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London Express Service
0
MR. ATOM
From FREDERICK COOK.
New York. Washington's grandiose Con- stitution Avenue, wide Kingsway, elegant as the Champs. Elysees, there is a beautiful white marble building, whose great win- dows are criss-crossed with metal" strips, cutting them up into a quilt of tiny lozenge-shaped panes.
They look like the lended lights of a Tudor mansion strangely out of place behind the soaring columns and sweeping staircases.
Visitors are well advised not to let their curiosity lead them into fingering these strips. This is the holy-of-holies of
all top secret places in Wash- ington, the headquarters of the Atomie Energy Com- mission.
GORDON DEAN
HIS CHAUFFEUR HAS A PISTOL AT HIS WAIST
FBI Headquarters, in the The harmless looking police stations and in the metal strips conceal elee- commission's guard room... trical conductors. The
The armed men will come lightest touch here-and off go the alarm signals in the running in a host,
WINSTON CHURCHILL'S WAR MEMOIRS
"CLOSING THE RING" CHAPTER 20
PLANS FOR INVASION
Mr Churchill here resumes his account of the first session of the Teheran conference with Stalin and Mr Roosevelt.
divisions.
Stalin here observed that he
the
much
Between 6,000 and 7,000 people, every one carefully vetted, now work in the most guarded building in America. More than 100,000 others are engaged in various far-spread enter- prises up and down the country which in one way or another come under the AEC's purview.
And in a huge 35tt. celagopal office with gi draperies, thick carpets and walnut furniture sits Black Sea. Once Turkey was in force would consist of troops now in
stronger postion the quiet te man who is bosS he war and we had the use of in Italy. I added that it would through having destroyed or bad- of it all, Sit. Bin, Gordon Dean, 11 German who as a boy did not even own a her air bases we could capture also be necessary to examine the ly mutilated 10 or the Islands in the Egean with President's idea of moving divisions. Moreover, we required toy chemistry set and comparatively small forces, say northeast from the head of the the aufields neath of Rome for less about physics.
the bombing Of two or three divisions, and the Adriatic,
It Germany.
host the Now he knows more about would be impossible for air forces already in that theatre.
us do atom, or so the experts say, than forgo the capturre of Rome, To
other man living, He knows
If we had access to the Black Staf Turkey
came in
poris conveys could be run con-
nuously.
do
any
how
ما
so would be regarded on all
many bombs America hus, sides as a crushing defeat, and how big they are and where they the British Parlament would not are kept, what has been going on tolerate the idea for a momen Nevada and far away at Bikini, The President now suggested and Entwetck; how things move
the timing of operations
on the medical front with a'cmle Chay at the Any operation under research.
the mos: careful
the Eastern Mediter two of rancan would probably put
con-
TALIN next asked how many
Anglo-American troops would that
if Turkey have to be allotted came into the war.
Observing that I spoke for my taken in self alone, I said that
Gorden Dean, a Baptist minis- three divisions at the most would "Overlord" until June er July.e's son, has been a member of be required to take the islands He himself was coposed to euch since May 1949, chatzman einer he Atomic Energy Commission inter if it could possibly 1950. What has he learned
ba avoided. He therefor
la'e spring or summer of 1944. The forces which could be ac- cumulated by that time amoun ed to about 16 British and 19 United States divisions- total of 35 I had long been agreed, divisions. There divisions were I said, with the United much s ronger both in numbers States that we should and equipment than the German invade North or North- west France
the across
never regarded the operations in How could we persuade Turkey Channel. The enterprise was the Mediterranean Es being of to come into the war? If she absorbing most of our pre- a secondary character. They came in, what should she be parations and resources. A were of the first importance asked to do? Should she merely long dissertation un facts but not from points of give us her bases, or should she view of invading Germany. I attack Bulgaria and declare war and figures would be neces- neplied that none the less the on Germany? Should she move sary to show why it had President and I had buth regard forward or should she slay on been impossible to carry ed them as stepping-sores to the Thracian frontier?
opera-
What would be the effect on out this operation in 1943, the decisive crea-Channel but we were resolved to do
Bulgaria, who owed a profound Having regard to the British debt to Bussia for rescuing her it in 1944.
forces engaged in the Mediter in former days from the Turkish tustead of the ress-Channel ranean and India, the 10 British yoke? How would Rumania invasion of 1943
a series of divisions which were being put react? They were already put operations had been launched in into the cross-Channel operation ting out genuine peace feelers The Mediterranean). This had were the most that could be 10r unconditional kurrender. been done with full recognition provided by a country with a Then there was Hungary. Which that they were of u secondary tatal population of 45m. These way would she go? charac er; but we had felt that divisions could be kept up to they were the best contribution strength in the line, but the we could make in 1943, having rumber could not be increased. regard to our resources and to would have to be left to the transportation.
United States, who had a large The Brish
American number of reserve divisions. 1 these were questions on which for 1944, and once ani Governments had now set them- broaden the front and nourish selves the task of carrying out the battle.
cross-Channel invasion in the
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CO, LT DI
Hon.
in
air
font off
the Egan, and that, In a delay addition, we should probably
about 20 has the miary expects should since he took over the job that is have to give Turkey
quadrons of forces and examine the possibility of opera- so cecnet he cannot even talk to several regiments of flak [anii- tions against Southern France on his wife about it?
the timing
put forward by Principally, he said, that" "you've aircraft artillery] to defend her-
got to get your sleep." self. Both the air forces and the Stalin, Le, two
"T flak could be provided without "Overiced," the governing factor bebug that "Overlord" should be prejudice to other operations.
launched at the prescribed time. Stalin thought it would be a
to
to two
years
of
months before just never worry," said Mr Atom,
tearing back in his comfortable chair and looking at me across his vast desk, "about something that 's already done. Making a decision is simply a matter of collecting
he alternatives,
There might well be a political mistake to send part of our forces From different landslide among the
elsewhere and to Turkey and satellite States which would enable the part to Southern France, The directions Greeks to revolt and bustle the best course would be to make
"After you have all the alter- Germans out
"Overlord" the basic cf Greece. All
operation CITALIN said that the ex-natives it is just a matter of pick- Rome had perience
gained by the ing out the best 11's the same as the Soviets had a special point of available forces in Ialy
been captured,
send all Soviets during the last buying a sult of clothes. After view and special knowledge. It Southern France. These forces that a big offensive, it undertaken about whether you should have fighting was you've bought it you don't worry The early spring and summer would be invaluable to know could then join hands with the from caly one direction, rarely picked another." of 1944 were still six months what they thought about it all. "Overlord" forces when the in- yielded resuks. The better course
however, and the Would those plana in the vasion was launched.
(a Dean President and I had been asking Eastern
France was to launch offensives from two man) drives to work at 8.30 each Mediterranean be of was the weakest spot on the or move directions simultaneous- ourscives what could
and morning
takes a lot of be done suffielent interest to the Soviet German front. He did not him- ly. during these six months with the Government to make them wish self expect Turkey to agres to disperse his forces, and at the hum cach night. When any of
This compelled the enemy to unfinished business home with resources available in the us to go ahead, even if it meant enter the war. Mediterranean that would best a delay of one to two months
same time gave an opportunity comes under the secret list ake the weight off Russia, with-- from May
I asked whether the Soviet for the dough to each other, straps a pistol round his waist.
provided they the courier-chauffeur-bodyguard 1 in launching "Overlord" for "Overlord" out postponing more than perhaps a month or two.
away,
The crucial
and а
point
Seven of the best Anglo- American divisions cerlain number of landing-craft
The record
had already been, or were being. THE discussion now come to a
crucial point. moved from the Mediterranean to the United Kingdom. The says: results had been a weakening of effort on the Italian front. The weather had been bad, and it had not yet been possible to fake Rome. But it was hoped to take it by January.
General plan in Italy
THE
HE general plan was first to capture Rome and seize the airfields north of it, which would
cross
enable us to bomb Sou hers Germany, and then to establish ourselves on a line towards Pisa- Rimini. After that the possibility of establishing a Third Front in conformity with, but not in substitution for, the Channel operation would have to be planned. Оле of the possibilities was to move into Southern France, and the second, suggested by the President, was |to move' from the head of the Adriatie north-east towards the
Danube.
Meanwhile what should be done in the next six months? There was much to be said, for supporting Tho, who was holding a number of German divisións and doing much more for the Allied cause than the Chemika under Mihallovic. There would clearly be
great advantage
uld
Marshal Stalin, addressed the following questions to the Prime Minis.er: Question: "Am I right in think- ing that the invasion of France to be undertaken by 33
4s..
divisions?"
Answer: "Yes. Particularly strong
divisions."
was
Government
were close not very w anxious to get Turkey into the to make contact and increase the
We had tried
cf the power
cffensive as once and failed. But was it not intended
whole.
war.
a
40-cigars-a-day
Since he took on his efem job
06-
Mr Dean has come to look on the telephone as something to that we should renew the effort? I did not disagree in principle, beware of "I never say
any- "I am all
in favour of trying with these views. The suggestions thing over the phone that is in again," said Stalin. "We ought that I had made for minor help any way
significant he to take them by the scruff of the to Yugoslavia and Turkey did sures me. “I can talk gobblede- neck if necessary."
1101, 1 sslid, conflict in
hook if I have to, so that with that general conception. A body else can understand. But the same time, I wished it be 1. don't often need to.” placed on record
that
could not
An interval dreaded
eny
way
Had he seen an atom bomb in any circumstances agree to himself? Yes. And his first sacrifice
the activities of the reaction? What a lot of
that I entirely armies in the Mediteranean, then said.
agreed with Marshod Stalin's which included 20 British and sergy to be tied up in such a small package. He did not say British controlleti divisions. ability of dispersion, but all date of May 1 for "Overland." observations about the undesira antrely in order to keep the exact just how small
that
that a suggested, Question: "Is It Intended that handful of divisions-say, two If Turkey refused to come into By training he is a lawyer.
this operatica should be carried
ecrtach with
very the war i could not be helped -fie was an assistant to the US.
or
ret
at Nuremberg: he
after
iz
would be three out by the forces now in well
边 employed
making. earnestly hoped; that I I should Prosecutor Italy?
Turkey, while be asked to agree to any was on the staff of the U.S. air forces which would such rigid timing of operations as Department: of Justice. Answer: "No. Seven divisions the
have already been, or are in come into play were these which would not be right for the up a £7,000-a-year partner-
the President had suggested. To become Atom he
he gave process of being, withdrawn were already deferxting By Conference to mediale ever all shio in a hw firm. from [Italy] and North Africa are would marely be advancing that had been said and to cos- Dean, 46 this fear, lives in a to take part in Overlord, their line, Thus there was no
three-bedroom flat in These seven divisions are re appreciable diversion of effort, ue their discussions on the modern
ront or following day? The President a Washington suburb, with his quired to make up the 35 divi- einer from metal thought greed, and suggested that the 12-year-old son Franklin sions mentioned in your first frem "Overleed" Stalin Stams should set to work the named
President question. After they have been it would be well worth while to withdrawn, about 22 divisions take the islands if this could be
following morning.
Rocsevelt). His 18-year-old will be left in. the Medlier- darze with three or four.divisions.
daughter Martha leat college. Not eye
Mrs Dean, whom he met and ranean for Italy or other What I particularly dreaded, I
· obftrives.
said, was
while both wern an interval of six to eye
married Some of these could be used mom Inaclivity between the
students, is in ill-health and 18. living In California. either for an operation against Capture of Rome and "Overlord" WHEN I Southern France or for moving We ought to be fighting the would be mad if she de- from the head of the Adriatie my all the time, and the cred Russia's Invitation to come entd... towards the Danube. Both these operations which I had suggest in on the winning side, and at ed, although admittedly of a the same time lost the gympathy. timed
No great party-goer, Dean opera lens will be
ined, conformity with Overlord, secondary character, should be of Great Britain, Stalins reload spends what spare time he has Meanwhile it should not be the subject of
of carotul considera that a mimber of people preferred in booting on the Potomac difficult to spare two or three thon,
to be mad, and all nefrols-re with friende Stab reposed that "Overlord garded those who were waging Mr Atom funtered. That was an
Only divisions to take the lands At the Ægenn
Grand Wag, a very senioris operation, and war as fools to when
said that Turkey Turnhed my place horn.
by
In
Washington myself" he
once har anyone: sec
dressed and
then explained that it would has 11. was boter to help it by might be doing nothingy Atom Commbalonunciat
I concluded the meeting be quite Impossible to transfor vading the South of France. He
who had to go to supporting him with supplies and y diviálons from Has Mediter- Wind Verprefer) 16. same a saying that, although we were Carly one Sunday”? guerilia, activition; but these
contreon to, the United Kingdom »Aeronave role in Kalyand forgo cfl great friends, would be: Jelle JA I ROE out of "Bles deliver some urgent would not contain any
the capture of Rome for the pro- for us to delude ourselves that says, siderable number ol chemy ver and above the oven
Touationed. Shipping would not the would admit the in- we saw aye to ove on all mar ya troopban;
vasion of Southern France by, tons, Time and potence ware Coming out int say 10 divialors. Two months neccuracy, This brought us to the biggest un to it.
thing abo problem which would have to bo Slin asked me about the faber "Overlord" wouki
follow decided after consideration by operation against the South of ont the two invasions could then the military s'affs, namely, how France. I said it had not yet jon hardenGL TO 15 bring Turkey into the war been planned' in 'delail, but the na
that we khoolt be no "I replied t nid
open
communications idee was that it mighi), be dóna franger: it we puuted, out of the through the to the in conformity or limultaneously amon, Rome, and once, we DRONHA and thence to the with "Overlord.” TSW, RUMLE had taken, the only we should be
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