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THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21st, 1914.
ACTIONS AND REACTIONS
IN CHINA.
IV. EDUCATION,
The part that education has played in the evolution of the new conditions in China is to universally recognized, and- ia indeed so obvious, thng it may seem an unnecessary labour to reopen the ground and once more recount the processes by which this ferce bas exerted itself, but the csontial importance of the subject can scarcely be made an adequate reason for omitting it. Moreover, the position of education in China will not be the same after the triumph of Young China: the new conditions will reach, on it and it És impossible to arrive at any conclusion as to what will be the result without con-
THE SAME TO-DAY AS IN sidering all the antecedent circumstances
1745.
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Up to a few yours ago, stagnant was a favourite word for describing the state of China, and the principal cause of this stagnation lay in the systems of which and examinations. education mutually interacted in such a way that all originality was placed severely at a discount, while there was a vested interest in preserving things in statu. Any change in the system of education would moan a change in the examinations, and dice versé, and as for centuries the only influential and articulate section of China was the lettered class, the vast majority of whom hoped for honours and a lucrative post as a result of the examination system, while any chango in that system would mean that their years of labour were rendered useless, the wonder is not so much that stagnation was for so long a characteristic of China, but rather that reform, let alone revolu tion should ever have become possible.
Probably the most famous educational. reformer in Chinese history is Wang Ang shib (A.D. 1021-1086), while the contempt with which he has been regarded by Chinese historians is evidence of the stubborn resistance opposed by the literavi to anything that would interfere with their vested interests. Wang An-shh's proposed reforms were not confined to the educational field, and some of them were so drastic that even in the twentieth century it is easy to realize the horror 'with which they must bave been recolved in the eleventh, but for all of thera he claimed that they were based on a more correct, interpretation of the Classics, which in itself was suffi cient to mark him as a heretic in the eyes of those who held that the Classios must not be interpreted otherwise than on the stereotyped traditional lines. Of his educational reforms, Giles says: He attempted to reform the examination system requiring from the candidates not so much grace of style as a wide acquaint
Accord- ance with practical subjects. :) ingly,' says one Chinese writer, ever, the pupils at village schools threw away their text-books of rhetoric, and begar to study primers of history, geography, and political
** (Biographical Dictionary, 2,334). Even in his lifetime, Wang An-shib saw the whole of his policy reversed, and subsequent generations showed their disfavour by removing, 160 years after his death, bis tablet from the Confucian Temple, where it was placed. in 1104.
economy.
៩
Centuries passed after the reversal of Wang An-shit's reforms, dynasties roze and fell, but still China's examination system (and consequently ber system of education, for the two are complement- the ary) remained unchanged until
Hundred Days" of reform in 1898 saw another abortive attempt at remodelling them. A tentative modification in the curriculum had, it is true, been made seven years previously, but it had prac tically died of inanition, and was in any case so half-hearted a measure as to be This cannot be said almost negligible.
of the educational reforme, that were ordered by the Emperor Kuang-hsü under the influence of K'ane Yu-wei. Of these Sir Clando MacDonald says:-
The first, and in its future effects, probably the most important, Ordinance, directs a rational chunge in the obligatory subjects at the competitive examinations, success in which is the usual mode of A entrance into the public service. species of essay, of which the composition is governed by highly artificial rules, has hitherto been one of the most prominent features of these examinations. For this is now substituted a form of essay of n. The effect of more practical character. this reform any he compared with the change that would be brought about if in England an absolute mastery of Sanscrit vorse had beez obligatory on all public servants, and wore icw dispoused with. In other words, the large army of students in the Empire will save soine years of almost useless study. The change has been made with such suddenness that
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[1494
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injustice is done to those who have been officials in all prefectures and districts welter of corruption that characterized these periodic examinations preparing for the examination miler where it is proposed to establish minor Chine,
LONDON JOINT STOOK BANK, LIMITED. recent conditions, and considerable dis colleges consider the local conditions and furnish a refreshing example of purity content must be aroused, but the future the convenience of the people. Lethe and honesty. That there were occasional
INTEREST allowed on Current Account temples in the provinces romain as before; abuses is certain, but on the whole the at 2 per cent. per annum on Daily Balance effect cannot be otherwise than good.
The next subject of recent decrees is there is no need to make colleges of them unscholarly man, however rich he wers, and on Fixed Deposits at rates which may the establishment of a college, or univer and disturb the feelings of the people." stood no chance against a poor man who be ascertained on application.
was of superior literary attainmenta sity, at Peking. It is not clear what the As might be expected, this half-hearted exact course of study at this institution is meant to be, the Imperial decrees only recognition of the need of educational Personation, and the asual examination tricks known to students all the world progress, with its references to local con-
were the form the abuses most referring to its establishment in general ditions and the feelings and convenience over, terms, but the curriculum will evidently of the people, was as effective a wet commonly took, and bribery was rare, and consist of various branches of European blanket on all such reforms as a down- every precaution was taken to eliminate study, under Chinese and foreign profes right denundation would have been the possibility of undue influence, all the sora" (China, No. 1, 1899, p. 203).
Another six years had to elapse, and essays being transcribed by a clerk before Kang Yu-wei's educational reforms China had to pass through the humilia- submission to the examiners, for fear that were mother
hinations then to the
recognize the handwriting of the candi of the scholars, and were in themselves system was finally done away with. sufficient to lay the foundation of the Though it is indisputable that the old dates. No better proof of the essential hostility which finally culminated in his examination system was a worn out relic honesty of the system need perhaps be overthrow, although the immediate cause of antiquity unsuited to the needs of pought than the honour in which success of the Empress Dowager's coup d'état was present day China, and that the substitu- fel candidates were held by the people, one personal to herself, The Imperial tion of a civil service system on foodern and especially by those most intimate Decree (September 26th, 1898) reversing lines was a beneficial change, no one with them. When the people of a man's celebrate the reforms did not, however, deal vory would contend that the old system was native town erect a memorial severely with the proposed educational an unmixed evil or deny that with its his gaining the first place in the examina. changes. "The Imperial colleges," it ran, abolition China has lost something of tions, it is fairly certain that they con-1 will be ground for the cultivation of good that the new system does not sider that he gained the position as the talent, Apart from those which are replace. The most obvious good point result of merit and not of means. already being established in Peking and about the classical examination system In the was its essential democracy. the provincial capitals, let the local
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8. H. DODWELL, Esq.-Chairtosa, Hon. Mr. D. LANDALE-Deputy Chairman. G. Friesland, Eay. J. A. Flummer, Esq. E. Goetz, Esq.
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(Continued on page 6.)
[10
On Current Account at the rate of Two
ON FIXED DEPOSITS. Per cent. per sanum on the Daily Balance. For 3 months, 2 per cent. per Azrum. For 6 months; 3 per cent, per For 12 months, 4 per cent. per
N. J. STABB,
Chief: Manager. Hongkong 9th January, 1914,
[15