NOTES
99
I
Except for those documented otherwise, all the figures presented in this paper are obtained through researches in published and unpublished sources, including those from Xinhua News Agency, year books, newspapers and magazines, personal interviews and so on.
2 Records of CFEIC
3 See Samuel S. Kim, ed. China and The World: Chinese Foreign Policy in the Post-Mao Era (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984) for a discussion of a number of cases reflecting this.
4 John K. Fairbank, China Bound (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), p. 338
5 USIA: Its Work and Structure (USIA), p. 2
6 Ying Hua, "**Youhao, reqing, guangcai**" ("Friendly, Enthusiastic and Glorious"), Guangming ribao (Guangming Daily), 19 September 1973, p. 4
7 For further information on the definition, see Hu Qiaomu, "Dangqian sixiang zhanxian de ruogan wenti" ("Some Issues of the Current Ideological Work") in Jianchi sixiang jiben yuanze, fandui zichan jieji ziyouhua (Uphold the Four Fundamental Principles, Oppose Bourgeois Liberalization) (Beijing: Renmin Press, 1987), pp. 158-198
8 In this respect, one may think that Chinese performing artists were like athletes in that they were more competition-oriented than performance-oriented. This was especially true of opera singers and ballet dancers. While quite a few of them, some of whom had the experience of being trained by foreign artists, won international competitions, there was seldom opera or ballet staged in China.
9 Records of CPAA
10 Personal interview with Wu Fenghua, 31 March 1987
11 Records of CPAA
12 Personal interview with Zhongyan, 14 March 1988
13 Km, p. 115
14 Tang Tsou, "Political Change and Reform," in The Cultural Revolution and the Post-Mao Reforms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 223
15 Ibid., p. 224
16 Li Jian, "Gede yu Quede" ("Praise and Shame"), Hebei Wenyi (Hebei Literature and Art), June 1979
17 Hebei ribao (Hebei Daily), 7 August 1979
18 Guangming ribao (Guangming Daily), 20 July 1979
19 Merle Goldman, "Intellectual Dissent in the People's Republic of China," in Yu-ming Shaw, ed., Power and Politics in the People's Republic of China (Boulder: Westview Press, 1985), p. 294
20 Ibid.
21 Liu Binyan, for example, said: "when literature mirrors what is undesirable in life, the mirror itself is not to be blamed, instead, disagreeable things in real life should be spotted and wiped out." For more of his view, see Beijing Review, No. 52, 28 December 1979, p. 13.