67.
CO129/313, Chamberlain to Blake, dispatch of 13 February 1903.
68.
Ibid. The basis of this calculation is not clear and may be dubious, as the first cadet to make colonial secretary, Stewart Lockhart, took 16 years from the date he joined to the date he was promoted colonial secretary. It would be 13 years from when he became a passed cadet.
69.
CO129/313, May to Blake, minutes of 3 December 1902.
70.
CO129/376, Stubbs��s minutes for Collins, 1 June 1911. Clementi��s recommendations can be found in ibid., Colonial Secretary to Governor, 30 March 1911.
71. Jeffries 1938, pp. 8�V9
72.
They exclude members of the Indian Civil Service.
73.
Jeffries 1938, p. 10. For the purpose of making a general comparison, among the 30 dependencies whose governorship was open to members of the colonial administrative service in the 1930s, only six (Nigeria, Kenya, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Ceylon, and the Straits Settlements) offered a higher salary to its governor than Hong Kong. This provides an indication of the rough disparity in remuneration for administrative officers. Two of these six were in fact Eastern colonies with their own cadets.
74. Jeffries 1938, p. 62.
75. Warren report, quoted in ibid., p. 59. 76. Jeffries 1938, p. 74.
77. CO129/525/6, Memorandum from Swire and Sons Ltd to the Colonial Office, 20
February 1930. 78. Miners 1987, pp. 88�V9.
79.
MacDougall to his wife, letter of 27 February 1941, MacDougall Papers, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. MacDougall��s role after 1941 is examined in Chapter 4.
80.
CO825/35/55104, Extract from minutes of 35th meeting of the Colonial Office
Committee on postwar problems, 2 April 1942. 81. Whitfield 2001, pp. 8�V10.
82. Bertram, p. 120. For the view of a Western educated Hong Kong Chinese person, see CO129/590/25, letter to Churchill from a Hong Kong born Chinese sent from Kweilin, 28 September 1942.
Chapter 4. Effects of the Pacific War
1. For the Japanese occupation, see Endacott and Birch 1978; and Snow 2003. 2. Jeffery 1999, p. 319. 3. Elsbree 1953, p. 163.
4.
Quoted in Thorne 1978, p. 157.
5.
Waijiaobu, Zhanshi Waijiao, vol. 3, agreement between Chiang Kai-shek and Mountbatten, October 1943.
6.
Ibid., Roosevelt to Chiang, telegram of 31 December 1941.
7.
Academia Historica (Taipei), Papers of Chiang Kai-shek: Dejiao Dangan,
080103�V058, 08A�V01322, Chiang��s draft message to Churchill, 1943. 8. Tsang 2003a, p. 124.
9.
For Chiang��s thinking, see Tsang 1997a, pp. 28�V9.
10.
Gu Weijun (1987) Gu Weijun Huiyilu, vol. 5, Beijing: Zhonghua Shudian, pp. 14�V
15. 11. CO825/42/55104/2, Gent��s minutes, 14 February 1942.
12.
MacDougall had made a vivid account of his escape in a letter to his wife dated 17 January 1942, which is being added to the MacDougall Papers, at the Rhodes House Library, Oxford University.
13.
CO825/35/55104, Secret note by MacDougall, March 1942.
14.
CO825/35/55104, Minutes of 35th meeting of the committee on postwar problems,
2 April 1942. 15. Tsang 2003a, pp. 133�V8.
16.
Zhou Hongtao 2003, p. 33.
17.
Academia Historica, Chiang Kai-shek Papers: Shiluegaoben, 060100�V204, 06�V
00930, entry of 2 September 1945. 18. Snow 2003, pp. 277�V8.
19.
Franklin Gimson (n.d.) ��Internment in Hong Kong March 1942 to August 1945��, typescript in possession of the author, p. 1.
20.
The order for Gimson is in CO129/591/16, Foreign Office to Chungking telegram, 11 August 1945.
21.
British military administration Hong Kong, p. 1.
22.
CO129/591/12, Admiralty to Commander in Chief, Hong Kong telegram of 3 September 1945.
23.
MacDougall to his wife, letter of 27 February 1941, MacDougall Papers, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University.
24.
CO129/594/6, MacDougall to Garter, letter of 5 December 1945.
25.
Author��s interview with MacDougall at ��Mercers�� Finchingfield, Essex on 17 February 1983.
26.
CO537/1650, G. E. J. Gent��s minute, 21 September 1945. 27. Tsang 2003a, p. 66. 28. Tsang 1988, p. 26.
29.
FO371/53632, Minute from Foreign Secretary to Prime Minister dated 8 March 1946.
30.
FO371/53632, Prime Minister��s minute to the Foreign Secretary dated 9 March
1946; Luff 1968, p. 77. 31. CO129/595/4, Governor��s speech, 1 May 1946.
32. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong Hansard: Reports of the Meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, Session 1946 (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1946), 63 (Minutes of 5th meeting).
33. Tsang 1988, pp. 186�V8.
34. CO129/312, ��Hong Kong, Straits Settlements, and Federated Malay States
cadetships��, December 1902. 35. Miners 1987, p. 85. 36. Mills 1942, p. 420.
37.
Ibid., p. 421.
38.
Tsui��s personal account of his time as a member of the BAAG can be found on the
Internet, at http://www.galaxylink.com.hk/~john/paul/paul.html. 39. Ride 1981. 40. Tsang 2003a, p. 129.
41.
Colonial Secretariat 1966, p. 96.
42.
Clinton was appointed a cadet in December 1951.
43.
Personal communication received from Mrs Ellie Alleyne, dated 19 March 2004. 44. Tsang 1988, p. 27.
45.
FO371/46259, ��Notes on Future of Hong Kong�� by Keswick, 3 November 1945.
46.
FO371/46259, ��Secretary for Chinese Affairs�� by Keswick, 24 September 1945. 47. Tsang 1988, p. 188. 48. Snow 2003, p. 289.
49.
For the civil war, see Westad 2003.
50.
CO882/31, Governor Young to Secretary of State, confidential dispatch, 22
October 1946. 51. Tsang 1988, p. 60.
52.
Ibid., p. 74.
53.
CO537/5400, minutes of the Smaller Colonial Territories Committee on 20 July 1950.
54.
Author��s interview with MacDougall at ��Mercers�� Finchingfield, Essex on 17 February 1983.
55.
For the reversal of the Young reforms, see Tsang 1988.
56.
CO537/5400, minutes of the Smaller Colonial Territories Committee on 20 July 1950.
57. Transcript of interview between Heathcote-Smith and Steve Tsang, typescript at
Rhodes House Library, Oxford University, 7. 58. Grantham 1965, p. 19. 59. Tsang 2003a, 92�V101. 60. Grantham 1965, p. 105.
61. Grantham was tremendously successful in this respect. See Tsang 1997b. 62. Grantham 1965, p. 105.
63. Ibid. 64. CO129/611/2, Ruston��s minute, 10 April 1946.
65.
Ibid.
66.
FO371/53634, Secretary of State to Commander in Chief, Hong Kong, dispatch 8, 6 May 1946.
67.
CO129/611/2, Ruston��s minutes of 31 December 1946.
68.
Transcript of interview between Heathcote-Smith and Steve Tsang, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University, 6.
69.
CO537/5628, Governor to Secretary of State, 230, 5 March 1950. 70. Grantham 1965, p. 112.
71. See Tsang 1997b. 72. Tsang 1988, pp. 168�V9. 73. Grantham 1965, p. 104.
74.
Ho n.d., p. 5; and Tsang 1995, p. 156 (Report of Public Service Commission Chairman for 1956 and 1957).
75.
C. B. Burgess, ��Great Britain and constitutional development in Hong Kong 1945�V 1952��, unpublished paper in author��s possession.
76.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 11�V12.
Chapter 5. Expansion
1. Tsang 2003a, p. 148.
2.
CO129/597/2, Creech-Jones to Grantham 302, 24 September 1948.
3.
CO129/597/3, Bourdillon��s minute of 5 July 1949.
4.
CO1030/392, Ashton��s minute of 10 July 1956. 5. Bray 2001, pp. 51�V2.
6. Communication received from P. W. Williams, 16 August 2000, ff.4. 7. Morrison 1962, p. 133.
8.
Hong Kong Salaries Commission 1959, para. 167.
9.
Paper attached to Michael Wright to Ian Lightbody, personal communication dated 4 March 2001.
10.
Hong Kong Salaries Commission 1959, para. 68. 11. Bray 2001, p. 35. 12. Tsang 1995, pp. 157�V8.
13. For a short overview of the case in western Europe, see Goldsmith 1998, pp. 25�V
54. 14. Bartholomew 2004, p. 309.
15.
Faure 2003, p. 125 (Governor to Secretary of State, 14 November 1950).
16.
Ibid.; and Hamilton 1969, p. 63. 17. Bray 2001, p. 52. 18. Sweeting 1993, pp. 52�V4.
19. Donohue 1962, pp. 11�V12. 20. Sweeting 1993, p. 238.
21.
Interview with Burgess in London on 15 June 1983.
22.
Ibid.
23.
Rhodes House Library MSS Ind.Ocn.s.222, Papers of Sir Franklin Gimson, ��Diary 1 June 1943 to 17 August 1945��, pp. 174�V5.
24.
Ibid., pp. 177�V8.
25.
Interview with Burgess in London on 15 June 1983.
26.
Personal communication from Kenneth Topley, 17 March 2005.
27.
CO1030/1386, Burgess (Officer Administering the Government) to I. McLeod (Secretary of State) confidential tel. 354, 18 April 1960.
28.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 339.
29.
Personal comment received from K. Y. Yeung, dated 23 June 2005.
30.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted
by Steve Tsang, pp. 97�V8. 31. Tsang 2003a, p. 190. 32. Scott 1989, pp. 105�V7.
33.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 339.
34.
Personal communication from Bernard Williams dated 23 March 2005, and conversations with Bernard Williams in Oxford on 17 March 2005.
35.
For Holmes��s exploits during the war, see Ride 1981.
36.
Bray 2001, pp. 79, 93; and personal communication from Kenneth Topley dated 23 March 2005.
37.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 97.
38.
Ibid., p. 266. 39. Holmes 1969, pp. 2�V3. 40. Scott 1989, p. 125. 41. Bray 2001, p. 139.
42.
Interview with Cowperthwaite in St Andrews on 4 April 1983.
43.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted
by Steve Tsang, pp. 202�V3. 44. Bartholomew 2004, p. 312.
45. Comments received from K. Y. Yeung dated 23 June 2005. 46. Bartholomew 2004, p. 313.
47.
Personal communication received from Eric Ho, dated 2 June 2005.
48.
Personal communication received from Kenneth Topley dated 22 March 2005. 49. Bartholomew 2004, pp. 311�V12.
50. Personal communication received from Kenneth Topley, 6 June 2005. 51. Bray 2001, p. 118.
52.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 200�V1.
53.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir Philip Haddon-Cave conducted by Steve Tsang, 30.
54.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 203�V4.
55.
Ibid., p. 204.
56.
Ibid., p. 205.
57.
Ibid., pp. 276�V9.
58.
Personal communication received from Eric Peter Ho, dated 24 May 2005.
59.
Interview with Cowperthwaite in St Andrews on 4 April 1983.
60.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 278�V80.
61.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir Philip Haddon-Cave by
Steve Tsang, 22�V3. 62. Tsang 2003a, p. 190. 63. Tsang 2003b, pp. 225�V6.
Chapter 6. Meeting the challenges of a Chinese community
1. Coates 1975, p. 17.
2.
Personal communication from Brian Wilson, 13 January 2006.
3.
Ibid. 4. Wilson 2000, p. 23. 5. Hayes 1996, p. 16. 6. Wilson 2000, p. 22. 7. Coates 1975, pp. 92�V3.
8.
Ibid., p. 95.
9.
For an authoritative account of Tsuen Wan��s history and genealogies, see Hayes
1983, pp. 115�V26, which is written by a former administrative officer. 10. Coates 1975, p. 95.
11. Hayes forthcoming, Chapter 7, section entitled ��Shek Pik 1959�V60��. 12. Coates 1975, pp. 95�V8. 13. Akers-Jones 2004, pp. 21�V2. 14. Hayes 1996, p. 31.
15.
Ibid., p. 37.
16.
Ibid., pp. 41�V2. 17. Wilson 2000, p. 34. 18. MacPherson 2001, p. 117.
19. Communication made orally by Robert Upton on 17 January 2006. 20. Hayes 2001, p. 73.
21. Communication from Patrick Williamson to the author (via Christopher Hui), 23
August 2000. 22. Akers-Jones 2004, p. 46.
23. Response to questionnaire received from Jeremy Marriott, p. 3. 24. Hase 2001, p. 134.
25.
Personal communication received from James Hayes, dated 24 May 2004.
26.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted
by Steve Tsang, p. 97. 27. Clark 2004, pp. 171�V2. 28. Tsang 2003a, p. 190. 29. Bray 2001, pp. 133�V4.
30.
Personal communication received from Robert Upton, 17 February 2006.
31.
Ibid. 32. Bray 2001, p. 134.
33. Secretary for Chinese Affairs 1969, p. 3. 34. Bray 2001, p. 135.
35.
Ibid., p. 137.
36.
Mulloy n.d., pp. 9�V10.
37.
Ibid., p. 16. See below for a discussion of police corruption in Wanchai.
38.
Ibid., pp. 16�V17. 39. Bray 2001, pp. 137�V8.
40. Mulloy n.d., pp. 11�V12. 41. Ho 2005, p. 98. 42. Hase 2001, p. 135.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Ibid., p. 136.
45.
Ibid., pp. 134�V5.
46.
Mulloy n.d., p. 13.
47.
Ibid., pp. 13�V15.
48.
Ronald Holmes, ��Informal remarks made by Sir Ronald Holmes at a farewell reception held by the Administrative Officers�� Association�� (private paper in possession of the author: 24 March 1977), p. 3.
49.
Rhodes House Library Transcript of interviews with B. V. Williams conducted by
Steve Tsang, pp. 10�V11. 50. Wilson 2000, p. 65.
51. Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by
Steve Tsang, pp. 97�V8. 52. Ho 2005, pp. 15�V16.
53. Oral communication received from Robert Upton on 17 January 2006. 54. Clark 2004, p. 162.
55.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 80�V1.
56.
Ibid., pp. 81�V2.
57.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. C. Hamilton conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 72�V3.
58.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. T. Rowe conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 114.
59.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 81�V5.
60.
Ian Lightbody, ��Farewell speech at administrative service dinner on 17 July 1980��, p. 5.
61.
See Chapter 2. 62. Tsang 1995, p. 167.
63.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Henry Heath conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 187.
64.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir Donald Luddington conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 32.
65.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Henry Heath conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 186.
66.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir Donald Luddington conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 30�V1.
67.
Personal communication received from Eric Peter Ho, 13 January 2006.
68.
Strictly speaking, Baron was not the first director of Social Welfare. Fellow cadet Kenneth Keen was the first director but he served in this capacity for less than three months before handing over to Baron.
69.
Personal communication received from Eric Peter Ho, 13 January 2006.
70.
Ibid.
71.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 13�V4. Jordan did learn to speak Cantonese while in service in Hong Kong and retained a good knowledge of written Chinese.
72.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 446.
73.
Ibid., p. 451.
74.
Ibid., p. 455.
75.
Ibid., pp. 482�V4.
76.
Ibid., pp. 499�V507.
77.
Ibid., pp. 506�V7.
78.
See Ho 2005, pp. 55�V8.
79.
Personal communication from Eric Peter Ho, 13 January 2006.
80.
Ibid. 81. Tsang 2003a, p. 201. 82. Lethbridge 1978, p. 38. 83. MacPherson 2001, p. 108.
84.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. C. Hamilton conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 149�V53.
85.
CO1030/1386, Officer Administering the Government (Burgess) to Colonial Office, telegram 354, 18 April 1960.
86.
Mulloy n.d., p. 17.
87.
Ibid., pp. 17�V19.
88.
Ibid., pp. 19�V20.
89.
For the legal complexity, see Solicitor General Arthur Hooton��s explanations, in Tsang 1995, pp. 181�V2.
90.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. T. Rowe conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 158�V9.
91.
Prendergast joined as deputy commissioner and director of operations and he was knighted for his service at the ICAC. Harknett joined as Prendergast��s deputy and succeeded Prendergast when he retired. Within the colonial government, in contrast to the image outside it, it was Prendergast not Cater who personified the ICAC in its first years.
Chapter 7. Localization
1. Mills 1942, p. 421.
2.
Tsui was later reappointed as a cadet in 1948. See Chapter 4.
3.
For an assessment of Young as governor and his views on political changes in Hong Kong, see Tsang 1988.
4.
Personal communication received from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006.
5.
Kirk-Greene 2000, p. 264. The Colonial Administrative Service was superseded by Her Majesty��s Overseas Civil Service in 1956, but to avoid confusion, colonial administrative officers instead of Her Majesty��s overseas civil servants are used
throughout this book to refer to those who were administrative officers in other British colonies and dependencies.
6.
Personal communication from Kenneth Topley, 12 January 2006.
7.
Personal communication from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006.
8.
Those who were appointed to Hong Kong directly as colonial/chief secretaries are excluded, such as Sir Robert Black or Sir Denys Roberts who is a professional lawyer and not a colonial administrative officer prior to his appointment as chief secretary.
9. Topley 2001. 10. Akers-Jones 2004, pp. 6�V7.
11.
Personal communication from Roderick MacLean dated 27 February 2001.
12.
MacLean n.d., p. 3. 13. Clark 2004, pp. 162�V4.
14. MacLean n.d., p. 3. 15. Clark 2004, p. 161.
16.
MacLean n.d., p. 5.
17.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. C. Hamilton conducted by
Steve Tsang, pp. 86�V7. 18. Ho 2005, p. 21.
19.
MacLean n.d., pp. 7�V8.
20.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. C. Hamilton conducted by
Steve Tsang, p. 81. 21. Miners 1991, p. 93.
22.
Ibid., p. 100.
23.
This officer, Selwyn Alleyne, had his terms of appointment converted to that of an expatriate officer in March 1961 only after he made a successful appeal to the governor in council. Personal communication from Alleyne, 29 September 2005.
24.
Colonial Secretariat 1970, Gen. Est. pp. 2�V3.
25.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. T. Rowe conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 119.
26.
Teesdale transcript, p. 82.
27.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. T. Rowe conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 117.
28.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. C. Hamilton conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 84.
29.
Names and personal details of unsuccessful candidates are not available. 30. Cell 1999, p. 235.
31.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with G. T. Rowe conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 120.
32.
Mrs Rachel Cartland��s response to a questionnaire on the administrative service, dated 8 August 2000. She is referring to her own selection interview conducted in 1972.
33. Furse 1962, pp. 219�V25. 34. MacPherson 2001, p. 108. 35. Jeffries 1956, pp. 138�V9. 36. Ho 2005, p. 88.
37. ��Vision, high ideals of service, fearless devotion to duty born of a sense of responsibility, tolerance and, above all, team spirit�� are qualities specified in the report of the Committee on the System of Appointment in the Colonial Service, Cmd. 3554 (London: His Majesty��s Stationery Office, 1930), p. 23.
38. Goodstadt 2005, p. 39.
39. Among the first three local female administrative officers, two came from distinguished local families with exposure to British ways and the colonial establishment. Audrey Chau is a niece of Sir S. N. Chau while Anson Fang is a niece of Dr Harry Fang.
40. Kirk-Greene 2000, p. 242.
41. Ibid., p. 243. 42. Tsang 2003, pp. 170�V5, 190�V6.
43. G. C. Hamilton, ��Hong Kong Disturbances 1967/8 Twelfth Report��, 4 February
1968 (in possession of the author). 44. Scott 1989, p. 105.
45.
Murray MacLehose in fact started his career as a member of the Malayan civil service, before he transferred to the British diplomatic service. However, he made it a point to avoid reference to his time in the colonial administrative service and saw himself as a professional diplomat sent to govern Hong Kong. As governor he did not identify with the Colonial Administrative Service, which had by then been renamed Her Majesty��s Overseas Civil Service.
46.
There were, for example, 2500 members of the CAS (HMOCS) in 1957, but by the mid�V1970s, there were only 1500, among whom only 300 were not employed in Hong Kong. Kirk-Greene 2000, pp. 270�V1.
47.
Attachment to Acting Colonial Secretary (M. D. A. Clinton) to all administrative officers, 15 May 1974 (ref: EBCR 2/4068/73).
48.
Comment made by Robert Upton on 17 January 2006.
49.
Attachment to Acting Colonial Secretary (M. D. A. Clinton) to all administrative
officers, 15 May 1974 (ref: EBCR 2/4068/73). 50. MacPherson 2001, p. 109. 51. Rear 1971, p. 61. 52. Kirk-Greene 2000, p. 243. 53. Clark 2004, pp. 167�V8. 54. Ibid., 167.
55.
Personal communication received from Eric Peter Ho, 13 January 2006.
56.
Attachment to Acting Colonial Secretary (M. D. A. Clinton) to all administrative officers, 15 May 1974 (ref: EBCR 2/4068/73.
57.
Ibid.
58.
They were Cater (1970), Clinton (1968), Heatherington (1963), Lightbody (1969), Sorby (1968), and Todd (1966). See Chapter 4, ��End of Colour Bar��.
59.
The rank of Secretary was introduced after the McKinsey reforms. See the
following chapter for the reforms. 60. Clark 2004, p. 168.
61.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
62.
The Joint Declaration was agreed and initiated in 1984, and came into effect
formally after it was ratified in 1985. 63. Miners 1991, p. 93.
64.
Ibid., p. 94.
65.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
66.
Personal communication from Selwyn Alleyne, 29 September 2005.
67.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Hong Kong Government 1973, p. 210. 70. Kirk-Greene 1999, p. 50.
71.
Upon marriage all three officers adopted their married name, viz., Audrey Ho, Anson Chan, and Katherine Fok.
72.
Establishment Branch 1967, pp. 16�V18.
73.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
74.
Ibid.
75.
Personal communication from Mrs Rachel Cartland, dated 22 September 1999.
76.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
77.
Personal communication from Mrs Rachael Cartland, 13 November 1999.
78.
Ibid.
79.
Words of Trevor Clark, summing up what Barnett was known to have said. Clark 2004, p. 167.
80.
For an examination of how the Hong Kong government delivered the best possible governance in the Chinese tradition, see Tsang 1997c, pp. 62�V83.
Chapter 8. Meeting the challenges of modernity
1. Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by
Steve Tsang, p. 707. 2. Miners 1991, p. 88. 3. Scott 1989, p. 127.
4.
The two countries were South Vietnam and Denmark.
5.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by
Steve Tsang, p. 707. 6. Scott 1989, p. 133. 7. Akers-Jones 2004, p. 71.
8.
Hong Kong Hansard Session 1973, p. 13.
9.
The cost of engaging McKinsey came to HK$ 4.7 million. Hong Kong Hansard Session 1976, p. 104.
10.
The words in quotes are from Hong Kong Salaries Commission 1971, p. 7.
11.
Deputy Colonial Secretary (M. D. A. Clinton) to heads of departments, confidential circular letter of 13 March 1973.
12.
McKinsey & Company 1973, pp. 4�V6.
13.
Secretaries were soon elevated in rank to ensure that they were senior to heads of even major departments, with the exception of the director of commerce and industry who was given the rank of secretary.
14.
McKinsey & Company 1973, p. 16.
15.
Ibid., p. 9.
16.
Ibid., p. 10.
17.
Ibid., p. 11.
18.
Ibid., p. 13.
19.
Ibid., p. 12.
20.
Secretary of the Civil Service (Alan Scott) to all Administrative Officers, circular
letter EBCR L/M 310/73, 18 January 1974. 21. Scott 1989, pp. 136�V7.
22. Secretary of the Civil Service (Alan Scott) to all Administrative Officers, circular
letter EBCR 4/4068/70, 9 October 1973. 23. Scott 1989, p. 136. 24. Bray 2001, p. 179.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Deputy Colonial Secretary (M. D. A. Clinton) to Heads of Departments, circular letter 13 March 1973, ff.6.
27.
Secretary posts were ranked below the chief secretary, which was a rank of its own, and that of the financial secretary, the attorney general and the secretary for home affairs. They were at first Staff Grade A posts but were quickly elevated to a rank above Staff Grade A (equivalent to head of a major department).
28.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 713-14.
29.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by
Steve Tsang, p. 710.
30.
Ibid., p. 711.
31.
Ibid., p. 709�V10.
32.
The director of commerce and industry was given the (supernumerary) until after Jordan��s retirement as its director.
33.
Personal communication from K.Y. Yeung, 30 January 2006.
34.
Personal communication from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006.
35.
Personal communication from K. Y. Yeung, 30 January 2006.
36.
Ibid. 37. Scott 1989, p. 138.
38. Ibid., p. 140. 39. Cheung 1997, p. 724.
rank of secretary
40.
The formal name of the colonial secretariat had by then been unceremoniously changed to government secretariat.
41.
For an overview of how Hong Kong differed from other colonies in the process of decolonization in the British Empire, see Darwin 1997, pp. 16�V32.
42.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003. 43. Hall 1997, p. 26.
44.
Hall is wrong in asserting that the ��Taxi Strike ended abruptly along with Mr Scott��s Hong Kong career��, implying that Scott was removed from office and from HK as a result of this blunder (Hall 1997, pp. 26�V9).
45.
Personal communication received from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006.
46.
Government Secretariat c.1987, p. 191. 47. Tsang 2003b, pp. 229�V31. 48. Wilding 2003, p. 37. 49. Bray 2001, p. 192.
50. Ibid., p. 193. 51. Goodstadt 2005, p. 105.
52. From 1884 to 1973 there was a longstanding practice for the justices of the peace and the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce to nominate one candidate each to the governor for appointment as unofficial members of the Legislative Council. This can be loosely described as indirect election, as the convention was that the governor would not normally refuse the nomination of these bodies. This practice was ended by Governor MacLehose. The 1985 change was therefore a significant departure from the practice at the time.
53. Tsang 1995, p. 92�V3.
54. Ibid., p. 93. 55. Cheek-Milby 1995, p. 76. 56. Goodstadt 2005, p. 109. 57. Chung 2001, p. 225. 58. Cheek-Milby 1989, p. 273.
59.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
60.
Hong Kong Government 1987.
61.
Personal comment made by Robert Upton, 10 May 2006. 62. Cradock 1994, p. 228.
63. For the Patten reform and controversies surrounding it, see Tsang 2003a, pp. 255�V
65. 64. Patten 1992, pp. 34�V5.
65. Dimbleby 1997, p. 148; and Tsang 1997a, p. 192. 66. Dimbleby 1997, p. 147. 67. So 1999, pp. 198�V9. 68. Chung 2001, pp. 225�V6.
69.
Hong Kong Hansard, 10 July 1996, pp. 18�V19.
70.
Hong Kong Hansard, 10 July 1996, p. 20.
71.
Personal communication from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006. 72. Scott 1988a, p. 6.
73.
Letter from the Chief Secretary to all civil servants, 27 September 1984.
74.
Annex I of the Sino�VBritish Joint Declaration stipulated that ��The government and the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be composed of local inhabitants.��
75. Burns 1988, p. 101. 76. Scott 1988b, p. 27. 77. Burns 1988, p. 101. 78. Cheek-Milby 1988, p. 116. 79. Miners 1991, p. 94. 80. Patten 1998, p. 46. 81. Goodstadt 2005, p. 41.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Ibid., pp. 87�V8.
84.
Ibid., p. 88.
Chapter 9. An elite within the government
1.
CO129/80, ��Sketch of a scheme for the establishment of Hong Kong Cadetships��, undated, c.March 1861.
2.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 265 (Tape 4).
3.
A very small number of administrative officers, including those at the secretary level, were not in fact graduates. They were mostly recruited from within the Hong Kong government.
4. Burns 2004, p. 118.
5.
Colonial Secretariat 1966, p. 59.
6.
Personal communication received from Ian Lightbody, 15 January 2006. 7. Clark 2004, p. 162. 8. Burns 2004, p. 132.
9. Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted
by Steve Tsang, p. 265 (Tape 4). 10. Wright 2001.
11.
Ibid.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Ibid. 14. Scott 1988b, p. 37.
15. Ibid., p. 38. 16. Wright 2001.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Interview with Dame Anson Chan, 24 October 2003.
19.
Personal communication from K. Y. Yeung, 13 April, 2006.
20.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Henry Heath conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 185�V6.
21.
Personal communication received from Peter B. Williams, 16 August 2000, pp. 8�V 9.
22.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Henry Heath conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 186.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 520�V1 (Tape 9).
25.
The number of aircraft involved was over 80 at first, but 11 left Hong Kong for China with their crews when they defected from the nationalist to the communist government in November 1949, and were therefore not subject to the subsequent litigation. For an analysis of the complex issues involved, see Zeng 1987, pp. 105�V 24.
26.
Steve Tsang 1997b, p. 301.
27.
CO537/5628, Governor to Secretary of State, secret and guard telegram 230, 5
March, 1950. 28. Leary 1972, p. 656.
29.
CAB129/39, CP(50)61, 3 April 1950 (Cabinet paper ��Chinese Civil Aircraft at Hong Kong��, submitted by the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs).
30.
CAB128/17, CM19(50)2 (Cabinet Minutes), 6 April 1950. 31. Grantham 1965, p. 163.
32.
CO537/5628, Governor to Secretary of State, secret and guard telegram 230, 5 March, 1950.
33.
CO537/5628, J. J. Paskin minutes of 7 March 1950.
34.
CAB128/17, CM19(50)2, 6 April 1950 and CM24(50)6, 24 April 1950.
35.
CAB129/39, Annex to CP(50)74 (Opinions of the Attorney-General, 17 April 1950).
36.
CAB129/39, CP(50)74, 21 April 1950 (Cabinet paper ��Chinese Civil Aircraft at Hong Kong��, submitted by the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs).
37.
CAB128/17, CM19(50)2 (Cabinet Minutes), 6 April 1950.
38.
CAB129/39, Annex B to CP(50)61, 3 April 1950 (Opinions of the Attorney General).
39.
CO537/5629, Secretary of State to Governor, secret telegram 481, 4 April 1950.
40.
CO537/5630, Governor to Secretary of State, secret and guard telegram 369, 8 April 1950.
41.
Personal communication received from Robert Upton, 16 May 2006.
42.
Vickers n.d.
43.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Sir David Trench, conducted by Steve Tsang, p. 229 (Tape 4).
44.
Vickers n.d. 45. Goodstadt 2005, p. 215. 46. Miners 1991, p. 219.
47.
Vickers n.d.
48.
Ibid.
49.
Personal communication received from Topley, 27 October 2003 (Ken Topley��s ��Memoirs��, 2001), p. 34.
50.
Personal communication received from Trevor Clark, dated 7 August 2002.
51.
Vickers n.d.
52.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with Michael Wright, pp. 253�V5
(Tape 5). 53. Bray 2001, p. 200.
54.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of interviews with David Jordan conducted by Steve Tsang, pp. 502�V3 (Tape 9).
55.
Ibid., p. 503.
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