THE SUBMARINE MENACE.
SIR PERCY SCOTT'S POSITION."
The war tends special interest to the following replies which Admiral Sir Percy Scott has given to the critics of his views on the future of Naval warfare:
1. THE TORPEDO IN REAL WAH. (4) In the Russo-Japanese War the damage done by the torpedo fell for short of reasonable expectation-LORD SYDEN
МАМ.
On the first evening after the declara tion of war the Japanese, with torpedoes very inferior to those in use new, did sufficient damage to the Russian battle ships to drive them into Port Arthur, and the menace of another torpedo attack prevented this fleet from again coming out of harbour at night.
11. THE INEFFICIENCY OF SUBMARINES, (2) The submarine periscope is plainly vising very great distances.
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, TUESDAY, AUGUST 1118, 1914.
If our enemy have submarines at their colenses it will be fatal to send out battle ships and large oruisers,
If battleships in war attempt to block- Such a proclamation would, in my ade the ports of an enemy who has sub-opinion, be perfectly in order, and, once. marines, the battleships will probably go it had been made any British or to the bottom. Battleships must keep neutral ships disregarded it and away from the ports of an enemy if he attempted to run the blockade, they could has submarines,
daddy not be beid to be engaged in the pene ful (14) We must have battleships and avocations referred to by Lord Syden large cruisers to send out to capture our ham, and if they were sunk in the attempt, it could not be described as a enemy's colonies.
relapse into savagery or piracy in its If Lord Sydenham will blackest form. look up the accounts of what usually happened to the blockade runners into Charleston during the Civil War in America, I think he will find that the blockading cruisers soldon had any scruples about firing into the vessels they were chasing or driving them ashore, ant even peppering them, when stranded, with grape and shell. The mine and the submarine's torpedo will be surer: deter- ronts. Trade is timid. It will not nood more than out or two ships sent to the bottoni to hold up the food supply of the country.
(16) There must be battleships and cruisers to protect our commerce on the high senu
Why protect it on the high seus if we cannot protect it at the entrances of our harbours, nad why should our enemy go out into space to find our food ships? Why not, wait at the mouth of the Thames or any other port, where he will find them coming in like railway trains?
(16) During the first part of a war, the fighting will all be between the anos quito erat, such as torpedo-boats and when thesc have been submarines; exterminated the battleships will come. uut.
To exterminate submarines is a difficult task; an easier task would be for the enemy's.submarines to exterminate us by stopping our supply of food.
My experience is that even at a short
(17) We must still look to the gun for distance it is very difficult to see the poriscope of a rubinarine. The periscope the decision between the organized Ben is small and painted much the same colours of rival natione, as it surpasses th as water.
A Naval Officer" writes:"During last manœuvres I was in a first-class armoured cruiser in the North Sea We had an idea that submarines were about, because several of our ships had been sunk' somewhere about where we had hoom the previous day. We consequently were keeping a particularly bright look-out for them. The day was ideal for our seeing. them, nearly calm, and quite clear. To nar dismay one came to the surface less than a hundred yards from us, and signalled: I bave fired two torpedoes into you, and claim you out of action.'
(3) Submarines cannot find their prey at night.
A submarine lying on the surface at night would have no difficulty in seeing a battleship or any other ship; the diff culty would be for ships to see the subinarine.
(4) Submarine torpedo tubes being fixed, straight shooting with them is
lithcult.
The submarine modifica this difficulty by firing at such a short range that there. is very little chance of missing.
(5) Attacks by submarines upon ships lying in a defended harbour would in all probability entail disaster to the sub murine.
As submarines can enter a harbour without heing seen, I do not see why attacking the ships in the barbour should entail disaster only to the submarine, but if it does the loss of a few submarines is very small in comparison with the loss of a battleship.
(6) If the number of ships claimed to have been struck by torpedues from sub- marinos in recent naval manenvres, were xamined in detail by a competent and impartial eritic, I imagine that they would be heavily discounted. Lond SYDENHALL
The actual number of battleships claim ed to have been sunk by submarines is, of Course confidential, Lord Sydenham imagines that the claims should be dis counted. From what I know Lord Sydenham has no good ground for imagining that their claims should bi discounted.
torpedo almost initely.
THE COST OF WAR.
MILLIONS SQUANDERED IN A WEEK..
"RECORDS OF PAST ENCOUNTERB
Llike the gun, and I have done all I win for it, but if the submarine destroys
In an article dealing with the cost of the ship which is the floating gun- carriage, then the gun is, within certain war, it is extremely difficult to estimate, even approximately, the amount actually mitations, gone.
(18) The ports of a country adequately protected by submarines would certainly loss to the nations engaged. The cost of be immune froin bombardment, but hattle war, fought under conditions as they ships are not built only for the purposexist today, is not light, and the after of bombarding ports..
If it be allowed, and I think it should be, that submarinas preclude ports from being bombarded, then one of the funt tiora of a hattleship has gone.
(19) Our shipping can be made quite gafe against the attack of submarines by mining the entrances to our harbours.
To lay mines at the entrances of all our harbours will take a long time; the clemy's submarines will operate at once. (20) The safety of battleships in hur- bour is not the all-important considera
Újon.
If there is no ultimate use for the battle ship, iL is. not the all-important consideration.
affects can by no means be reckoned in money. Some idea, however, of the wor expenditure can be gathered from the figures given under the National Debt of the various Powers, For instance, although the British National Debt received its greatest augmentation during the great Napoleonic ware, the general indebtedness of civilised countries- has increased most rapidly sincs 1848.
THE CRIMEAN WAR. Undoubtedly the most important clause of publié indebtedness is, and always has beel, war expenditure. The National Debt of England was started in 1694, when £1,000,000 was raised by William III, Four years later the debt had increased to over £15,000,000. After Waterloo, in- It was the seaman's business to find the enemy, now it is the airman's business. 1815, it stood at £883,000,000. The low It is still the searaan's business to destroy water mark of £630,383,734 was reached the enemy if he can. The seaman's diffiin 1898, but the Boer War sent it up again culty will be to destroy the submarine
(21) It is the scaman's business to find the enemy and destroy him.
(22) The submarine has introduced the factor of permanent invisibility Sachlights are useless, the gun is help tess, and the submarine can wait outside the hoom if it cannot get through it. Dreadnoughts will not be driven from the ocean, but they will be driven out to A. C. DewAL,. the ocean.-LIEUTENANT RN. (retired.)
These remarks imply that when war 1 delured our Dreadnoughts, from fear of submarines, will be driven out to the ocean. If so, they must-come-back som time or another to wal-then what a harvest for the submarines! I think our Divadnoughts had better be shut up in a harbour, if we have a safe one.
V.THE QUESTION OF COST, (3) According to the theory of Sir 'erey Scott, the inexpensive submarine will replace the expensive battleship; this will be a great saving in money; we shall not require fortress, as the submarines will guard our coaats from invasion. This will be a further saving in money,
to £705,216,653.
Figures relating to the cost of great. wars will no doubt be of interest. The cost of the Crimean War to Britain is put down at £78,000,000, the total cost of the struggle being £313,000,000. The cost to Russia was £142,000,000, and to France £93,000,000, the weekly expenditure for the three countries being, Russia,. £1,400,000; France, £900,000; and: Great Britain, £700,000
America's
for: successful struggle independence cost the mother country $121,000,000, or just under £1,600,000 s
week.
or over
THE FRANCO-PRUSBIAN WAR. France, however, has had to foot the? heaviest weekly war bill on record, the total cost of her terrible conflict with Gormany being £310,000,000 £7,000,000 a week. In addition to the cost in money, France lost 290,000 men and there was added the war indemnity of 15,000 millions of francs. In the one victorious On the contrary, the additional expense battle of Gravelotte, the will be enormous, as we shall require such Germans lost 328 officers and 4,900 men Manœuvre experience is, I know, some: grent number of submarines. The Little killed and 571 officers and 14,000 men times unreal, but I cannot go so far as Nayyites must not think it is going to wounded. The French losses were 13,000 to admit that we should not attach any chenpen our defence. It is going to take importance to the results obtained. it more expensive, and more efficient. Iten. The 44th anniversary of the battle
(7) All manœuvre experience is to laughably unreal to attach any import- ance to the results obtained.
four
falls on the 18th instant. The Napoleonic (6) Submarines require for tacir will save money in fortresses, because wars, which ended at Waterloo, were com-
parent ship. LORD fort will only keep a battleship
miles aff; a submarine will keep her 10 or mare miles off.
LL
existence SYDENHAM.
Submarines, like all other ships, re quire to replenish their ammunition and fuel, and must have a base to work from; the base need not necessarily be a ships it may be a harbour. The suggestion therefore that a submarine always re- quires a parent ship in attendance on
hor is erroneous.
(9) Submariner can easily be destroy-
by gunfire when on the surface. Submarines do not wait on the surface to become targeta for guns; they dive and watch for another opportunity.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BUBMARINES
NAVAL AIRCRAFT ON AND
ATTACK AND DEFENCE, AND WHETHER THE INTRODUCTION OF SUBMARINES AND AIR GRAFT HAS CAUSED A REVOLITION IN NAVAL WARFARE OR NOT.
(10) Submarines and aircraft are only adjuncts to naval force; their adveit has hot produced any material change in the problems of attack and defence.
Submarines and aircraft have in my opinion entirely changed the problems of attack and defence.
R.N." admits that the submarine will affect grand tactics profoundly," and Admiral Encon asks us to realize that it will undoubtedly exercise vast in- fluence on naval operations, both tactical and strategical"
I
(24) Sir Percy Scott suggests scrap ping our Dreadnoughts.
paratively cheap for France, seeing that the bill only amounted to £235,000,000, while that of Great Britain, including the Enancing of many little Powers in their I have never suggested scrapping any struggle against the Emperor, amounted Dreadnoughts, but I should have great to £831,000,000. Our own war in South pleasure in reading that Canada was Africa, the bill for which totalled the sum going to give us £8,000,000 worth of sub- of £11,948,000, worked out at £1,500,000 marines and aircraft instead of three a week. Dreadnoughts.
PERGY SCOTT.
SIR PERCY SCOTT'S REJOINDER TO LORD SYDENHAM.
10
JAPAN'S WAR BILLS.
When Japan and China commenced hostilities in 1894, three successive war loans were raised or specially iseued to mset the expenses of that war by Japan, and upon the outbreak of hostilities between Japan and Russia in 1904 there were raised betweon that year and 1906 five series of Exchequer bonds, au Extra- ordinary Military Expenditure Loan, and two 6 per cont., and two fi per coat.
Replying
F criticism by Lord Syhanbam of some of the foregoing views, Admiral Bir Perey Scott says:-
Lord Sydenham is not a seaman, but a soldier, and he cannot be expected to appreciate the technical points in my sterling loans. argument. With reference, however, to
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In the House of Commons on 10th ult., speaking on the Foreign Office Vote, Sir E. Grey said-With regard to Chinese railways, notes were exchanged between the bis Majesty's Government and Chinese Government in 1898 by which the Chinese Government pledged themselves not to alienate the Yangtse region to another Power. That holda good still and there has been no question of alienating the Yangtse region. The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank and the Deutsch Asia- tische Bank made an agreement in 1385 for sharing loans in China, and financial } operations for railways were to be the subject of special agreements. An addi tional clause was added in 1905 modifying The Military Correspondent of The the 1995 agreement so as to allow greater freedom of action on the part of either. the question of the attack of our com-Times, in his book, "The War in the Far terco by submarines he says:-
East," goes extensively into the question party. In 1898 an agreement was signed between the two groups defining the Capture of vessels at sea is an old right of the cost, to Russia and Japan, of the sphere of interest of the two countries of war. The right to kill unresisting non-struggle between the nations. The annual regarding railway construction in China,
FIGHTING SHY OF FOOD, mmbatants, engaged in peaceful avoca- expenditure of Japan at the time of the leaving the Yangtse Valley to Great As to Tibet, just at that moment when we tions has never been recognized. The war, in a normal year, amounted to Britain and Shantung to Germany, had entered into a treaty which made submarine cannot capture, and must £25,000,000; her debt at the outbreak of Those were arrangements between two China's position secure, she must needs A choice between starvation or torture destroy.
attempt to conquer Tibet and turn it into is the dismal prospect before all victims I do not believe that the the war was only £58,000,000, and but a particular commercial groups; they are sentingent of the world in the 20th century part of this was held abroad. Russia, on not like treaties between Governments. a province of China, carrying her ag of indigestion, for although they are would tolerate for a mument proceedings the other hand, had a budget showing In 1809 followed the Hongkong Railwaygressive action so far that the Indisa actually in need of food to nourish the which have hitherto been seinted only £232,000,000 on the expenditure side, and loan agreement between the British, the frontier, begins to be unsettled. That body, they are afraid to eat because of
Con- with piracy in its blackest form.
ગુ. debt of £707,851,030, requiring an French, and the Germans, to which the really was a most unreasonable action, of the long periods of pain and discomfort
that follow even the lightest of meals. siderations of humanity apart, there are
The Americans were admitted in 1911.
The urgent need of all dyspeptice, of strong reasons for believing that this annual payment of £31,000,000
plaint. relapse into savagery would not serve the Russian budget showed an expenditure of whole matter of these arrangements has which we have great ground for com
But for that action there would have everybody, in fact, whose organe of purpa o of Le Navy which so far degraded. £178, 0d. per bead of the population, and been exceedingly complicated.. itself, and I doubt whether Sir Percy Sentt that of Japan about 10 M. Lévy, the been endeavouring recently, and the been no new Convention. The sole object digestion are unable to perform their has thought out part of his French financial authority, calculated in groups have been endeavouring, to dis of the new Convention. was to get China important duties, is to gain strength so June, 1904, that the direct additional cost entangle some of these complications. We to agree to certain boundaries outside that the stomach can extract good from programme. This I consider a dangerous and most of the war to Russia was between have now pending considerable railway which Tibet, should be autonomous and the food taken. Pain after eating is the believe the particular not interfered with. I am sorry to say way the stomach signifies ite protest that misleading doctrine,
it is £6,000,000 and £7,000,000 a month The concessions, and
onable calculated to make the British public strain of disasters after that was so great, arrangement between the groups will now that so far China has not signed the Con. It is too weak to work; to take purgatives New strength is given to weak stomachs bilee that their food supply will be however, that it was estimated the cost.
does not and resorts to an aggressive (12) The question is rather, bow we its fallacy manifest I will quote the that Russia's weekly expenditure towards in those parts of China in which they policy in future which disturbs the by Dr. Williams Fink Fills, because
safe in time of war. In order to male was nearer £8,000 000. Later figures show amongst others to go ahead more freely cation, but I still hope she may. If she is only to aggravate the mischief.
have particular interests. It is quite true Indian frontier the consequence, I think, these Pille enrich and purify the blood. This is the natural process of should use the instruments of war we have following extract from a letter written the close of the war was £1,097,250. that there are some parts of the world must be disastrous to her, and canse supply. than what instruments of war we require. by a foreign naval officer:-
Her last war with China cost Japan where trade cannot make its way, at any trouble to us, which will require that the giving strength and tone to the stomach matter should be taken up very seriously and it accounts for the many cures of If we rent to war with an insular £30,000 a day, and the greater campaign rate in the form of concessions, without The introduction of the sunnarine and
indigestion and stomach disorders that aircraft has sertaily compelled us to
country, depending for its food on supplies with Russia, it was estimated, cost hor diplomatic support. There is, however, with the Chinese Government.
are due to Dr. Williama Pink Pills consider whether our battleships are of from overen, it would be our business £100,000 daily, or, roughly speaking. another side to the matter. Diplomatic
On the declaration of
From the very first the appetite revives; ase or not. Does it not also ecmpel us to
stop that supply.
then food can be taken without pain, and consider what instruments of war we re war we should notify the enemy that the £3,000,000 a month. During the war with support depends on the willingness of
The weekly reture of communicable the burden of indigestion is steadily quire to meet the now conditions t
should warn those of her merchant ships China, the total expenditure from Jure; capital to come forward and invest. for some years, at any rate, British capital coring home not to approach the island, 104, to November, 1896, amounted to
o were establishing a blockade of Y200,475,505, of which only Y35,855,137 was most reluctant to invest in Turkey, diseases in the Colony was this week re dispelled.
Begin to improve your digestion to-day Similarly we were on account of the Navy. The daily and it has not always been very favourably
12 should notify all neutrals that such average of £100,000 is necessarily only an disposed to Chinese investment. I regard markable by reason of the fact that all blockade had been established, and if any approximation; it was probable that, at it as our duty wherever hond fide British the cases reported, 11 in number, proved of their vessels approached the island they the time when Japon placed over 300.000 capital is forthcoming in any part of the would be liable to destruction either by men in the held and made such a consider world, and is applying for concessions to fatal. There were six cases of plague,
tions, to give it the utmost support we can. theria. miacs or submarines, and therefore would able effort the figure was exceeded... which there are not valid political objec four of enteric fever, and one of diph. do so at their own risk.
'Daily News.
(1) The idea of attacking commCTCO by submarine is barbarous.--ATMIRAL BACON.
All war is, of course, barbarous, hat in war the purpose of the enemy is to crush his foc; to arrive at this, be will attack where his foe is most vulnerable. Cur most vulnerable poist is our food and al supply. The submarine has introduced a new method of attacking these supplies. Will feelings of humanity restrain our
"chemy-from-using it?
¡VIE NECESSITY FOR HAVING BATTLESHIPA.
(13) Bir Ferey Scott Coes not provide for the important' duties which dev Ivet pon the batticehip in war-viz, the sup port of the cruisers protecting our food and raw material supply, as well as it to squadrons blockading the parts of the
ADMIRAL CLEVELAND.
thia
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because
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