晚清西文報紙導要 — Page 3

Research Publications All

Chieh pao 捷報
5.10
Publisher and editor: Henry D. O'Shea (to 1909?)
Press sequence
5.10.1 Shanghai Daily Press, 1897-1901
I-hsin 益新
5.10.2
New Press, 1901-1903
5.10.3 Daily Press, 1903-1905
5.11
Editors
Alfred Cunningham, then T.W. Kingsmill
Date
1897
1899
John Green
1900
A. Park
1901
1902
1904
F.F.
Thomas Cowen (also lessee of New Press with Chesney Duncan?)
C.A. Bond
A.E. Werne
The original proprietors, probably through 1903, were J.M. Guedes
and F. F. Ferris.
Shanghai Times, 1901-1911
T'ai-shih pao Sheng pao 泰時報申報 or T'ai-wu shih-pao 泰晤士報
90
91
5.12
Date
Publishers
1901
Frank B. Ball
1902
Willis P. Grey
Editors
Thomas Cowen
W.N. Swarthout, then John O'Shea, V. Marshall, Henry O'Shea, George Collinwood
F.W. Eddy
Frank Maitland
1906
Oriental Press
A.W. Marnham, then John O'Shea
1907
1911
John C. Ferguson
John O'Shea
The paper was founded to represent American interests and was throughout its history regarded as an American paper. However, should the ownership of the Oriental Press prove to be French, this assumption would require further study. According to William H. Donald, the Times was also "practically the official organ of the vice-regal government of Kiangsu." In 1905 it published a series of pro-Russian articles, forcing its removal from offices rented from a Japanese shipping company.
The high rate of editorial turnover, 1901-1902, began with Cowen's questioning Henry O'Shea's stories of Chinese atrocities in the Boxer siege of the Peking legations. He probably depended upon reports of his brother, John Cowen, special correspondent of the London Times. Thomas Cowen lost the resulting libel suit.
For at least part of 1902, with the partnership of Maitland and Henry O'Shea, the Shanghai Times and the China Gazette (5.9) were under O'Shea's control.
Shanghai Free Press, fl. 1909
Shih-hsin pao $$1$
Editor: Alfred G. Anderson
5.13
China Press, 1909 (?)-1911
Ta-lu pao 大陸報
5.14
China Weekly, 1909
5.15
Republican Advocate of China, 1911
5.16
5.17
The Cycle, 1870-1871
Hsin-huan 循環
Publishers: C. and A.A. do Rozario; editor: R.A. Jamieson This periodical only barely meets the requirements for inclusion as a China-coast newspaper. Its editor, R.A. Jamieson, formerly of
the North-China Herald (5.1.5), had given a decidedly pro-Chinese flavor to that newspaper and with The Cycle went considerably
further. The publishers, C. And A.A. do Rozario, also published the
French weekly newspaper Le Nouvelliste (6.4.1), which evidently had a quite different editorial policy. No evidence has been found to support the view, widely assumed at the time, that Sir Robert Hart of the Imperial Maritime Customs was the "real" publisher of The Cycle. Still, there is every reason to suppose that Hart could have exercised and probably did exercise considerable editorial influence on Jamieson,
who had shown himself previously in sympathy with Hart's approach to Chinese affairs. Typical of contemporary reaction was that of the
China Mail (3.4.1), which regarded The Cycle with the utmost sus-
picion and considered it "conceited."
South-China Daily Journal, 1905-1907 (?) Nanfangpao [sic] 南方報
The newspaper changed both editors and publishers as of July 13,
1907. The new editor of the English-language section was S. Tseng
Laisun (Tseng Tzu-an).
Although the Chinese-owned and edited South-China Daily Journal or Nanfangpao was a bilingual newspaper, its primarily Chinese- language content places it in the "border-line" category as far as
the scope of this research guide is concerned. Nevertheless, this publication, being more substantial that the Chinese-owned China-coast newspapers of Peking (7.17), probably comes closest to meeting Wang
T'ao's hopes--at least in our period.
The English-language section consists generally of two pages containing mild, but intelligently pro-Chinese editorials. The news almost without exception deals with Chinese internal affairs,
T
26
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mostly in the form of straight news stories sent by telegraph from local correspondents. Edicts and other important official announce- ments are, however, included from time to time.
6.
SHANGHAI:
PORTUGUESE, FRENCH, AND GERMAN
A.
6.1
6.2
António José Diniz
Portuguese
O Aquilão, 1867-1868
Editor:
Although the majority of the articles printed by this newspaper were of a literary and social nature, there were some which were sufficiently controversial to result in the closing of the paper by the Portuguese Consul in Shanghai. Contents included articles on Macao. The principal contributors were Albina da Silveira and A. d'Encarnacão; the paper was first printed and published by C. do Rozario.
O Progresso, 1888-1889
A political journal and critical of the Portuguese administration,
Publisher:
6.4.2
6.5
6.6
Le Nouvelliste is said to have been supported by the French community and to have represented "official" French thought, i.e.
93
expansionary commercial policies and support of Catholic missionaries;
but this view is placed in doubt by the fact that Beer appears not even to have registered with the French authorities as a French citizen.
Le Courrier de Changhai, 1873
Shang-hai ch'ai-pao
Editor: M. Virmaître
The editor had been formerly on the staff of Le Nouvelliste. Le Courrier lasted but three issues.
Le Progrès, Journal de l'Extrême Orient, 1870(?)-1872 Chin-pu 進步
Editor: Emile Lépissier
Lépissier is said to have been a professor at the University
of Peking; his policy is reported as bitter opposition to that of Le Nouvelliste (6.4.1).
L'Echo de Changhai group*
For comment on this group, see text below 6.6.2.
6.6.1
L'Echo de Changhai, 1886
Shang-hai hui-sheng pao
Guedes and Co.; editor: M. Fernandes Carvalho
O Progresso was apparently not. popular and failed to receive suf- ficient support from the community. See also 0 Echo da China (4.5.1).
6.6.2
6.3
Rotunda, 1911
Editor: Francisco Brito
B.
French
6.4
Virmaître sequence
6.4.1
Le Nouvelliste de Changhai, 1870-1872
Shang-hai pao-chieh
Publishers:
C. and A. A. do Rozario; editor:
M. Beer
聲報
Le Courrier de L'Extrême Orient, 1886
Publisher and editor: S. Salabelle
L'Echo de Changhai was a daily newspaper, the successor to L'Echo du Japon, formerly published in Yokohama by Salabelle. Le Courrier, the weekly edition, "is not only a resume of the news and articles appearing during the week in L'Echo; it is
*Information for groups 6.6 and 6.7 was provided by Lucien Bianco, University of Paris. At the editor's request, he submitted his manuscript in French; when the decision to publish in English was reached, Catherine E. King translated and the editor made certain condensations subsequently approved by the author.
92
mostly in the form of straight news stories sent by telegraph from local correspondents. Edicts and other important official announce- ments are, however, included from time to time.
6.
SHANGHAI:
PORTUGUESE, FRENCH, AND GERMAN
A.
Portuguese
6.1
O Aquilão, 1867-1868
Editor:
António José Diniz
6.2
6.3
B.
6.4.2
6.5
Although the majority of the articles printed by this newspaper were of a literary and social nature, there were some which were sufficiently controversial to result in the closing of the paper by the Portuguese Consul in Shanghai. Contents included articles on Macao.
The principal contributors were Albina da Silveira and A. d'Encarnacão; the paper was first printed and published by C. do Rozario.
O Progresso, 1888-1889
Publisher:
Guedes and Co.; editor: M. Fernandes Carvalho
A political journal and critical of the Portuguese administration,
O Progresso was apparently not. popular and failed to receive suf- ficient support from the community.
Rotunda, 1911
Editor: Francisco Brito
See also O Echo da China (4.5.1).
6.6.2
French
Virmaitre sequence
Le Nouvelliste de Changhai, 1870-1872
6.4
6.4.1
Shang-hai pao-chieh
上海報界
Publishers: C. and A.A. do Rozario; editor:
M. Beer
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Le Nouvelliste is said to have been supported by the French community and to have represented "official" French thought, i.e. expansionary commercial policies and support of Catholic missionaries; but this view is placed in doubt by the fact that Beer appears not even to have registered with the French authorities as a French citizen.
Le Courrier de Changhai, 1873
Shang-hai ch'ai-pao
Editor: M. Virmaître
The editor had been formerly on the staff of Le Nouvelliste. Le Courrier lasted but three issues.
Le Progrès, Journal de l'Extrême Orient, 1870(?)-1872 Chin-pu 進步
Editor:
Emile Lépissier
Lépissier is said to have been a professor at the University
of Peking; his policy is reported as bitter opposition to that of Le Nouvelliste (6.4.1).
6.6
L'Echo de Changhai group*
6.6.1
For comment on this group, see text below 6.6.2.
L'Echo de Changhai, 1886
Shang-hai hui-sheng pao 上海回聲報
Le Courrier de L'Extrême Orient, 1886
Publisher and editor: S. Salabelle
L'Echo de Changhai was a daily newspaper, the successor to L'Echo du Japon, formerly published in Yokohama by Salabelle. Le Courrier, the weekly edition, "is not only a resume of the news and articles appearing during the week in L'Echo; it is
*Information for groups 6.6 and 6.7 was provided by Lucien Bianco,
University of Paris. At the editor's request, he submitted his manuscript in French; when the decision to publish in English was reached, Catherine E. King translated and the editor made certain condensations subsequently approved by the author.
94
95
6.7
6.7.1
especially designed for European readers." Both the daily and weekly began publication in January 1886; although the last available copy of Le Courrier is dated October 13 of that year it contains no indication that the newspaper is about to cease publication.
Salabelle himself confessed to knowing little of China and his speculations relative to Chinese politics are few and cautious. He advocated "modernization" of the country, remained skeptical on the chances of rapid transformation, occasionally criticized the xenophobic sentiments of the Chinese and their "tired civilization," but made no systematic attack on the government or the Chinese people. Actually, Salabelle was less interested in China in particular than in the Far East in general, and especially the defense of French interests in the Far East. Indeed, the transfer from Yokohama to Shanghai was undertaken because of the better communications facilities in the latter city. Thus the newspaper contains numerous letters from Japan and even more numerous letters from Indochina. One of Le Courrier's principal preoccupations was the development of French commerce in Tonkin; to this end Salabelle advocated the establishment of an efficacious customs procedure.
L'Echo de Chine group
For comment on this group, see text below 6.7.2.
L'Echo de Chine, 1897-1911
✯✯
*‡
Chung-Fa (hsin) hui-pao (1) or Fa-hsing shih-wu pao 法興時務報
L'Echo de Chine (weekly edition), 1901-1911
6.7.2
Date
Directors
Editors-in-chief
1897
Marcel Tillot
(or 1898?)
J. Emile Lemière
1907 (or 1909?) J.J. Chollot
A. Monestier
History
This, the most important of the French-language newspapers, was founded in 1897 by Marcel Tillot and other French residents of Shanghai. Their avowed purpose was the defense of French interests in the Far East. Reversing the eighteenth and early nineteenth- century procedure, this group founded a printing press, Les Presses Orientales, from the profits of which they intended financing the newspaper. Throughout our period the newspaper was dominated by men of affairs whose principal activities appear to have been outside L'Echo de Chine--which was, indeed, a reflection of them.
Eugene Bard contributed regularly to L'Echo in 1898; Rodolphe Van Loo, in 1906-1907; and Jean Rodes and Jean Fredet were active through 1911. All were authors of book-length studies of China. An R.W. MacCabe was listed in one source as "editor-in-chief" in 1907, but this was not confirmed in the newspaper itself.
The contents of the newspaper, especially poor in 1898, im- proved rapidly through 1900. Coverage of the Hundred Days actually occupies less space than in the French newspaper Le Temps; much of L'Echo's material on this subject was copied from the Times. L'Echo was concerned with the daily life of French residents in Shanghai. The newspaper also reprinted extracts of novels from the homeland; these it considered its obligation to make available to its exiled compatriots. This was less an "echo of China" than
an "echo of the French concession and, secondly, of France"!
By 1911, on the other hand, L'Echo had come to provide a not
It analyzed negligible source of information on the Chinese world. internal Chinese politics and reported on internal disturbances and revolutionary agitation, while its local correspondence was as much concerned with the life and sentiments of the Chinese as with the receptions of consuls and the consecration of bishops.
Policy
L'Echo de Chine was founded to defend French interests; thus in 1898 it supported French official policies and Catholic missionaries, was hostile to the British and to their China-coast newspapers (from
:
96
which it nevertheless borrowed essential news reports), and despised the Chinese. The business interests sought expansion of French commerce in the Far East and opposed socialism at home.
Although these attitudes continued throughout Lemière's editorship, they were expressed less bluntly in 1906 than in 1898. As for Britain, the atmosphere of the Entente Cordiale was replacing that of the Fachoda Affair, but the rapprochement in Shanghai was slow and half-hearted. The French editors had difficulty in mounting their animosity toward the effective and dynamic British colony of Shanghai.
sur-
Coverage of internal Chinese affairs expanded, especially during the Boxer uprising, but incomprehension remained total. Not sur- prisingly, L'Echo substituted bitter criticism of the Manchus for the sarcasm which it had directed against Chinese blunders. With the growth of the revolutionary movement in China, however, L'Echo moved to support the imperial regime, hoping that it would undertake the reforms necessary to modernize China.
With the editorship of Monestier in 1907 and especially with the added influence of Jean Fredet, certain modifications of policy became apparent. Although remaining hostile to the revolutionaries, L'Echo daily published long extracts from Chinese newspapers openly hostile to the Chinese Regent and friendly to the revolutionary T'ung-meng Hui ra
While L'Echo continued to denounce
•
the xenophobia of the Chinese press it quoted, it nevertheless indicated an interest in Chinese civilization and appeared determined to show for the Chinese national character a respect which would have been completely alien to L'Echo of the early years.
C.
German
6.8
6.8.3
Date
1887
6.8.2
Shanghaier Nachrichten, 1907-1911
Handelsnachrichten, 1907-1911
Publishers
Bruno R.A. Navarra
1889 (?)
1902
W. Schittler(?)
(June-Oct.)
1902 (Oct.)
Carl Fink (?)
Editors
Bruno R.A. Navarra
W. Schittler
F. Hoffert
Carl Fink
Carl Fink and H. Lochlin were listed as proprietors in 1909, and it is likely that both Schittler and Fink were publishers during their editorships. An E. Finck has been mentioned as "managing editor" in 1900, but we have found no confirmation of
this.
Miscellaneous information
97
The newspaper was first published as a weekly, then as a daily sheet of the Shanghai Courier (5.7.9), then independently. There may, however, have been a permanent connection with the Mercury group (5.7), at least on the business side.
The Shanghaier Nachrichten and the Handelsnachrichten were supplements, for local readers and of commercial news respectively, which were included with the parent newspaper. Some libraries,
however, catalogue them separately.
The sub-title of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd is "Organ für die Deutschen Interessen im Fernen Üsten," but the extent to which the editorial policy reflected this aim is yet to be determined.
The company appears to have been involved in the founding of two North China newspapers, Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5) in
In both Tientsin and the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (7.11).
cases Carl Fink was active.
6.8.1
Der Ostasiatische Lloyd group
For comment on this group, see text below 6.8.3.
Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, 1887-1911
Te-wen hsin-pao 1##
德文新報
H
98
7. CHINA: OTHER CITIES
Tientsin
7.1
Chinese Times, 1886-1891
T'ien-chin shih-pao &
Publisher and editor: Alexander Michie
The Chinese Times was founded and edited by Alexander Michie and ceased publication when he retired in 1891. The newspaper was accused of being subsidized by Jardine Matheson and Company, but Michie denied this--to which denial, contemporaries replied, "If not Jardine's, then by whom?" A Chinese source, Yen Chung-p'ing
, states that the newspaper was published by a German company, but this seems highly unlikely. However, Gustav Detring was connected with the Shih-pao, the Chinese-language news- paper published by the Chinese Times. Detring acted for Viceroy Li Hung-chang in securing Timothy Richard as editor of the Shih-pao. German influence on the Chinese Times would also account for the strong German feeling aginst the later Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2).
The purpose of the Chinese Times, as stated by the editor, was not to compete with the Shanghai newspapers but rather to focus on news in the north. The newspaper would have leading articles, Michie wrote, but their purpose would be to "espouse progress." In general, the news would be allowed to tell its own story. Michie held to his purpose, and the Chinese Times may well be the best English-language newspaper in nineteenth-century China.
The Chinese Times tended to let the world-shaking problems which so upset its contemporaries pass it by. The newspaper did cover North China, and, when it editorialized, as in the case of the Mitkiewicz scheme, it appears to have had the facts, to have thought the matter out carefully before advising the foreign com- munity, the Chinese and Japanese governments, and the world at large on the best course of action. It is also valuable for its
7.2
99
translations of articles from the Shih-pao, the Chinese newspaper
which it printed but which followed an entirely independent policy. A casual reading of the Chinese Times might lead one to suppose the editor was an American, as reference to the United States is made. as by one familiar with the country. Actually, Michie was English, although the newspaper did not present a narrowly English view of
the North China scene.
Peking and Tientsin Times, 1894-1911
T'ien-chin t'ai-shih shih-pao ¤‡ ± #k
Date
Publishers
1894
A. William H. Bellingham (d. 1895)
1897
1901
1903
1907
1911
George Collinwood (general manager)
Editors
A. William H. Bellingham
Alice M. Vaughan Smith
Alice M. Vaughan Smith and William McLeish (co-editors)
Alice M. Vaughan Smith (sole editor)
H.E. Redmond
David S. Fraser
Accurately reflecting the changed temper of the times, Bellingham stated that "in thought and opinion the Peking and Tientsin Times will be essentially British." This brought an immediate response from the German community and management came under attack from a German shareholder. After legal difficulties, however, the news- paper continued on a British basis. No doubt noting the success of Michie and his Chinese Times (7.1), Bellingham also stated his intention to concentrate on news of Chihli and certain of the northern treaty ports, and to add only a few of the most urgent
telegrams from Europe.
The Times was highly critical of the Chinese-owned and edited
Peking Daily News (7.16.2).
100
7.3
Bolletino Italiano dell'Estremo Oriente, 1898-1902
7.4
China Times group
7.4.1
China Times, 1902-1911
I-wen hsi-pao
益聞西報
7.4.2
Evening Express, 1902(?)-1911(?)
7.5
Editor: John Cowen; publishers: William C.B. Cowen (1905), then (by 1911) Lt. Col. R. Bate
Founded in Peking in 1901, the China Times moved its headquarters to Tientsin in 1902. The paper was published daily in both Peking and Tientsin; the company's registered office was Hong Kong. John Cowen was deported from China in 1904 but returned in 1905. The newspaper sided editorially with the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. (See also 5.11 for brother Thomas Cowen's policy.)
Tageblatt für Nordchina, 1904-1911
Pei-yang Te-Hua jih-pao t
Editors: Carl Fink (?1904), E. Klocke (1905), B. Petzold (1908), F.K. Dressler (1911)
This German-language newspaper appears to have been started by or with the cooperation of Shanghai's Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8). Carl Fink may well have established the Tientsin paper and then returned to Shanghai, for in 1906 he continues to be listed "on the staff" but in Shanghai. (See also 7.11.)
7.6
North China Printing and Publishing Company group
7.6.1
China Review, 1906-1909
Ching-wei pao 警偉報
7.6.2
China Critic, 1909-1911
Publisher and editor: Lt. Col. Charles L. Norris Newman
Founded and edited by a Britisher, this daily was established to present Russian opinion on China affairs. The newspaper may have received a Russian government subsidy at first. In 1911 it was
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
7.8
7.9
101
published by the North China Printing and Publishing Company, of which Norris Newman was chairman. In the absence of extant copies, it is not possible to assess the implications of the title change.
Le Courrier group
Le Courrier de Tientsin, 1903-1911
Le Journal de Chine, 1907-1910
Editors: R. Chevalier (1904), Marcel van Leberghe (1906)
Le Journal was a bi-monthly "overland" for Le Courrier, which claimed to represent both French and Belgian interests.
L'Echo de Tientsin, 1909 (?) -1911
T'ien-chin hui-sheng pao or Ch'uan-wu pao
天津回聲報權務報
L'Echo was reported to be the official organ for the French
municipal government.
Ostasiatische Nachrichten, 1909-1911
Ya-tung shih-pao
#
Editor and manager: J. Goennert
The official translation of the title is "East Asiatic News."
Tsingtao
7.10
7.11
Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte, 1899 (?)-1911
Publisher: Picart (1900); editor: Viktor Roehr (1903-1905) The newspaper was sub-titled "Wochenblatt des Deutschen Ki aut schou-Gebietes"; it was a daily with a weekly edition.
There
is some evidence that it may have ceased publication as early as
1905.
Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten, 1904-1911
Publisher: Carl Fink (see also 6.8 and 7.5); editors: H. von
Kropff (1904), F. Walther (1908)
7.12
Die Welt des Ostens, 1904-1907(?)
U
102
7.13
Kiautschou-Post, 1908(?)-1911
Peking*
7.14
7.15
Editor: H. von Kropff (1910?)
This newspaper may not have commenced publication until 1910.
China Times, 1901
I-wen hsi-pao
Publisher and editor:
John Cowen
The China Times began publication in the spring of 1901 and was heralded as the first Western-language newspaper in the capital. By 1902, however, its principal place of business was Tientsin, for which see 7.4.
Pekinger Deutsche Zeitung, 1901-(?)
This weekly was sub-titled "Amtlicher Anzeiger der Kaiserlich Deutschen Behörden in Peking." There were two pages of news and proclamations in the second issue (January 13, 1901); by March, editorials and advertisements had been added.
The dates suggest
that this newspaper was a close contender for the title of first Western-language journal in the capital (see 7.14).
7.18
Both publications were Chinese-owned and edited; the pinion was amalgamated with the News in 1909.
The motto of the News was "impartial but patriotic." It contained a summary of foreign news, some local news (e.g., the movements of foreigners and guest lists at the foreign hotels), translations of edicts, and extracts from the Peking Chinese- language press. The editor was critical of the editorial policy of the Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2.).
The publishers of the News also issued a Chinese newspaper.
Le Journal de Pekin, fl. 1910
Two of its ten pages were in Chinese.
7.19 Peking Post, Jan.-Feb. 1910
Manchuria (Harbin, unless stated)
7.20
103
7.16
L'Echo de Pekin, 1905-1908
Proprietor: Demoulain et Cie.
7.17
7.17.1
Chinese-owned sequence
Chinese Public Opinion, 1908-1909
Ying-wen Pei-ching jih-pao 英文北京日報
Publisher: Chu Chi 朱淇
7.17.2 Peking Daily News, 1909-1911
Editors: Li Sum Ling (1909), Lo Sing Low (1911); manager: Li Tsing Chi
*For the Peking and Tientsin Times, published in Tientsin, see 7.2.
Novyi Krai (New country), Port Arthur 1900-1906, Harbin 1907-1911 Editors: P.A. Artemev (1905-1910), S.V. Poletika (1910-1911)
Some English-language material was included.
Listok Ezhednevynkh Telegramm i Ob'yavlenii (Schedule of daily telegrams and announcements), 1902-1903, Oct.-Nov. 1905
7.22.1 Manchuria Daily News (Dairen), 1911 (?)
7.21
The newspaper was Japanese-owned and survived into the 1930's. Some sources indicate it was founded in 1912. There was a monthly
edition, Manchurian Month, but again it is not clear in what year
it was established.
7.22.2 Man'chzhuriya, 1903 or 1905 (?)
Only five issues were published.
い
104
7.23
Kharbinskii Vestnik (Harbin courier), 1903-1911
Editor: I.A. Dobroslovskii
This was a publication of the Chinese Eastern Railway, and carried the sub-title "Torogovo-promyshiennaia, literaturnaia i obshchestvennaia gazeta" (Trade, industrial, literary and social
gazette).
7.24 Molodaya Rossiya (Young Russia), 1906-(?)
7.25
New Life group
7.25.1 Vestnik Vostoka (Eastern courier), Feb.-Nov. 1907
7.25.2 Devyatyi Val (Tempest), Aug.-Nov. 1907
7.25.3 Novaia Zhizn' (New life), 1907-1911
Editors (1907): G.0. Levencigler (formerly publisher of 7.25.1), Z.M. Kliorin (formerly with 7.25.2), S.P. Chernjavskij
Novaia Zhizn', an amalgamation of 7.25.1 and 7.25.2, was published by Tovaris cestvo Novaia Zhizn'.
7.26
Kharbin, (?)-1908
7.27
Golos Man'ch zhurii (Voice of Manchuria), 1908
This publication lasted but a few months.
7.29
Che foo
7.30
7.31
7.32
Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette, fl. 1891
Proprietor and editor: W.J. Allen
Chefoo Daily News, 1904-1907
Publisher: R. R. McDermid (with J. McMillan?)
Chefoo Express, 1894-1897, 1902-(?)
Publisher: H. Sietas
Chefoo Morning Post, 1908-1911
Chih-fu ch'ai-pao
芝罘差報
Proprietor and editor: James Silverthorne
Foochow
7.33
Foochow Herald sequence
For comment on this group, see text below 7.33.4.
7.33.1 Foochow Advertiser, 1866-1867(?)
7.33.2
Fu-chou kuang-kao pao
Foochow Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, (?)-1873
7.33.3 Foochow llerald, 1873-1884 (?)
7.33.4
Foochow Daily Advertiser, 1873-1875
Publisher: J.P. MacMahon (1873-1875); editor: John Patrick
Lalor (late 1870's)
The Herald, which was a weekly, published a daily advertising
sheet, the Foochow Daily Advertiser. The connection of this pub-
lication with the bi-weekly Foochow Advertiser is not known, but
a possible chain of development is as shown above.
Foochow Daily Echo, 1873-1911
福州每日回聲報
Fu-chou mei-jih hui-sheng pao ✯ ✯ 4 8 ☺ # #
Publisher and editor: D. Rosario (founder), then (1896)
the widow of D. Rosario
Amoy
7.28
Amoy Shipping Report sequence
7.28.1
Amoy Shipping Report, 1872-1878
7.28.2 Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report, 1878-1911
Publishers: Fu-chien yin-tzu-kuan EP ; editors:
A.A. Marcal (1878), J. F. Marcal (1888)
In 1878 the shipping report was converted, according to con-
temporaries, into a "real" newspaper.
7.34
105


106
7.35
Foo-chow-foo Courier, 1858-1859
8.
LONDON
Fu-chou-fu ch'ai-pao
福州府差報
8.1
Telegraph-Express group
7.36
Express and Shipping Gazette, 1880
For comment on this group,
see text below 8.1.4.
8.1.1
China Telegraph, 1858-1859
Hankow
8.1.2
London and China Telegraph, 1859-1911
7.37
Hankow Times, 1866-1868
8.1.3
China Express, 1858-1859
Han jih-shih pao
漢日時報
Hsin-wen chih 4 A
Publisher and manager: F.W. Thomson
107
8.1.4
Thomson also published a price current and market report. Publication ceased on March 28, 1868, because no editor could be found. Contemporary newspapers both praised and quoted the Times.
7.38
7.39
Hankow Daily News, 1906-1911
Editors: J. Andrew (1907), then J. Ross-Reid (promoted from
sub-editor 1909)
Central China Post, 1904-1911
Ch'u pao 楚報, or Chung-yang yu-pao 中央郵報
Weihaiwei
This newspaper may have been a Chinese-language publication.
7.40
•
Lyre-Gazette group
7.40.1 Wei-hai-wei Lyre, (?)-1901
7.40.2 Wei-hai-wei Gazette, 1901-(?)
The
This group apparently illustrates progress from a humor magazine to a daily newspaper. The only extant issue of the Lyre states that it "no longer professes to be funny"; it then consisted of only one page, containing news from abroad and telegrams. Gazette was larger and printed on new presses; it was a newspaper and in its first issue stated its hope to enlarge, requested con-
tributions, and declared that it was "non-political" but open to controversy. The address of the Gazette's office was "care of Lavers
and Clark."
8.2
London and China Express, 1859-1911
These newspapers were published by the same company and followed
identical editorial policies, the same editorials often being
printed in both the Express and the Telegraph. The Telegraph was published on the day of the arrival of the overland mail and is especially important to the student of China-coast history because
it contains extracts from newspapers no longer available and because
it provides a single source for covering the general news of China as seen by the English-language press there. Early January editions.
of the Telegraph contain useful annual surveys and both the Telegraph
and the Express carried trade statistics.
The Express was published on the day of the outgoing overland
mail and contained news of Europe of interest to subscribers in
China. It reported on developments in China policy as seen from
European capitals and is therefore of more limited but still con-
siderable interest to the student.
London and China Herald, 1867-1870 (?)
Publisher: George Street; editor: Y.J. Murrow
This short-lived newspaper followed the form of the China Express
and the London and China Express (8.1.3-4); it contained summaries
of British opinion on China, commercial news, home news, and the like.
It has especial interest in that its editor, Y.J. Murrow, was the
proprietor and former editor of the outspoken Hongkong Daily Press
(3.5). In the issue of June 17, 1870, Murrow stated that he had
108
8.3
8.3.1
109
plans for expansion, but no further copies of the newspaper have
been located.
European Mail group
European Mail (for the East), 1870-1898
The purpose of the Mail resembled that of the Telegraph (8.1.1-2). Until July 1870, there was a special edition dealing with China,
but after that date there was a combined issue for India and the Far
East. The European Mail also had editions for other parts of the
world; thus, "for the East" designates the edition.
8.7
The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review, 1824-1829(?)
Although not devoted exclusively to China, this free-trade journal from time to time carried news of the China trade, and is a useful source for the very early period of Far Eastern journalism.
8.3.2
Overland Mail, 1855-1911
8.3.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Overland Mail, China, 1870(?)-(?)
These newspapers contained news of Europe for the Far East. The
special China edition (8.3.3) was designed for transmission by the
French mails.
Thacker's Overland News for India, China and the Far East, 1857-1864
Publisher: Edmund Pewtress
The paper contained only occasional news of China.
Homeward Mail from India, China and the Far East, and Official Gazette,
1857-1911
Publishers: Edward Ashmore, then Henry S. King and Co. (1870)
Like the Telegraph, this newspaper was published on the arrival
of the overland mail and, especially prior to 1870, it contained a significant amount of China news, including appointments, deaths,
births, and other statistics.
European Budget, 1872-(?)
Publisher and editor: C. Treasure Jones
Jones, who founded this "reverse overland," was a colorful China-
coast journalist of considerable, but questionable, experience.
110
111
IV
BIOGRAPHIES OF CHINA-COAST PUBLISHERS AND EDITORS
The biographical material in this section will aid the researcher in tracing the careers of China-coast publishers and editors as they moved from one paper to the next. We are also concerned, of course, with any information which would reveal business connections or editorial bias, but this is not as readily available as one might suppose; editors, although probably well-known characters to their contemporaries, maintained the fiction of editorial anonymity. Those (like Tarrant) who achieved some independent notoriety have been frequently referred to in secondary sources, but little real evaluation has been made of their role. Who's Who's provide
basic data for later journalists, but perhaps the most revealing sources are the signed articles and other publications of the editors and publishers, as these provide an independent check on the subject's more considered opinions. Representative publications of publishers and editors are listed in the Bibliography, Part B.
Since these biographical sketches concentrate on information having some bearing on the person as journalist, the biographies of men also well- known in other fields must be rigorously limited. arranged alphabetically, begin with birth and death information if available,
The entries, which are
continue with a listing of journalistic experience, and most of them conclude with a general sketch. In evaluating the journalistic experience, the reader should recognize that the distinction between "proprietor" and "publisher" is usually not clear, that an editor was often the publisher and proprietor as well, even though no information to this effect is available; and a man listed as editor of one newspaper, e.g. the North-China Herald, should be considered as editor of all contemporary publications in the group, unless it is otherwise stated.
AGABEG, A.L.
1858: prop. Hong Kong Daily Press (3.5.1)
An Armenian merchant, he had been proprietor of Agabeg and Company
since at least 1847.
ALLEN, W.J.
1891: ed. and prop. Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette (7.29)
ANDERSON, Alfred G.
1909: ed. Shanghai Free Press (5.12)
ANDREW, J. (d. Hankow, 1907)
1907: ed. Hankow Daily News (7.38)
Andrew was engaged in trade in Hankow.
ANDREWS, Edward
1866 (Apr.-June): prop. A. Short rede and Co.
Andrews bought the company which published the China Mail (3.4.1)
from James Kemp's executor, George B. Falconer, and sold out to Nicholas
B. Dennys for $28,000.
ARTEMEV, P.A.
1905 (?)-1910: ed. Novyi Krai (7.20)
ASH, Arthur
1889:
sub-ed. and manager, Chinese Times (7.1)
D'AZEVEDO, Luiz
1845-1849: asst. to John Carr, pub. Friend of China (3.1.2)
1850 (Jan.-Aug.): de facto ed. Friend of China
1850-1859: asst. to William Tarrant
1866: reporter, Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1)
D'Azevedo came to Hong Kong in 1843 and worked on the Friend of China
from 1845 to 1859, primarily as its printer but also as general assistant.
In 1855 and again in 1859 when Tarrant was unable to edit the newspaper,
D'Azevedo undertook this task. His life might be considered typical of
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113
those of so many able Portuguese in a colony in which, outside their
own community, the range of possible responsibility was strictly limited by custom.
BAIN, George Murray (b. Montrose, Scotland, 1842; d. Britain, 1909)
1864: sub-ed. China Mail (3.4.1)
1866: pub. Hongkong Mercury and Shipping Gazette (3.6); also prop.,
along with ed. W.F. Ferris; upon Ferris's withdrawal, also acted as ed, from Nov. 1
1867:
reporter, China Mail
1871 (Oct.): purchased Daily Advertiser (3.7.1) and converted it to
Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.2)
1872:
1873:
purchased China Mail from Charles A. Saint; concurrently prop. of Advertiser (until May)
formed partnership with China Mail ed. Nicholas B. Dennys, under firm name of Bain and Dennys
1875:
1879:
became sole prop. China Mail
took over editorship of China Mail
1906-1908(?): chairman "China Mail" Ltd.
Bain was educated at Montrose Borough School and came to long Kong as a printer on February 9, 1864.
BALFOUR, Frederic Henry (d. 1889?)
1873-1878: ed. Evening Gazette (5.7.6), then Shanghai Courier
and China Gazette (5.7.9) and Celestial Empire (5.7.8) 1874-1881(?): prop. Gazette and Celestial Empire
1875: purchased Courier and Budget (5.7.5) from Hugh Lang estate 1881-1885: ed. North-China Herald (5.1.1)
1881-1889:
part owner, North-China Herald
Coming to China as a young man, Balfour was first a clerk in Schleiber, Matthaei and Company in Shanghai. A prolific writer whose works included fiction (pseud. Ross George Dering), he was also a Sinologue and served for a time as a professor at Peking University. Publications.
BALL, Frank B.
1901-1902: founder and pub. Shanghai Times (5.11)
Ball was "taipan" of the American Trading Company, and he founded the newspaper to express American interests in China.
BASTOS, António Joaquim
1885-1886: ed. O Macaense (1.11.2)
In
Active in journalism, Bastos had strong political views. addition to the above-listed actual editorship, he was known as a principal contributor to 0 Imparcial 1873 (1.11.1), A Voz do Crente 1887-1895 (1.11.3), and O Echo Macaense 1893-1899 (1.11.4). He was probably active on O Macaense before 1885, succeeding to the editorship
His contributions on the death of Manuel José Maria Gonçalves da Silva.
to O Echo Macaense strengthened the political tone of that newspaper, and led to its eventual suspension by the government.
BASTOS, Pinto
1872-1874:
ed. (?) Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4)
Pinto Bastos was procurador; in the 1874 election he ran against da Silva Magalhães and the coolie dealers, winning a disputed election
It is probable that the as deputy of Macao in the Lisbon parliament. actual editor of the Gazeta was Francisco de Souza.
BATE, R.
1911: ed. China Times (7.4.1)
At the time of Bate's editorship he was referred to by the title
"Lieutenant-Colonel."
BEECHER, J.C.
1860 (June-Dec.): ed. Hongkong Register and Daily Advertiser (3.3.7) Beecher, an American missionary related to Harriet Beecher Stowe, was asked by Strachan to edit the Register after the Chronicle (3.3.5) debacle. He carefully avoided all controversies.
T
114
115
BEER, M. (b. Lyon, France)
1870-1872: ed. Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (6.4.1)
Beer was a native of Lyon, France, but as he did not register with the French Consulate in Shanghai, he was considered outside the community. Described as an adventurer, he came to Shanghai from Australia. In October 1871 he publicly assaulted Emile Lépissier, editor of Le Progrès (6.5), because of articles written by the latter. Lépissier fired a revolver at Beer and wounded him. This is the only physical assault recorded in the history of China-coast journalism-- but for a near miss, see biographies of Wood and Keating.
BELL, Henry Thorburn Montague (b. 1873)
1895-1906: London Times (asst. correspondent in Berlin until 1898; then asst. correspondent in Balkans until 1900; then corres- pondent in South Africa, Boer War, until 1906) 1906 (June): ed. North-China Daily News (5.1.8)
Education: Cambridge, classical honors.
BELL, William Harvey (d. Marseilles, 1877)
Publications.
1866-1876: lessee (from Y.J. Murrow), Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2) 1868: took over ed. A.P. Sinnett's interest in the lease and became
ed. until 1869
Bell was early connected with China through the trading activities
of Bell and Company, which he directed from London. From 1867 to 1870 he acted as Y.J. Murrow's Hong Kong agent for the London and China Herald (8.2). He visited England briefly in 1870 and left again for England in 1877 but died en route.
BELLAMY BROWN, A.
1908-1911: ed. China Mail (3.4.1)
BELLINGHAM, A. William H. (d. Tientsin, 1895)
1894-1895: pub. and ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)
Bellingham was a Tientsin architect.
BEVAN, William Frazer (1819-1858)
1851-1858: ed. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)
Bevan worked in Hong Kong with Gibb Livingston and Company and later as Clerk to the Chief Justice.
BLACK, John Reddie (b. Scotland, 1827; d. Yokohama, 1880)
1861-1867: founder, ed. and pub. of Japan Herald, Yokohama; ed.
Japan Gazette
1878-1880: ed. Shanghai Courier (5.7.9) and Celestial Empire (5.7.8)
Black emigrated first to South Australia where, finding business
He went bankrupt in 1867. unprofitable, he earned a living by singing. He helped to establish the first Japanese-language newspaper "worthy
of the name,
"Nisshin Shinjishi
(1872-1875). He
was also editor of The Far East, an illustrated monthly magazine.
BOND, C.A.
1902: ed. New Press (5.10.2)
BONNEY, N.B. (d. Shanghai, 1874)
1869-1871: manager Shanghai Evening Express (5.5)
Creditors of the Express's publisher, C. Treasure Jones, forced Jones to accept the management of N.B. Bonney and Company until Jones left Shanghai a bankrupt in 1871 and the paper ceased publication.
was connected with other journals.
BORGES, António
1887-1895: ed. A Voz do Crente (1.11.3)
BOWKER, J.T.F. (1819-1865)
1862-1864: ed. Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1)
Bonney
He was the son of Captain John Bowker, R.N., of Greenwich Hospital.
BRAGA, J.P. (b. Hong Kong, 1871; d. Macao, 1944) 1896 (?)-1899: ed. Odds and Ends (llong Kong) 1902-1910: manager and ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)
J.P. Braga was the grandson of Delfino Noronha, Hong Kong's first
He took charge of the printer, with whom he worked for some ten years.
|
116
117
Hongkong Telegraph at the request of the Chinese owners under the leader- ship of (Sir) Robert Ho Tung. Braga died a refugee in Macao in 1944. His son, J.M. Braga, is a principal contributor to this research guide. Publications.
BREBNER, A.W. (b. Aberdeen, Scotland)
1895: sub-ed. Daily Gleaner, Kingston, Jamaica
then: special correspondent Daily Telegraph in Cuba, asst. ed. Bangkok Times, on staff Straits Times, Singapore
1906-1910(?):
ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)
Brebner was educated at Robert Gordon's College.
BRITO, Francisco
1911: ed. Rotunda (6.3)
BROWN, James Layton
1861: co-ed. with J. Jeffrey, Hongkong Register
Brown later became a commissioner of customs and served at several ports in China. lie returned to England and was called to the bar, practicing in the Midlands.
BULGIN, James
1879: on staff Japan Mail
1873(?)-1879: ed. China Mail
CAIRNS, John
1843-1849: ed. and pub. Hongkong Register (3.3.1-2)
Cairns was a member of the Morrison Education Society; in 1844 he protested with John Carr of the Friend of China (3.1.2) against taxation without representation in Hong Kong.
CARR, John
1843-1850: ed. and pub. Friend of China (3.1.2)
Carr reversed the pro-government policy of the newspaper; with John Cairns of the Register, protested taxation without representation; and began a series of attacks on government officers which brought him into
the court for libel against William Caine--Carr was, however, dis- charged. He espoused the cause of William Tarrant, who became the
paper's editor and publisher after a brief interlude during which it
was run by Carr's assistant Luiz d'Azevedo. Carr left for England in 1850 and in 1854, is known to have been engaged in commerce in Australia.
CARVALHO, M. Fernandes
after 1885: ed. 0 Extremo Oriente (4.5.2)
1888-1889: ed. O Progresso (6.2)
1897-1902: ed. 0 Porvir (1.15, 4.1.
5)
The career of Carvalho is closely connected with Guedes and Company.
See F.D. and J.M. Guedes.
CHERNJAVSKIJ, S.P.
1907-1911: co-ed. Novaia Zhizn' (7.25. 3)
CHEVALIER, R.
1904-1906:
CHOLLOT, J.J.
1907-1911:
ed. Le Courrier de Tientsin (7.7.1)
managing director L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1)
A civil engineer in the French Concession municipal services,
Chollot contributed technical articles. Publications.
CHU Ch'i 朱淇
1909: manager and pub. Chinese Public Opinion (7.17.1)
CLARK, John D. (b. 1842)
1873-1874: founder Rising Sun and Nagasaki Express
1879-1911: founder, ed., and part prop. Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)
1906: managing director and ed. Shanghai Mercury 1909-1911: ed.-in-chief Shanghai Mercury
Educated in Norwich, Clark entered the Navy in 1861. He is known
to have been in the East from 1865 and to have been engaged in trade in Shanghai during the late 1870's. Publications.
COLLINWOOD, George
1902-1906:
1909-1911:
managing ed. Shanghai Times (5. 11)
manager Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)
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119
COMPTON, Charles Spencer (b. 1799; d. England, 1869)
1856-1861: ed. and pub. North-China Herald (5.1.1)
Compton was really the newspaper's second editor, having purchased the property from Shearman's executor, J. Mackrill Smith, only a month after Shearman's death. Under Compton the paper took a definite anti- Taiping position. Compton himself had long been connected with the China trade through C.S. Compton and Company, established in Canton in partnership with Daniell Dickinson and Company of London and Liverpool. The partnership was dissolved in 1847, with the business continuing as C. Compton and Company. Compton, who had come to China in 1842, was first at Canton and later in Foochow, where he was not too successful. He returned to England in 1861 and worked as a commission agent.
DA CONCEIÇÃO, Frey José, O.S.A.
1824-1826: ed. Gazeta de Macau (1.2)
Frey José was prior of the Augustinians in Macao and presumably
a supporter of the Conservative Party.
COWEN, John (b. England, 1867)
prior to 1895: on staff of newspapers in Newcastle-on-Tyne, Leeds,
Hull, Preston, and London
1895-1897: sub-ed. London Times
1897-1900: private secy. to ed. Times
1901: special correspondent, Boxer uprising, Times
1901: founder and ed. China Times (7.4.1, 7.14) and Evening Express
(7.4.2)
John Cowen was the son of an assistant editor of the Yorkshire Post and was educated at Leeds Grammar School. He was deported from China under the China and Corea Order in Council because of comments he had made in connection with the Russo-Japanese War. The sentence was quashed in 1904 and he returned; but his subsequent relationship to the newspaper is not known. See his brothers, Thomas and William C.B. Cowen, below.
COWEN, Thomas (d. Japan, 1906)
early 1890's: sub-ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8) 1894-1895: correspondent, the Times, Sino-Japanese War
1901: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)
1901-1903: lessee and ed. New Press. (5.10.2)
Thomas Cowen was the brother of John and William C.B. Cowen, both
China-coast editors. He accused Henry O'Shea of inventing stories of
Boxer atrocities, but O'Shea won the case, and this led to Cowen's
departure from the Shanghai Times, where he had been the original
editor. Chesney Duncan is also listed as lessee of the New Press
(at least in 1901). Publications.
COWEN, William Charles Baker (b. England, 1865)
1883: asst. sub-ed. Hull Eastern Morning News
1884-1900: asst. sub.-ed. Newcastle Daily Chronicle; then (1891)
chief sub-ed., then (1896) asst. ed.
1900: ed. Lancashire Daily Post and Preston Guardian
1905-1909:
ed. China Times (7.4.1)
The older brother of John Cowen and also educated at Leeds Grammar
School, William Cowen was a student of the development of the motor
industry. Information on his life after 1909 is lacking. Publications.
COX, George C.
1889-1892:
1892-1899;
ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)
lessee and ed. Hongkong Daily Press
DA CRUZ, Felis Feliciano
1836-1837:
1837-1838:
1841-1842:
1843-1844:
ed. Macaista Imparcial (1.4.1)
ed. Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil (1.4.2)
pub.(?) 0 Farol Macaense (1.4. 3)
ed. and pub. A Aurora Macaense (1.4.4)
1848-1856 (?): ed. Canton Commercial List
Da Cruz owned the printing company, Typographia Armenia, and may
have been the actual publisher of the four newspapers listed above-- the Canton Commercial List was not a newspaper. Hong Kong sources
state that he ran the Canton Commercial List "for most of its
existence."
120
CUNNINGHAM, Alfred (b. England, 1870)
1894-1896: sub-ed. and reporter Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)
1897:
1898:
manager and ed. Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)
manager Shanghai Mercury
1899-1903:
manager Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)
1903-1907: ed. and general manager South China Morning Post (3.9)
The son of a London journalist, Cunningham had general newspaper experience in the provinces, London, Singapore, and Shanghai before coming to Hong Kong. ile was correspondent for the New York Journal in the Spanish-American War and in the Philippines; he was also special correspondent for the Daily Mail and the New York Sun. In 1899 he wrote a special series of articles on Siberia. He was a member of the Royal Commission of Enquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of Hong Kong, and wrote several articles on the subject. Cunningham was dismissed from the South China Morning Post in 1908 when a reorganization of the company proved financially necessary. Publications.
CURTIS, William (b. England, 1827; d. at sea, 1875)
1870-1872:
1873-1875:
ed. and pub. Brighton Gazette
ed. and pub. Hongkong Times (3.7.3)
Curtis took over as publisher of the Gazette on the death of his father. iis connection with George Duddell, also with Brighton interests, resulted in their partnership on the Hongkong Times. Curtis, a leading Freemason, was married with five children. He was forced to leave Hong Kong because of poor health and died when only three days out to sea.
DALE, Thurston (B. 1819; d. Hong Kong, 1850)
1850: ed. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)
Dale had been a merchant with Bell and Company; he became publisher Robert Strachan's first editor for the brief period until his death on June 14, 1850.
DENNYS, Nicholas Belfield (b. 1840?)
1863-1866: ed. China Mail (3.4.1)
1866-1867: ed. and pub. China Mail
1867-1870: ed. China Mail
1871-1872: ed. Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.2)
1872-1873(?): ed. China Mail
121
At least during the period 1866-1870, Dennys was also involved in the editing and publishing of such periodicals as Papers on China and Notes and Queries on China and Japan, which latter he incorporated into the China Review. In 1866 he bought the firm A. Short rede and Company
from Edward Andrews for $28,000. He was heavily indebted to Jardine
Matheson and Company, and when he failed to pay interest due, was required to accept the business supervision of Charles A. Saint to
whom he sold the company for $12,000 in August 1867. In 1866 he was
charged with libel by the Reverend William Lobscheid; in 1873 he was
before the Court for prejudging another libel case. His editorial
policies were consistently sympathetic to the Chinese.
Born probably around 1840, Dennys spent the early years of his life in the Royal Navy, joining HMS "Victory" in 1853, serving under Sir C. Napier in the Baltic, and later cruising off North America.
ile came
to China first in the Consular Service, learning fluent Chinese in
Peking. From there he acted as China Mail correspondent. He returned
to England in 1870 and received a Doctorate of Philosophy, was elected
a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and became a member of the
Royal Asiatic Society. On his return to China in 1871 he continued his
career as Sinologue, editor, and writer. He was curator and librarian
at Hong Kong's city hall and toured Ilainan collecting information for
the Chamber of Commerce, for which he was secretary, 1876-1877.
In 1877 Dennys moved to Singapore as assistant protector of Chinese
immigrants. He was subsequently a justice of the peace and served
finally as librarian and curator of the Raffles Library and Museum.
His many publications include works on the Mongolian, Cantonese, and
Malay languages (see bibliography).
122
123
DIAS PEGADO, Manuel Maria
1838-1839: ed. Boletim do Governo de Macão (1.5.1)
1839 (Jan.-Aug.): ed. Gazeta de Macau (1.5.2) 1839-1843(?): ed. O Portuguêz na China (1.5.3)
1844-(Sept.) 1845: ed. O Procurador dos Macaistas (1.5.4) Sept.-Dec. 1845: ed. O Solitário na China (1.5.5)
1846 (?)-(?):
ed. A Voz de Macaista (4.1.1)
1860-(?): ed. O Portuguêz na China (4.1.6)
DINIZ, António José
1867-1868:
ed. O Aquilão (6.1)
DIXSON, Andrew (d. Scotland, 1873)
1845-1855:
sub-ed, and manager, China Mail (3.4.1)
1850-1859: pub. Dixson's Hongkong Recorder (3.4.3-5)
1856-1858: ed. China Mail; partner, A. Short rede and Co.
1858-1863:
sole prop., A. Short rede and Co.
Dixson, who had been educated as a printer, came to Hong Kong with
Shortrede and acted as foreman, general manager, and assistant editor
of the China Mail. He published the Recorder on his own account.
He was in effective editorial control of the China Mail from 1854,
and was in full control after Short rede left China in 1856. A crusading
editor, Dixson defended the rights of the Chinese in Hong Kong and was
an enemy of the Macao coolie traders. He also contributed to the in-
tellectual life of Hong Kong, serving as Secretary of the Reading Room
and Library from 1851 to 1854. Upon Short rede's death in 1858, Dixson
hired an editor and did considerable traveling; while in Britain in
1860 he married. Ill health forced him to sell the company to James
Kemp in 1863 and return to Scotland.
DOBROS LOVSKII, I.A.
1903-1911: ed. Kharbinskii Vestnik (7.23)
DONALD, William Henry (b. Australia, 1875; d. 1946)
1898-1900: sub-ed. Bathhurst National Advocate
1900-1903: on staff, Sydney Daily Telegraph and Melbourne Argus
May 1903-1904: sub-ed. China Mail (3.4.1)
June 1904-1906:
managing ed. China Mail
1906-1908(?): managing director, China Mail Ltd.
During the Russo-Japanese War, Donald served as correspondent for both the China Mail and the London Daily Express. He early showed an intense anti-Japanese attitude, and his later work as "Donald of China"
should be considered in, e.g., Earle A. Selle's biography (New York,
1948). Donald left the China Mail after a dispute with the other
directors.
DRESSLER, F.K.
1911: ed. Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)
DRUMMOND, William Venn
1878-1880: lessee, Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)
There is evidence that Thomas Preston actually published and
managed the newspaper during the period 1878-1880. Drummond was a barrister in Shanghai during the 1880's and 1890's.
DUDDELL, George
1875-1876: prop. (with William Curtis), Hongkong Times (3.7.3)
Duddell was in Hong Kong as early as 1845, for in March of that
He has also been referred year he bought the government opium monopoly.
to as a land speculator. During his co-proprietorship of the Times,
however, he was living in Brighton, England.
DULCKEN, Albert Curtis
1868:
ed. Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1) and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette (5.3.4)
1869-1875: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)
Dulcken was editor of the Recorder for perhaps less than three
months. During his tenure with the Press, editorial policy tended to
be less friendly to the Chinese, pro-Nien-fei, and less critical of
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the Hong Kong government than previously. Before joining the Recorder,
Dulcken had been a broker and commission merchant with Daly, Dulcken
and Company. After leaving Hong Kong he married in Norwich and settled
in the Cape Colony.
DUNCAN, Chesney (b. Scotland, 1854)
1883-1889: special correspondent, Seoul, Korea, for Hongkong Telegraph
(3.8), Japan Gazette, Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10), Chinese Times (7.1)
1895-1899: ed. Hongkong Telegraph
1900:
manager, Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1) 1901: lessee, New Press (with Thomas Cowan?)
1903: founder and ed. Straits Echo, Penang
1905:
ed.-in-chief Straits Echo
1907: ed. Times of Malaya, Ipoh
Duncan went to Korea with the Royal Corean Customs and from 1883 to
1889 served as an instructor in the Japanese School, Seoul. In 1900 he
covered the Boxer Rebellion for the London Daily Mail and was mentioned
in dispatches to the Colonial Secretary. While with the Hongkong Telegraph, he was also correspondent for the London Globe. He was the
editor of Emilio Aguinaldo's The Truth about the Philippines. Publications.
EDDY, F.W.
1902: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)
FERGUSON, John C. (b. U.S.A.,1866; d. 1945)
1909-1911: prop. Shanghai Times (5.11)
Ferguson had already had a distinguished career in China before entering the publishing business. He had also been editor of the Journal
of China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and was honorary secretary of the society. His other important activities were: president, Nanking
University (1888-1897); president, Nanyang College, Shanghai (1897-1902);

晚清西文報紙導要 — Page 3

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