10
P.&O.-British India Apcar and
Eastern & Australian Lines
(COMPANIES incorporated in ENGLAND). MAIL AND PASSENGER STEAMERS.
TAKING CARGO FOR
STRAITS, JAVA, BURMA, CEYLON, INDIA, PERSIAN GULF, WEST INDIES, MAURITIUS, EAST AND SOUTH AFRICA, AUSTRALASIA, INCLUDING NEW ZEALAND AND QUEENSLAND PORTS, AND RED SEA, EGYPT, CONSTANTINOPLE, GREECE, LEVANTINE PORTS, EUROPE, dc.
PENINSULAR & ORIENTAL FORTNIGHTLY DIRECT ROYAL MAIL. STEAMERS. (Under Contract with H.M. Government.)
From
About
A.S.
Tons
Em Konn
1932.
Destination,
4th May Straits, Colombo & Bombay.
Noon
*ALIPORE
RANPURA
++*SOMALI
5,800
17,000
6,800 14th May
CHITRAL
*KIDDERPORE RANCHI **BANGALORE
NALDERA
KAISAR-I-HIND *+*BHUTAN
RAJPUTANA HANTUA **SOUDAN
RANPURA
RAWALPINDI
MALWA
THE CHINA
COAL v.
OIL
AS FUEL FOR MERCHANT SHIPS.
Comparative Advantages.
The comparative advantages of of
the marine market,
but,
MAIL.
|legated to a position of insignûc- ance, if not eliminated entirely from the marine. - market. This must be 'a matter of grave concern to those directly identified with the coal industry.
"Fuel Independence.”~~~ Lord Weir, commenting on Mr. Johnson's address, said that its
coal and oil fuel for merchant ships on the contrary, that it should subject-matter concerned the pros- were discussed at the annual meet-retain its place as an effective com-tish coal production. If oll could pects of about 20 per cent. of Bri- ing of the Institution of Naval petitor of oil. So long as ships Architects, which was continued at were able to use coal, the induce-thermally competitive basis with always be sold everywhere од а
chair.
the Royal Society of Arts, Ad-ment to sell oil at' attractive prices
coal, the use of coal as a fuel for miral of the Fleet Lord Wester would necessarily remain. Re- Wemyss, the president, was in the move this dependable check, and the marine propulsion would be doomed to extinction, and oll would be used matter then lay between competing Mr. J. Johnson, in an address pre-oil interests, a condition not without exclusively, either in Diesel engines pared at the request of the council, danger to consumers. It was im-or burned in boiler furnaces. Hap- of which be is B member, em possible to overestimate the strategic pily auch a situation, gloomy as it
would be from the British angle, did}|| phasized the importance of the advantage and bargaining power subject to all associated with ships underlying the ability to use either not yet exist. Even under to-day's or engaged in the production, dis- coal or oil at option. This desirabnormal market conditions oil was tribution, and sale of oil or coal. able position, however, could only not sold generally on a thermally Oil, he said, had definitely supersed-be realized if the type of propelling be this essential difference between competitive basis. There seemed to ed coal in certain classes of ton-machinery reached the requisite coal and oil prices; that coal prices nage, was being used in increasing standard of efficiency and was in measure every year, with the con- every respect quite suitable for the which ofl prices did not possess.
jhad a kind of Inherent stability séquence that coal was gradually duty contemplated.
The policy of fuel Independence,
being displaced. The advantages Approximately 10,000 vessels, agwhich Mr. Johnson suggested that of liquid fuel required no demon-gregating 23,0000,000 groes tons, stration, and it was certain, there were owned by Great Britain and the British shipowner should pursue by providing for the alternative use fore, that when its cost to the user, the Dominions. One-fifth of the of coal and oil, could not be obtain calculated ол н heat basis, ap-number was propelled by oil, and
{ed with internal-combustion en- proximated to that of coal, the latter of these there were roughly 900) was marked down
for extinction. motor-ships and 1,100 steamships, ask if he had to pay a heavy pre- gines. The shipowner would then There was for national reasons a representing together 9,000,000 general desire to see coal retain ajtons, or 40 per cent of the total mium for giving up Internal- place as a marine fuel. While it tonnage. These figures conveyed;
combustion machinery, Mr. Johna- was imperative to have ready access the extent to which British mer prices and on the assumption that ton's figures, based on to-day's 'oil to fuel to maintain control of the chant ships now depended upon oll. seas and transport of food in time
Limitations of Coal.
were low, seemed to of war, it was essential to this In considering the case for the show that the shipowner, speaking country's economic welfare to have retention of coal, the frankest re- broadly, could secure this fuel In-| control of fuel supplies in time of cognition of its physical limita- dependence without any additional outlay, "A correct decision was of
a well-1 Apart from shipping, British in- could be bought with assurance that great importance, and dustry depended upon cheap coal, its
considered policy on the part of) value and other
shipowners would count for much would conform
in the future. to specification, and
peace.
tions was necessary.
calorific
and in that respect its position was characteristics quite sound. British ships were closely
Whereas oil
these prices
to bedrock so as to
7th May Bombay, Marseilles & London.
Noon
Bombay, Marseilles, London, Havre,
Hours, 'terdam, Antwerp & Hill, mainly engaged in carrying exports that the quantity contracted for Mr. G. Clephan, discussing the 15,000 21st May Bombay, Marseilles & London. 5,800 31st May Straits, Colombo & Bombay.
from and imports to this country, would be delivered and readily question from the point of view of the mining industry, said that the 17,000 4th June Bombay, Marseilles & London.
and filled an important role in en-checked, coal upon occasion could be 6,500 11th June Bombay, Marseilles, London, Hare abling manufactured goods to be exceedingly troublesome. Variations minimum price hampered the coal- Hburg, 'terdam, Antwerp & Hill. sold abroad against foreign com- in physical characteristics, exces-owners in any attempt to get coal
Their earnings in this sive wetness, presence of foreign prices down petition. Havre, and other carrying trades were an matter, deviation in sizing, and compete with oil fuel. It seemed to important contribution to national short weight not infrequently caus-him that the minimum price was a income, and when coal or ofl owned ed annoyance and disappointment. great mistake, and that nothing but by British interests was used with- Much progress however, had been the searching fire of unfettered Bombay, Marseilles, London, Havre out impairing the competitive power made in recent years, and matters competition could help the coal in-
Eburg, 'tardan, Antwerp & Hull of manufacturer or shipowner a were gradually being put on Bombay, Marseilles & London.
dustry to recover what it had lost
16,000. 19th June 12,000 8,000
17,000 16th July 11,000 30th July
6,800
Marseilles & London.
2nd July, Marseilles &
9th July Bombay, Marseilles,
H'burg
6th Aug.
&Hull. Bombay, Marseilles London. Bombay, Haras!llos & London.
17,000 18th Aug.
17,000 27th Aug.
Marsellies & London.
11,000 10th Sept.
Bombay, Marseilles & London.
•Cargo only. ↑ Calla Casablanca. † Calls Djibouti,
Frequent connection from Port Said for Passengers and Cargo to Con stantinople, Pireaus, Smyrna and other Levant Ports by steamers of thi Khedival Hall Steamship Co.
BRITISH INDIA-APCAR SAILINGS.
SIRDHANA TILAWA TALMA
1932.
8,000 17th May
10,000 28th May Singapore, Penang & Calentia. 10,000 13th Juna
a
to the oil industry.
B.J. Apcar Line steamers have excellent accommodation for upon a continuance of supplies, of a ceptible of further Improvement large trunks and deck openings 1st and 2nd class passengers,
position of maximum advantage was more satisfactory footing. Coal attained: When fuel was bought should be more carefully prepared
Ventilation of Warships. from foreign suppllers the national for the marine market, and suppliers In a paper presented at the oven- receipts were diminished, but if its must give careful consideration to 'ing session Mr. L. Woollard describ- use enabled propulsion costs to be this if it was to be less of an an-led the methods by which a modern reduced, to the benefit of the coun-noyance than it now occasionally cruiser was ventilated. The ventila- try's general trading position, then proved. To lift coal to the same tion of a warship, he said, was re- the situation might have to be ac-level of utility as oil for marine quired to be efficient and adequate. cepted. Monopoly or curtailment purposes was a heavy taak, but by under. the diverse conditions of of supplies might be a remote con-no means impossible when one climate to which such a vessel might tingency, or not even a possible one, considered the high standards pre-be exposed, so that the ventilating but in any case users could not be vailing in power stations and the arrangements differed from those expected to shoulder a present trad-economical results already obtain- successfully adopted in ships of ing disability against a hypotheticaled by mechanical stoking at sea. other types. The only compartments future danger. The general adop Modern stean machinery had al-ventilated by natural means alone tion, however, of a system of pro-ready reached a stage of develop-were those situated entirely in the pulsion which would make the, mer- ment which warranted its general open. If natural ventilation were cantile marine entirely dependent adoption, and its efficiency was sus- used for spaces, below, excessively
special grade of ell at a suitable Based upon the use of home fuel, would be required, which would price raised issues of immense im-and the option of taking cheap fuel weaken the structure and protection portance.
oil ör coal at foreign ports, it would and introduce undesirable
top- EASTERN & AUSTRALIAN SAILINGS (South). was essential for economical trans- British shipowners.
It was axiomatic that cheap fuel augment the competitive power of hamper. By rigging wind sails, to During the divert a current of fresh air down port, and it was clearly to the ad- past two decades the annual con- the hatches and into the 'tween- vantage of trading communities, sumption of British bunker coal had deck mess spaces, a measure of na- shipowners in general, and, British fallen from 80,000 to 20,000,000 tural ventilation would be obtained 7,000
3rd June Manlia, Rabaul, Brisbane, Sydney & shipowners in particular, that coal tons, and if present tendencies con-which, under tropical conditions, 7,000 2nd July 7,000 30th July
not be driven. out tinued unchecked it would be re-provided an agreeable addition 20
PANDA NANKIN NELLORE
1932
Melbourne.
Regular monthly sailings from Hong Kong to Shanghai and Japan'
and Hong Kong to Australia.
Hong Kong to Sydney-19 days.
Frequent connections from Australia with the following:-
The Union 8.8. Company's steamers to the United Kingdom vis New
Zealand, Vancouver, San Francisco, etc.
The P. & O. Royal Mail Steamesto London, and..
The P. & O. Branch Service of steamers to London via Jues, The New Zealand Shipping Company's steamers for Southampton and London via Panama Canal.
RANCHI
SAILINGS TO SHANGHAI & JAPAN.
5 p.m.
TANDA
TILAWA
TALHA
NALDERA
*BHUTAN
BANTHIA . KAISAR-I-HIND- NANKIN AAN RAJPUTANA *SOUDAN
1932. 17,000 5th May Shanghai, Kobe & Yokohama.
Noon 7,0005th May Shai, Moil, Kobe - ♣ Yokohama.
10,000 6th May Antoy, Moj!, Kobe &
10,000 19th May Amoy Shat Moll Kol
16,000 +1-19th May, Shanghai, Hoji, Kobe & Yokohama.
6,000 1st June Shanghai, Kobe, ai
8,000 2nd June Amoyhal
-12,000
2nd June Shanghai Moji. Kob
$7,000 6th Jane Bhal, Molly Kobe O
17,000. 18th June Shangh
Cargo only.
6,800 28th June Shang
Kobe
Moil
should.
THE HONGKONG & WHAMPOA DOCK CO., LTD., HEAD OFFICE AND WORKS: KOWLOON, HONG KONGLONG ONE OFFICE 28226
"MANIFESTO, MONG KONGTM
KOWLOON DOCK 58653. DOCK OWNERS, SHIP DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS, MARINE AND LAND ENGINEERS, BOILER MAKERS, IRON, STEEL, AND BRASS FOUNDERS,
“FORGE MASTERS, WELDERS AND ELECTRICIANS.
On Lloyds
OF
Harbour
Call Flag
WEDNESDAY, MAY 1932.
DOLLAR
STEAMSHIP LINE S
AMERICAN MAIL LINE
Fortnightly via Suez to Europe & America
Weekly Sailings Transpacific
Fortnightly to California » New York
All outside twinbed staterooms
Three day stopover in Egypt
President Liners always sail on schedule
DOLLAR STEAMSHIP LINES AMERICAN MAIL" LINE
EXPRESS
PAWA
LINE
SERVICE
BARBER WILHELMSEN
LINE
TRANS-PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC COAST SERVICE
via PANAMA.
NEXT SAILING
M.V. TAI PING"
on MAY 16th.
for
SHANGHAI, KOBE, YOKOHAMA, SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, NEW YORK & BOSTON.
42 Days To New York.
For Passenger and Freight information pienso apply:.
DODWELL & CO. LTD.
Queen's Buildingu..”
Agenta.
28021
the fan supplies. In ordinary cir-stores for spirits, patrol, paint, etc. cumstances, however, ventilation In such compartments, it was essen- was effected almost entirely by tial that the heated air, noxious artificial, méana.yt Made gases, or inflammable vapour should The system adopted in most of not be disseminated about the ship the ships compartments where ven- but expelled direct to the open. The tilation, and not merely the removal air supplied might then not be fresh, of foul airy was the primary object, but in these compartments this was was the System of fan supply and generally of minor importance. natural exhaust. It was used in all A third system that of fan sup- Hiving spaces, in the majority of ply and fan exhaust was employed offices and stores, and in compart in a few spaces, for example, in the ments such as magazines and shell- main engine-roome rooms which were ocupied inter- necessary to mittently by men. Er
shown this system
be an
rience had and at the
on to fresh, e when the The supply
and Its the post
Antin
a could
where it was theshested air
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