enormous forer, which appeared in the papers of the United States on May 3rd, but a more even amongst individuals. The grens wen. detailed refutation of the suggestion of pun of the law in a community such as ours, for instance, was net physical coercion disloyalty Treaty is supplied or punishment; it was the disgrace which an article weten, after consultation with people really dreaded. Unul war became

get

their or. the Navy Department na Washington, for disgraceful they would not

which way the New York Herald:

pinion ganization of public the great force on which civilization de pended. The central idea of the Covenant of the League was thut, they should pro- vent natious resorting to war until there had been every chance of settling the dispute by other means-uatil public opinon nad been given a chance of aetting the dispute.

..

delegation, is taken for granted:

THE IMPORTANCE OF HINGAPORE:

more

to.

There W119 no intimation in any quarter that Britain, in deciding to establish a nummoth base at the tip of the Federatal Malay States, is violating either, the spirit or the letter of the Washington Treaty. There is likeli hood of any protest over the decision as

He believed that public opinion, properly it is admitted that Britain within her rights, and it was understood during organized and applied, was strong enough the Washington Conference that British secure the peace of the world. They would

have the cause of naval experts had planned to develop fores tribunal, and above all investigated

of a dispute investigated In Singapore into a first-class naval station

of the 1 boon as it was decided to give up public, so that the world should judge. Thus further fortification of Hongkong under more he had had to do with the

that the the League,

convinced he was the Treaty.

publicity the greater the chance Brater the pub It was understood here there were of the League's success. On the whole, the exigencies which, call for Britain's move machinery of the League bad worked well. in the Far East, and that this was so Where it had been given a fair chance is hnd understood by Secretary of State Hughes produced pesce, and in the vast majority of and other members of the American eses a fundamental drawing together of

in the nations dispute. It only required ono thing to make it work in all cases, and that was that people should believe in it Let So much for the criticism that the then proceed without wavering a ther Admiralty is ignoring the spirit of the quest for peace, and since the League was Washington Treaty, But it has bene only atternative to war offered to them, urged that it would be much better to let then not hesitate, to labour to see that convert Sydney, or even Melbourne, into this great experiment in humanity was a great naval bar study the map," as brought to a successful issue. (Cheers). the late Lord Salisbury was in the habit of saying! As our own history attesta- for Nelson defended us from the Mediter ranean and oven from the West Indies recommended it to the Cabinet. the most successful defence of Australia. Committee of Imperial Defence is, of as well as of New Zealand, may be made, course, a very representative body, on not in either of those Dominions, but at which the Army and the Treasury, and a distance from them: and the further also the Colonial Office and the India Rway the better for them. In the first Office, are represented. It was approved place, the object must be to prevent, if by the Imperial Conference in 1921. When possible, any enemy forces reaching either Ar. Bonar Law became Prime Minister New Zealand or Australia, or getting the scheme was again reviewed by the across their ses communications." If that Committre of Imperial Defence, and it be impossible-and time is the essence of was again recommended to the Cabinet | war, and particularly a defensive war. and again approved. When the scheme such as we are condemned by cur habit was presented to the House of Commons of mind to fight the next best thing is to it had behind it an overwhelming weight get between any enemy force and its base of the highest expert opinion, naval, It was the latter threat which really mea military, financial, and political merised the Germans into inactivity. On dark winter night, or in foggy weather, they would have had no difficulty in get ting chips past the blockading forces. But could they get them back again?

The

Singapore now emerges as an essential link in the naval defence of the Empire, the link upon which the whole problem of the defence of British interests in the Pacife will hinge in future years, and not We must bear in mind that the Main merely their defence for there is no Fleet will in future be trained in the spectre of war at the moment but the Mediterranean, an ideal training ground, support of British prestige and British he well as an ideal pivotal point, on which commerce, This base is essential for the to base naval power, which exists for the free roobility of the British Flort, which defence of every Imperial maritime in must be restored in the new conditions terest. The Mediterranean is the reservoir which have been disclosed owing to the of naval strength, upon which drafts will increase in the size of ahips of all classes, be made, as they have been made in the and in particular the necessity of giving pastas, for instance, for reinforcing the capital ships "bulges" against torpedo China Squadron Ships can be detached attack. It may seem to laymen that the for service East or West, We have introduction of the bulge" is a small Gibraltar and our own ports on the one matter, but, in fact, by greatly increasing band..

What have we on the other the beam of a ship difficulties have arisen. Singapore is the gateway to the Pacific, which the development of Singapore will covering the Indian Ocean, and there are move. It may also appear a mattor naval responsibilities in India, as well of little importance that the Navy, which ns elsewhere, it also danks the lines of used coal, widely distributed, is now de communication to Oceania. It is indeed pendent upon oil. But there again a new. a fortunate circumstanes that we possess problem has been created, and that is why in Singapore a place which can be con- the Admiralty are providing at this mo- verted into a modern naval base, or prob- ment additional storage tanks on the ably about the same importance as Devon route to the East-Malta, Aden, Ceylon, port. It is also fortunate circumstance Rangoon, and Singapore.

If Singapore were not converted into that we can at some risk-carry out the scheme gradually: the expenditure during naval base-not to be confused with a the current financial year will not exceed naval anchorage, as the relationship of £200,000, and may possibly be very much Scapa Flow to Portsmouth during the lesa. Interd, the only legitimate criticism war illustrated the British Battle Fleet of the Admiralty proposal is that work would be permancatly shut, out of the Pacific, and, there could be no possibility is to be carried on too slowly.

MILITARY AND NAVAL OPINION,

of co-operation between the Main Fleet and such naval forces as the Dominions, It is a misconception to regard this pro with increased populations, may provide posal as a sudden development," which the in future in ever-growing power, Wo

Tha Admiralty is rushing through.

must cling to the ideal of an Oceanic Fleet, sequence of events must surely be accepted provided by each arction of the Empire as evidence that all the pros and cons in accordance with its ability. That ideal have been considered. The proposal dates happily involves no denial of the aspira back a good many years. It took definite tions of the Dominions, although it em- shape in 1920, when it was considered by braces the primary conceptions of the the Committee of Imperial Defctice, who unity of the seas and the unity of the

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