21
* infra para. on Chinese secret societies and Indian convicts, for a more balanced understanding of the population behaviour at that time
54 Indian Charter Act of 1833
❝ the Charters of Justice, 1807, 1826, and 1855; Regina v Willians Esq., cf. Maxwell PB, 'The Law of England in Penang, Malacca and Singapore', JA, ns iii (1859) p 26 - 55
cf. Thio Eunice, "The Singapore Chinese Protectorate and Events and Conditions Leading to Its Establishment, 1823 - 1877' Journal of the South Seas Society xvi (1960); Tan DE, supra, Chap 6
"Hansard, 3rd series, vol cxlix, p 995
*Thio, supra, p 47 - examples include gang robberies, collection of "protection" money from shopkeepers, or contributions in the nature of blackmail; Chiefs of secret societies were also known to hold their own Courts of Justice to settle disputes between members, even for serious crimes eg sometimes mutilated trunks of victims were found in the jungle or elsewhere, usually with the right or left hand chopped up into a certain number of parts and left hanging together by the skin
*Thio, supra, p 51, 52 ; Buckley, supra, p 757 - in the petition, the European merchants had made suggestions to the Indian government on how to improve the situation but the EIC responded with indifference and 'sometimes without even the slightest acknowledgment of their having been made'
Thio, supra, p 52
71 Thio, supra, p 53
7
74
Thio, supra, p 34
Thio, supra, p 77; Tan D E, supra, Chap 6 p 72, 73
(for example, the Currency Act 1855)
(for example, 1837 admiralty jurisdiction, 1848 insolvency jurisdiction, 1855 Charter of Justice etc.)