1914-01-21 — Page 6

ACTIONS AND REACTIONS IN CHINA.

(Continued from page 5.)

:

The rich and poor man both stood on the same footing in the examination halls, and as this was the one recognized mode of entry into a jublic service, the result was that the highest poika 19 tani land were open to the brilliant and industriona in any and every station in life in a way that they are not in the ¿West Chinos history abounds with instances of men in humble position who buv Mhrough their ability attained the bighest rank in the State. Perhaps the TOS Hoteworthy of modern and welf authenticated cases is that of Lo Ping-

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21s, 1914

warning note) and the failure to replaos them by something equally satisfying to the soul of the people, most. bo a okuse productive of disquiet in the present and wide-spreading unrest for years to come, a cause which, in the turmoil of Treaty- port politics, bas not received the attention it deserves." (Recent Events und Present Policies in China, p. 75.) : (...) Sir Robert Douglas, though he does not render whole-hearted homage to this theory, gives it his qualified approval:-

The united voice of all the gront. teachers which the Chinese “have been taught to oboy have joined in impressing on the people the importance of preserving this harmony in all the wlations of life whether as Faler and minister, father and son, husband and wife, brother, and brother, or friend and friend, This principle. of harmony brought prominently before, the people by modus. of the established competitive examina- Lions.” (Society in Chinni)

dictum, that the institution of Public

If all this, and is particular Meadows Service Examinations is the cause of the continued endurance of the Chinese antion, is true, it follows that the future of the Republic, without these examina tons on the time-honoured basis, wil be Those who hope that the change vill in fruaght, with perils of the gravest, inture. the long run prove beneficial to China may take heart on considering that the English nation has managed to hold together for ten centuries or so without the aid of such examinations, and that, under a diametrically opposite, system, Japan not only preserved her cohesion and stability, but was saved from those periodic subjugations to an alien yoke which have been the lot of the Chinese

nation.

the patron of the famous Teong Kuo-fan. When ke was boy of 17 he was a slave in the family of a gentleman at Fatshan, and was employed as a cook. He ultimately gained, one of the highest literary honors that China has to offer, being appointed to the Hanlin College and the last few years of his life were spent us Viceroy of Szediann,

There is great danger of this essential democracy being lost with the establish- out of a Western yedim of education in China. The highes, andemic honours will still, in theory, he as much open to the poor as to the rid: in the same way in England the Law Courts are equally available to all, in theory, though in practice the incidental expenses exclude many and prevent their obtaining the justice which is their right,

Under China's new educational system bribery and corruption will, it is to be assured, bas sternly discountenanced as in the pist, and the wealth of a rich man will be of no direct advantage to him, but

the other hand many a man will be tion system worked for the solidity of The three ways in which the examina. directly handicapped by his poverty,

(a) It encouraged Whatever drawbacks there were about the the States were: old system, it had at least this to com-

education, aud produced widespread nerd if dat it was inexpensive literary culture: () The ability of the most collection of books, a pen, and country, wherever found, was by it placed an ink-slah were all the materials and at the service of the State (these, it will apparatus mcessary, while the narrow be noted, are two of the features on which if the curriculum avoided the Meadows bases his argument); and (c) ecessity of a large number of specialist By the series of tests first at the prefec instructors and consequent attendance attural capitals then at the provincial a college or university, so that it was expitals and finally at Peking it linked possible for a student to spend little or up the whole country with the metropolis nothing an outside assistance and rely and made its position as the administra- solely on his own study and natural skill. five rentre and headquarters of the State In so far as these features A poor man could, and sometimes did, very real. gain the highest literary, bonours in the were of actual bene£t (Meadows seems to and under the old system, but it would exaggerate the genuine educational bene- he almost impossible for that to bake its) their loss with the abolition of the place now, when college courses, embracexamination system must be detrimental nga large number of subjects and to the State, unless the Republic has involving the purchase of expensive books something to substitute for them. With- and apparatus, are necessary, as well as perhaps a period of residence in a foreign land. It is no doubt possible to make too much of this, but the loss will certainly be a real one: the possibilities held our under the old system were the strongest incentive to universul education and it is due to them that fifty years ago there was probably a smaller percentage of illiterates in China than in dny country of Europe.

DOSS

д

out going into detail, it may be laid down broadly that democratic elections, and the the Provincial Assemblies, national Parliament at Peking should. fulfil the requirements ander. (6) and (n) above, while when the new educational system is in full working order, it should be far more effective for purpose (4) than was the old sosteni.

vast array of mep-Sir Robert Douglas quotes 27,156 as being the number at ons tárno, but such exactitude of statistics is scarcely to be looked for in China-who were economically wasters, and who served no useful purpose in the State.. What made this still more deplorable was the fact that these men-the iterati, or gentry, as they were alternatively styled.

Even if the old examination system was in theory all that has been claimed for The narrowing in the prospects of the it, its value was greatly discounted by masses unsed by this change will, how-the imperfections in its practical opera ever. be rectified to some extent by the tion, Supply and demand were in no fact that the public examinations are no way correlated, with the result that year longer to be the sole road by which the after year there was turned out a number public service is entered. Exactly what of graduates and "prospective officials the relation between the educational who had actually no prospect of obtain system and the public service will be is ing an official post. This in itself would at present, until the Constitution of the have been immaterial, but all these Republic has been finally decided, uncer unemployed graduates were rested with Lain. Article 11 of the Provisional certain privileges and righte, while it was Constitution provides that "Citizens at the same time considered as beneath shall have the right of participating in their dignity to engage in any business. examinations for public poats," and the Ching was thus by the direct operation rules of the Bureau of Civil Appoint of her examination system cumbered with ments, promulgated on July 20th, 1912, include among its duties the holding of advanced examinations for "civil officials," but it is at the same time clear that the highest appointments in the State will be independent of examina tions. In the absence of a final Constitu- tion it may be assumed generally that the subordinate posts will be allotted on the results of examinations, while the higher will be dependent on Parliament similar influences, ultimately, on election results. Whatever form this rule takes it is, however, pertain to be modified in its operation by the profound respect in which learning is held in China. This feeling is so much an ingrained habit of thought that it mot always bare a very strong influence, and we may safely expect, even where appointments are made by popular election, that a man's literary skill and academic achievements will be advanced us arguments in is favour, and that these factors will often carry a pre

None the less, the dominating weight, essential connection (whatever it may have been worth) between China's official system and her system of education has

ary

OIR,

and

Successive writes on China have secu io her examination system the great cause of her long endurance and stability. Meadows says:-

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VICHY ETAT PREPARATIONS VICKY-ETAT SALT Natural salt from the waters. In tins and boxies. VICHY-ETAT TABLETS 9 or 3 after meals make digestion easy. VICHY-ETAT COMPOUNDS to make your own digestive nerated water.

were on the whole of a superior type and among the pick of their generation, and might have proved a tower of strength to their country had there only been some way of utilizing their learning and ability, or, to put it in another way, had their learning bien of such a nature that it could have been turned to useful Instead. they were too often a ends. nuisance to their own officials, while they were almost invariably at the back of any anti-foreign movement. This anti- foreign spirit of the literati is probably due primarily to natural conservatism- the phenomenon can be witnosed even at Western seats of learning-while they also regarded themselves as being from their position the peculiar guardians of the Confucian tradition and the sworn fors of anything that appeared inconsistent with or hostile to the teachings of the Master. They persecuted in turn the disciples of Buddba sud Laotzu, and their opposition to Christian missions has become almost proverbial, and found In every case the institution of Public its most striking manifestation in the Service Examinations (which have long anti-foreign riots that started in Ilanan heen strictly competitive) is the cause of in 1891 and swept through the whole of the continued endurance of the Chinese the Yangtze valley. The influence and nation: it is that which preserves the privileges of the literati wore in this case other conses and gives efficacy to their sufficient to shield them from all punish operation. By it, all parents throughout mont, and the instigator, a scholar named the country, who can compass the means, Chou Hau, was allowed to remain at are induced to impart to their sons an large unpunished on the ground that ho intimate knowledge of the literature ats a lunatic and not responsible for his which contains the three doctrines absve actions, and in 1808 be resumed his anti- cited, together with many others conducive missionary activities, posting infam to a high mental cultivation. By it, all matory placards and advising the whole the ability of the country is enlisted on sale slaughter of native converte the side of that Government which takes The modernization of China's system care to preserve it in purity. By it, with of education will mean that surplus its impartiality, the poorest man in the students, for whom there are no official country is constrained to say that bia posts and who consequently are thrown lot in life is a low one, it is so in virtue on their own resources, will not be a of the

will of Heaven, and that no drug on the marker in the same way as unjust barriers created by his follow men wore the surplus graduates under the old prevent him from elevating himself." system, for their knowledge will at least (The Chinese and their Rebellions, p. 401)be of far more practical use, and better Commenting on this, J. O. P. Bland fit them to be of service in the world, than were the stores of classical lore that were the only resource that the literati The value of the competitive examina of the old school derived from their tion system as an enduring source of education, while, looking far ahead, there stability can should under the Republic be many scarcely be exaggerated. Bearing this additional opportunities for the members fact in mind, the suddennoss with which of the leisured classes to serve their the ancient classical examinations were conatry in municipal, provincial, or Hamlyn and Mr. Jas. Logan, abolished in 1904" (though this sudden-parliamentary life. Moreover, it is to Por Luetzow for Hongkong, from ness, it is pertinent to remark, is be assumed that the civil gorvies examina Shanghai, etc., Mr. J. C. Parkin, Mr. F. discounted when it is realized that as will be seen later, the change had beentions of the future will be more scionti- Maus, Miss Ph. Holinan, Mrs. E. Burn, visibly in preparation for 18 years, while cally organized than they were in the Mr. and Mrs F. Figueres, Mr. W. Guth, the reforms of 1898 had sounded a loud past that there will no longer be three Mr. Greiser, Rev. and Mrs, G. F. Fitch

or four prospective" officials for overy and. Mrs. Fr. Aronowitch.

writes:---

national cohesion and

PASSED THE CANAL..

December 12th-Neicus. December 16th-Japan, Vorwaerts. December 18th-Macedonia, Persio. December 23rd-4treus, Kasama, Deike Rickmers.

30th - Benvenue,

Goeben,

JAVA-CHINA JAPAN

TJIMAHI

LIJN

REGULAR FORTNIGHTLY SERVICE BETWEEN JAVA, CHINA AND JAPAN.

·WILL LEAVE FOR

EXPHOTED OF OF

STEAMER

From

"ABOUT

JAVA

Bocond hall off

JAVA

January

TJIPANAS...

TJIMANODE

TJITAROEN |

TJILIWONG

JAPAN

Second half of

JAVA

January

SHANGHAI

Second half of

JAVA

JAVA

JAVA

First half

February,

Janua Becond half of January,

SHANGHAI

of

TJILATJAF.

JAVA

First half of

JAPAN

JAPAN

February

TIKINI

JAVA

Second half of February.

SHANGHAI

TJIBODAS

JAVA

First half of

JAPAN

March,

ON OR ABOUZ

Second half of January,

Becond half of

January

Becond half of January Hecond half of January First half of February First half of February. Second half of February.

First half of

Marcli

The Steamers are all fitted throughout with Electric Light and have accommodation for

a limited number of Saloon Passengers, and will take Cargo to all Netherlands-Indian Ports

on through Bills of Lading.

For Particulars of Freight and Passage, apply to the

York Buildings, 1st Floor.

Hongkong; 21st January, 1914,

NOTICES TO CONSIGNEES

JAVA-CHINA-JAPAN LIJN.

BAST ASIATIC COMPANY, LIMITED, COPENHAGEN.

NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES.

THE Steamship

THE

"ANNAM,"

Telephone No. 1874.zip

[13

NOTICES TO CONSIGNEES

GLEN" LINE OF STEAMERS.

NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES.

FROM MIDDLESBRO', IMMINGHAM, LONDON AND SINGAPORE,

HE Steamship

"GLENFARG,"

having arrived, Consignees of Cargo are heroby! informed that their Goods, with the exception of Captain H. J. Henderson, having arrived from Opium, Tressure and Valuables, are being landed the above Porta, Consignees of Cargo are hereby and stored at their risk into the hazardous and/or informed that their Goods are being landed at xtra hazardous Godowns of the Hongkong and their risk into the Godowns of the Hongkong Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company, Ltd., and Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company Kowloon, and West Point Godowns, whence Limited, Kowloon, and stored at Consignces delivery may be obtained.

risk and expense.

Optional Cargo will be forwarded on unless intimation is received from the Consignees before NOON TO-DAY requesting it to be landed

bore.

No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Godowas, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 23rd inst, will be subject to rent.

All broken, chafed, and damaged Goods are to be left in the Godowns, where they will be examined on the 23rd inst, at 9.30 a. M.

All Claims must reach us before the 30th inst., or they will not be recognized.

No Fire Insurance will be affected. Bilis of Lading will be countersigned by the Undersigned.

MELCHERS & Co.,

[179

Agents.

Hongkong, 16th January, 1914.

NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES.

THE P. 40. 8. N. Co.'s Steamer

L

"DEVANHA," Arrived Hongkong on 16th January, 1914, FROM BOMBAY, COLOMBO AND

STRAITS.

All broken, chafed and damaged Goods are to be left in the Godowns, where they will be examined on TUESDAY, 27th inst., at 10 AM.

All Claims must be presented within FIFTEEN DAYS of the Steamar's arrival hore, after which date they cannot be recognized.

No Claims will be admitted after the Gooda have left the Godowns, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 27th inst, will be subject to rent.

No Fire Insurance has been effected. Bills of Lading will be countersigned by

SHEWAN, TONES & Co., Agents. Hongkong, 19th January, 1914. {184

VESSELS EXPECTED.

THE AUSTRALIAN-MAIL The E. & A. str. Empire left Sydney ou the 7th January, for this port (vid Queensland Porte, Port Darwin, Timor, and Mauile), and may be expected to arrive hore on or about 31st January.'

The 1.G.M. str. Prine Waldemar lef! Sydney on the 19th January, at 11 am, and may be expected here on or about tha 2nd February.

THE GERMAN HAIL. The LG M. str. Goeben, carrying the

Consignees of Cargo by the above-named voznal nre hereby informed that their goods are being landed and placed AT THEE RISK in the German mails, with dates from Berlin of Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown the 24th December, left Singapore on the Company's Godowns at Kowloon, where each Consignment will be sorted out Mark by Mark 17th January, at 10 p.m., and may be or about the 21sb and delivery can be obtained as the Goods expected here on January, at 6 p.m. are landed.

This vessel bringe on Cargo

MERCHANT STEAMERS. The IG.M. str. Prine Sigismund left Kuchinotsu on Sunday, the 16th January, a.m, and may be expected here on or about Thursday, the 22nd January,

From London, &e., ex 6.3. "Maloga"

and "Nellore," From Persian Gulf, ex s. B. 1. 9. N. and B. & P. S. N. Co's Steamers. Optional Goods will be landed bera unless at daylight, instructions are given, to the contrary within)

6 hours.

Goods not cleared within 8 days including date of arrival will be subject to rent.

The str. Arrataon Apcar, from Shang hai and Kobe, left Moji on the 18th January, and may be expected here on or about the 23rd January, a.m.:

No Fire Insurance will be effected by me

Tho str. Torilla, from Calcutta, left in any case whatever.

Singapore on the 17th January, and may Damaged packages must be left in the Gobe expected here on or about the gard downs for examination by the Consignees, and January, a.m.

the Company's Surveyors, Messrs. GODDARY

and Docolas, at 10 AM, on MONDATs and (

The N.P.K. att. Bombay Maru (Bom

THURSDAYE. All claims must be presented bay Line) left. Bombay for this port on within ten days of the steamer's arrival hers the 7th January, and is expected here on after which date they cannot be recognised the 26th January. No claims will be admitted after the goods have left the Godowns.

E. A. HEWETT,

Superintendent. Hongkong, 16th January, 1914,

FROM EUROPE THE HAL, Staszoship

THE

“O. J. D. ARLERS," Capt. II. Frericks, having arrived, Consignees of Cargo are hereby informed that their Goods are being landed and placed at their risk in the hazardous and/or extra-hazardous Go- downs of the Hongkong and Kowloon What and Godown Company, Limited, at Hongkong andjor Kowloon, whence delivery may be obtained against Bills-of Lading countersigned by the Undersigned.

Optional Cargo will be carried on unles: notice to the contrary be given TO-DAY.

All Claims raust be presented within ten days of the steamer's arrival here, after which date. they cannot be recognised,

No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Grodowns, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 25th inst. will be subject to rent.

The N.Y.K. str. Ceylon Mara (Calcutta) Line) left Calcutta for this port on the 9th January, and is expected here on tha 29th January.

The Danish str, Indien left Port Said co the 10th January, and may be expected here on or about the 1st February.

The N.Y.K. str. Katari Maru (Euro pean Line) left London for this port via ports on the 3rd January, and is expected here on the 11th February.

INDO-CHINA STEAM-NAVIGATION 00., ESD,

etrang, from Calcutta, is due in Hong

kong let February. Hangsang, from Shanghai, is due in

Hongkong 25th January

SHIRE. SING, LIMITED,

Fennacher, from Tacoma, is due in Hong

Kong 28th January, Cardiganshire, from London, passed the

Canal 2nd January, is due in Hong kong 2nd February.

WEATHER REPORT.

On the 20th at 10,55 a.m.-A fresh anti- syclone has formed over N. China. It is All broken, chafed, and damaged Goods must central to the north of the Yangtze Valley. he left in the Godowns, where they will be

Pressure Las increased slightly from 8. examined on the 24th inst., at 9.30 AM.

Manchuris to: N. Japan, but has decreased No Fire Insurance will be effected by us in lightly over S. Japan and the Loochoos. It any case whatever.

This Eteamer bringu on Cargo:

is nearly stationary in the South,

Moderate to fresh monsoon is indicated along the seat coast of China and over the N. China

ono who actually serves, and that there will be such an age limit fixed that it will no longer be possible for à manto waste the best years of his life in vain endeavours. The student class of the present day is by no means immaculate, but its shortcomings and faults are generally those of a new institution that December has not yet found its place in the Meinam, Nore, Nubia, Saxonia, Tydeus, established order of things, and are in Wakasa Maru, Yangtze, City of Baroda, no sense on the same footing as the non- January 2nd-Cardiganshire, Aragonia. sidered and consistent anti-foreign, anti- Glenturret, Sambia, Bredstone. reform attitude of the old laterali, and January 6th-Bohemia, Hirano Maru, in so far as the reformed education Konamy Si Speria, Stentor, Bunda, system puts an end to this latter, element, Demodocus, Magellan. its benefits in this one respect alone would January 9th-Alcinous, Volentia. be sufficiens to justify the change.

January 13th-Beniomond, Denbigh (To be Continued.)

shire, Derflinger. Eumacus, Glenlochy, Himalaya, Indien, Nile, Segovia. January 18th-Agamemnon,

Atholl, Austria, Brasilia, Kaga Maru, Muncaster Castle, Princess Alice, Katori Marux, NOTICE TO KOWLOON RESIDENTS Formosa Chamel Nera.

PASSENGERS. ARRIVED.

Per Chiyuen, from Shanghai, Mrs.

January 18th-Sachsen, "Africa.

SHIPPING REPORT.

The British str. Borneo reporte: Fine weather.

The British str. Glenfalloch reports: Moderate monsoon and fine weather.

Ez 8, "Suzanne et Marie" from Bordeaux. Ex 8.5. "Kong Bing" from Christianis. EIE.. "Albanis" from Gothenburg. -- Ex e.. "Farl" from Abize.

Ex 8.8. "Jelo" from Drammen. Ez 8.5. “Albaris" from Göteborg.

HAMBURG-AMERIKA LINIE, Hongkong Offee. Hongkong, 19th January, 1914. [183

NXTRA COPIES

Hongkong rainfall for the 24 hours ending st 10%.m. to-day, C.00 inches.

The forecast for the 24 hours ending at noon to-day is as follows :-- DISTRICT.

FORECAST.

* Hongkong & Neighbourhood

{N.E, gale.

South coast of China between (The same as Hongkong and Lamecks. I No. 1.

No. 1

are on Sale daily at the following store South coast of Chins between The same as KOWLOON BOOK STALL, Ferry Wharf

·Hongkong and Hainan Messen. HUNG CHEONG, Haiphong Road » N.E. winds, moderate to fresh; fins, colder,