coolie-ships-of-the-chinese-diaspora1846-1874 — Page 11

Research Publications All

1869
1-Mar Mystery
1074 Brit HK
BG
61/06/09 357
337
6-Feb
Veritas
632 Brit
HK
Suri
69/05/29 202
180?
2-Mar Chapman
750 Brit W
BG
61/06/09 303 290
Ferdinand
10-Mar Montmorency
666 Brit
HK
BG
61/06/27 290
283
28-Apr
Brumm
830 Rus
HK
Suri
69/08/18 298
225?
19-Mar Sea Park
835 Brit
25-Mar
Lancashire Witch
8-Apr Whirlwind
26-Nov
Agra
1386
977
714 Brit
W
Brit HK
BG
61/07/07 293
263
1873
BG
61/08/05 460
433
Brit HK
BG
61/07/31 365 352
W
BG
62/02/15 287
287
23-Dec
1878
24-Dec
Corona
1199
Brit
W
BG
74/02/23
388
388
Dartmouth
915
Brit
HK
BG
79/03/17
516 515
3-Dec
Earl of Windsor
734 Brit
HK
BG
62/03/17 325
303
1881
1862
3-Nov
Clara
939 Brit HK
Ant
82/02/01 322
19-Jan
Red Riding Hood
709 Brit
W
BG
62/04/11 326 324
1884
Maggie Miller/
7-May
Prinz Alexander
1911
Ger HK
Jam
84/07/12 694 680
11-Feb
Wanata
19-Mar
Persia
1332 Brit
1683 Brit HK
HK
Trin
03/07/62 547 467
BG
62/07/10 530 525
Sir George
1-Apr Seymour
851 Brit HK
29-Apr Lady Elma Bruce
920 Brit A
1-May Genghis Khan
1274 Brit HK
BG
BG
BG
62/08/20 324 289
62/08/15 385 384 62/08/20 512 480
1863
4-Apr Ganges 19-Dec Zouave
1864
839 Brit W
1323 Brit W
BG
BG
63/06/29 413 396 64/02/28 517 509
17-Oct
17-Nov
Brechin Castle
Montrose
537 Brit W
778 Brit W
BG
Trin
65/01/26 270 269 65/02/18 320 313
1865
5-Jan
Queen of the East
11-Feb Paria
7-Mar
Sevilla
1275
Brit W
663 Brit W
598 Brit W
BG
Trin
BG
65/04/18 490 481
65/05/25 289 280
65/06/22 312 305
8-Mar
Light of the Age
1287 Brit A
BH
65/06/12 480 474
30-Mar
Arima
691 Brit W
BG
65/07/18 343 311
30-Apr
Bucton Castle
886 Brit W
BG
65/08/28 353 325
2-May
23-Oct
4-Dec
Tricolor
Dudbrook Red Riding Hood
1497 Brit HK
Suri
65/07/29 476 286
572 Brit A
Trin
66/02/12 286 272
709 Brit A
Trin
66/02/24 327 325
1866
13-Jan
Whirlwind
977 Brit HK
Suri
18-Jan
18-Mar
Light Brigade
1214 Brit A
Jeddo
1059 Brit A
29-Mar
31-Mar
1867
6-Nov
Golden Horn
Pride of the Ganges
1193 Brit HK
BG
BG
Suri
66/03/30 409 404 66/04/14 493 487
480
66/07/09 416 403
641 Brit
W
BG
66/07/31 305 302
Veritas
632
Brit
HK
Suri
68/01/28 291
270
418
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
419
Appendix VI
Departures for Australia
Key: Departure Ports
A: Amoy
HK: Hong Kong S: Swatow
Appendix VII
Departures for other Destinations
Key: Departure Ports
A: Amoy
M: Macao W: Whampoa
HK: Hong Kong S: Swatow
Table A6.1 Departures for Australia
Ship
Tons Flag
From
Arr
On
Off
1848
Ship
Tons
Table A7.1 Departures for other destinations
Flag From To
On
5-Jul
25-Nov
Nimrod
London
1846
234 Brit A
388 Brit HK
48/10/02 120 120 49/02/22 149 149
6-Jul
1849
1-Dec
Joseph et Claire l'Avenir
304
290 Fren
Fren A
A
Bourbon
90
Bourbon
200
4-Nov
Cadet
1851
465 Brit A
50/04/23 150
138
1850
13-Nov
Thetis
460 Brit
A
Honolulu
200
22-Feb
8-Nov
Gazelle
1852
Duke of Roxburgh
241
498
Brit A
Brit A
50/05/14 134 51/02/06 258
131
5-Jun
Thetis
460 Brit
A
Honolulu
101
242
1851
1853
16-Aug
Duke of Roxburgh
27-Jan
Sea Witch
1600 Amer
S
Panama
719
498 Brit A
51/11/09 240
227
14-Sep
Ganges
10-Feb
Bella Vascongada
1-Oct
Arabia
15-Oct
22-Nov
General Palmer Statesman
12-Dec
Amazon
430 Brit A
387 Brit
571 Brit A
345 Brit A
370 Brit A
52/01/26 224 51/12/21 196 52/02/16 335 264 52/02/20 180 180 52/03/17 303 290
213
16-Sep
What Cheer
480 Span 334 Amer
S
Panama
Honolulu
325
190
179
1855
27-Dec
Sarah
455
Amer
W
Rio de
Janeiro
1852
1864
1-Jan
7-Dec
Ferdinand Brumm
830
Rus
HK
Tahiti
337
21-Jan
11-Nov
25-Nov
Eleanor Lancaster Spartan Eleanor Lancaster Royal Saxon
480 Brit A
364 Brit A
480 Brit S
518 Brit A
52/03/10 240 52/04/29 250 210 53/02/08 255 255 53/02/05 327
240
1865
22-Jul
Alberto
653
Chil
HK
Honolulu
250
14-Aug
Roscoe
586 Brit
HK
Honolulu
276
304
1853
20-Sep Spray of the Ocean
845 Brit
HK
Tahiti
351
8-Jan
20-Oct
Albertine
1209
Ger
HK
Tahiti
347
Spartan
364
Brit A
53/04/07
254
180
1866
11-Jul
Mary Frances
769 Brit
HK
Honolulu
62
3-Oct
Antonia Petronella / Eastfield
670 Dut
HK
Honolulu
200
1870
9-Feb
Ville de St Lo
374
Fren
HK
New Orleans
195
2-Apr
Charles Auguste
740
Fren HK
New Orleans
213
16-Jun
R W Wood
377
Haw HK
Honolulu
61
18-Jun Solo
21-Dec
Violette
1021 Haw
381 Brit
HK
Honolulu
188
HK
Honolulu
112
1872
17-Nov
Glensannox
1251 Ital
M
Costa Rica
685
420
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
421
Barracoon
Glossary
Originally a sparse building or enclosure for the temporary confinement of slaves. A securely guarded shed was initially used in the context of the coolie trade. In latter years permanent premises were still called barracoons.
Bill of lading A legal document of two or more copies used in the transportation of goods describing what is being shipped and where to.
Blackbirding The practice of deceiving and kidnapping of South Sea Islanders to work in countries bordering the South Pacific.
Bumboat
Caput
Carlines
A small boat used to take goods and passengers to
ships at anchor in a harbour. head (person).
Pieces of timber, about five inches square, placed between beams upon which deck planking can be nailed.
A shipping contract between a shipowner or his representative and a charterer for the use of the ship.
Charter party
Charterer
A person or company who enters into an agreement
with a shipowner.
Coamings
Crimp
Agent whose business it is to entrap
Death
recorded
Debility
A raised frame around an opening in the deck to
keep water out.
Term used by judges to record a death sentence as legally required, but considered to be successfully appealed, and therefore not carried out.
An enfeebled physical state
Donkey-boiler An auxiliary boiler.
Dropsy
Flush-decked
Hatch
An old medical term for the abnormal swelling of
tissues from a buildup of fluid.
With a continuous main deck from stern to stern
with no structures on it.
An opening in the deck of a ship.
Jury rudder
A hastily made device to replace, temporarily, a
damaged or lost rudder.
A sailor from the Indian sub continent.
Kanakas
Lascars
Lay-days
A Pacific islander worker.
Manilaman
Mizzen sail Nanyang
Orlop deck Positive
inanition
Pratique
Pro bono
Ratlines
Royal sail
Spar deck
Topgallant Vomitire
Weather shore
The days specified in a charter party during which the vessel is to be available for the working of
cargo.
A sailor from the Philippines.
A sail on the mizzen (aftermost) mast.
Term meaning "southern
ocean" commonly
referring to the littoral states of the South China
the Sea-particularly
Settlements,
Straits
Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand.
The lowest deck of a ship
A state of suffering from either a literal emptiness (of sustenance) or a metaphorical emptiness (of interest or energy).
Free pratique is granted to ships entering port on
proof the vessel is disease free. Without payment
Thin ropes tied between the heavy ropes used to support a tall mast The ratlines are spaced so as to serve as a ladder for the crew to go aloft to stow the sails.
A small sail flown from the highest point of a mast. The upper deck of a sailing ship.
A sail between a topsail and a royal sail.
An old fashioned mixture used to induce vomiting. When the wind blows away from the shore to
seaward.
422
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
423
BPP
CLEC CO
GB
Abbreviations
British Parliamentary Papers.
Colonial Land and Emigration Commission.
Colonial Office
Great Britain
hp
horsepower
RCS
WIC
West India Committee
Royal College of Surgeons
Hawaiian
Mexican Norwegian
National flags
Am
American
Ha
Au Austrian
It
Italian
Be
Belgian
Me
Br
British
No
Ch
Chilean
Pe
Peruvian
Co
Colombian
Po
Portuguese
Da
Danish
Ru
Russian
Du
Dutch
Sa
Fr
French
Sp
Ge
German
Sw
424
C�@�
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Salvadorian
Spanish Swedish
Editorial Practices
Shipping Sources Data
Where tables are stated to be, "Author's Compilation", the data have been gathered from a variety of sources, of varying degrees of accuracy and reliability. Where possible, figures have been cross-checked from two or more sources, but this sometimes produced conflicting results. In such circumstances, the more logical figure has been used with some trepidation.
Of the six departure ports covered in this study, the most authoritative figures for the whole period have been those published by the Harbour Master of Hong Kong. Information on vessels from the Chinese ports has generally been ascertained from British and American Consular officials in their various despatches. The quality of such reports varied considerably, with dates associated with ship departures seldom confirmed by newspaper reports on vessel movements in Chinese waters.
The detail of newspaper listings changed over time, even for the same newspaper. Similarly, numbers shipped were seldom accurate, with approximations the general rule. Newspapers were not generally privy to such numbers either. The weekly Portuguese Government publication O Boletim, in its various guises, provided the most useful data, with the consistency and accuracy of information steadily improving from 1862.
Shipping statistics on the Chinese emigration to the British West Indies is comprehensively reported in the Annual Reports of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission along with some information on emigration to Surinam. The best source for information about Chinese immigrants to Cuba has been found in the Boletin de Colonizacion published by the Cuban Colonisation Commission, with only a few shipments not covered. Nevertheless, this is sometimes a little confusing especially when figures from the British Consul General in Cuba provide almost identical numbers but list more ship arrivals.
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora 425
As with Cuba, the British Consul in Peru reported regularly to the British Foreign Secretary on the state of Chinese arrivals in that country. However, the periods covered have not always been continuous, so that the most authoritative means of comparison is J.B.H. Martinet.
184
Where contradictory data has been sourced, the more pertinent figure is used. Where no data has come to hand, an entry may remain blank. Mortality rates quoted are generally based on the numbers embarked on all vessels for that destination irrespective of whether the vessel arrived at its destination or not and the numbers that actually disembarked. Different mortality rates will result from using figures based on ship arrivals only.
Mutinies versus insurrections
Mutinies are insurrections against authorities. At sea they would be by the crew against the Master or Captain. (There are at least two instances in this study). Passengers do not mutiny, but in the context of the time, newspapers invariably referred to the insurrections by the coolies as mutinies. In latter years officials began to realize that some insurrections were in fact planned acts of piracy. Newspapers however, preferred to continue referring to them as mutinies. In this study, 21 were classified as successful mutinies in that they resulted in the vessel not arriving at its destination. The other 47 were tabled as unsuccessful insurrections, purely to distinguish them from the first group.
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GB CO 349/1-36, Hong Kong Register: Correspondence, 1849-1875, 1878. GB CO 403, Hong Kong Entry Books, 1843-1871.
GB CO 489/1-15, Hong Kong Register: Out letters, 1872-1926.
GB Colonial Land and Emigration Commission Annual Reports. GB FO Confidential Prints - Index (microform).
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Brussels, Belgium
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Havana, Cuba
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Canton, China
Canton Register (microform), Canton: James Matheson, 1827-1843. Chinese Repository, 1842-51.
Chicago, USA
Chicago Press and Tribune, 22 October 1859.
Hong Kong
China Mail (various, 1866-68)
Chinese Serial, Vol. II No. 12, 1854.
Daily Advertiser & Shipping Gazette, 2 January 1872 30 April 1873. Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, 1871-78.
Friend of China and Hong Kong Gazette, 1842-59. Hong Kong Daily Press (various, 1864-72).
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1
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Unpublished Theses
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Suggested Additional Reading
Confiant, Rapha�l. Case � Chine. Mercure de France, 2007. (Novel)
1
Spar plan of screw steamers, Glendarroch and Glensannox. Glensannox left Macau, 17 November 1872
with 685 coolies for Costa Rica.
436
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
437
I
Notes
For a useful description of currencies used in Hong Kong in C19th, see Elizabeth Sinn, Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013, p. xvii. 2 BPP 1852-53 [1686].
3 Wm. Mayers, et al., The Treaty Ports of China and Japan, 1867, p. 127.
4
Prince Kung (1833-18988) was the sixth son of the Chinese Emperor Daoguang. As head of China's Foreign Ministry, known as the Zhongli Yamen, he negotiated a set of regulations with Rutherford Alock of Britain and Henry de Bellonnet of France to ensure the safety of Chinese emigrants. Dated 5 March 1866, this has become known as the Kung Convention.
5 Don Aldus, Coolie traffic and Kidnapping, 1876, p. 31.
6 Eldon Griffin, Clippers and Consuls, 1938, p. 29.
7 John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast, 1953, p. 217.
The Straits Times, 12 December 1846.
8
9 In 1803, aged twenty, John Crawfurd had joined the East India Company as a qualified medical doctor, working first in Penang and then Java. There he was entrusted with the administration of the ports of Semarang and Sourabaya where many Chinese resided. Very keen on languages and history, he soon became an expert on the region. He became the second British Resident of Singapore in 1823, on the recommendation of his friend Stamford Raffles, the first British Resident. Despite being an efficient and conscientious administrator, he was not a popular man, and he returned to Scotland in 1826 where he made several unsuccessful attempts to enter Parliament.
22
23
The Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 1. No. 1, p. 171. The details given in the contract are as follows:
Contract between So or Su, aged 25, from Nanhai County Guangdong Province, and the company "Lombillo, Montalvo y Ca." based in Havana, whose agent, Tanco Armero, is based in Macau. The contract is dated "29th Day of the 12th Month of the 7th Year of the Tongzhi Era" and registered at the Macau Procurator's Office for Chinese Affairs, 2 January 1869. So or Su agreed to board a ship in Macau, bound for Havana, as arranged by Tanco Armero, to work there for eight years. Many thanks to Mr Tony Yip for his advice on these details. Mr Yip gives these comments, "The Chinese in the contract is hard to understand and appears to be written by a non-native speaker. The first name of the future worker is illegible and the name of the signatory cannot be read. The handwriting at the top right hand corner of the contract is in Portuguese. It is difficult to convert the Chinese date into the Gregorian calendar, but it is useful to note that Tongzhi Emperor reigned from 11 November 1861 to 12 January 1875 (using the Gregorian calendar).
24
Captain Thomas George Beazley was born in 1811 and obtained his Masters Class 2 Certificate in 1847. The following month, on 20 September 1847 he obtained his Class 1 Certificate. He was awarded a Medal from the Hon. East India Company in 1843 for his exertions in the battles of Meanee and Hydrabad, whilst in command of the Company's steam vessel Nimrod.
25
South Australian Register, 25 July 1863.
26
China Mail, 29 April 1852.
27
Singapore Free Press, 13 May 1853.
28
Eldon Griffin, 1938, p. 413.
29
Ibid.
30
10
BPP 1844 [530], 260.
11
BPP 1844 [530] Emigration West Indies and Mauritius.
12
https://www.temoignages.re/culture/culture-et-identite/2006-placee-sous-le-
signe-du-chien-de-feu, 13139
13
14
See Georges Bell, Voyage en Chine du capitaine Montfort, 1860, p. 8.
Juan Perez de la Riva, La demograph�a de los cul�es Chinois, 1803-1874. 1966, p. 76.
15
This is an example of conflicting information. The Boletin de Colonizacion gives an arrival date of 3 Jun 1847, the same date as recorded by the Diario de
la Marina. Perez de la Riva however says the Oquendo arrived on 29 July.
Juan Perez de la Riva, op. cit., p. 77.
16
17 Captain J. Thomas Larkins, formerly in the East India Company's maritime
service, was then a merchant in Hong Kong.
18
Sic (as spelt by Consul Layton. There ae numerous cases of this spelling in BPP. More often, we find the spelling, "taotai".
19 Passengers purchased the ticket on credit to be paid back out of their wages
on arrival.
20
The first Peruvian Law to encourage the importation of overseas labour. It was intended for Europeans but it did not specifically ban Chinese and many more Chinese than Europeans were brought in. See Watt Stewart, Chinese Bondage in Peru; a history of the Chinese coolie in Peru 1849-74, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1951,
P. 13.
21
See Christopher Munn, Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841-1880, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001,
p. 269.
Mario Castro de Mendoza,. El Transporte Maritimo en la Inmigraci�n China, 1849-1874. Lima: CONCYTEC, 1989.
31
The Argus, 8 March 1855.
32
Sydney Morning Herald, 16 March 1855.
33
Watt Stewart, Chinese Bondage in Peru, 1951, p. 22.
34
The New York Times, 10 January 1856.
35
San Francisco Call, 11 April 1897.
36
Watt Stewart, Chinese Bondage in Peru, 1951, p. 22.
37
Humberto Rodr�guez Pastor, 'Trata de cul�es chinos y barcos cl�ppers,' in
Nueva cor�nica 3 (Enero, 2014). Peru: Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima, pp. 435-454, p. 422.
BPP 1852-53 (986), p. 72.
George Booker and his brothers initially managed cotton and sugar plantations in British Guiana. They then branched out into retailing, shipping and publishing. The Booker Prize was established by the family.
38
39
40
BPP 1852-53 (1686), p. 1
41
BPP 1852-53 (1686), p. 26.
42
BPP 1852-53 (1686), p. 10.
43
An Extract of Dr Ely's Diary can be found in Walton Look Lai, The Chinese
in the West Indies 1806-1995. Jamaica: UWI Press, 1998, p. 10.
44
Jules Davids, American Diplomatic & Public Papers: the US & China. Wilmington Del: Scholarly Resources, 1973. Vol. 17 Coolie Trade, p. 6.
438
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora
439
1
45 The Chinese Serial, 1 December 1854 (Vol. II, No. 12).
46
The China Mail, 9 November 1854, quoting the Morning Herald, Jamaica, of 30 August 1854.
47
Extract from, 'The 149 year illustrated log of the Edwin Fox', The New Zealand Maritime Record. http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/edwinfox.htm
48
"Death recorded" means that a convict was pardoned for his crimes rather than given the death sentence.
49
50
The role of the refaccionista seems to have been that of middleman or dealer. Charles Batten Hillier (1820-1856) was Assistant Chief Magistrate of Hong Kong between 1843 and 1847 when he succeeded William Caine as Chief Magistrate. A merchant mariner he was appointed Emigration Officer under the Chinese Passengers' Act of 1855. He died shortly after arriving in Bangkok as the British Consul to Siam.
51
52
BPP 1857-58 (521), p. 5.
These figures appear to be rounded figures and differ from those supplied by the Harbour Master in Hong Kong and by the Boletin de Colonization in Cuba.
James Nourse bought his first ship in 1861 and then formed his own company in 1864. He then won a contract with the British Crown Agents for the Colonies
53
to transport coolies from India to the West Indies, Fiji and Mauritius.
54
See Appendix II.
55
Adelaide Times, 14 July 1856.
56
Translated by the The Friend of China, 7 May 1856.
57
Robert J. Plowman, "The Voyage of the "Coolie" ship Kate Hooper, October
3, 1857 - March 26, 1858.' In Prologue Magazine Summer 2001, Vol. 33, No. 2. Seen at
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/summer/coolie-ship-kate-
hooper-1.html2001.
58
"Report on the State of Disease on board the Ship Kitty Simpson" (i.e. on her recent voyage from Swatow to Havana).--How did this report come about? The British authorities were investigating the cause of high mortality on British coolie ships. British Havana consul-general Crawford made enquiries of the two British ships in port at the time, and also called on Dr Somerville, of this American ship, for similar information, which he generously supplied.
59
60
BPP 1860 (2714), p. 60.
Bazin & Leon Gay was founded in January 1846 through a merger between Bazin & Perier and the Compagnie G�n�rale de Navigation � H�lice. The company was sold to Fraissinet in 1865.
61
See Appendix I.
62 The Chinese Passengers' Act stipulates three quarts per person per day. It is
unlcear for what purpose this 6 gallons per day is intended.
63
See Jardine Matheson Archive MS JM F7/32.
64
See also Chapter 6 in the present work.
65
Usually the crew handled the ropes from the deck when making and furling
sail. Because the deck was completely taken up by the passengers, the crew had
to handle the ropes standing on the side rails: a dangerous practice.
66
US Exec Doc16 HR 37th Congress 2nd Session.
67
BPP 1861 (2831), p. 3.
68
Contract in Spanish between Nong Sing of Namoi and Lombillo [sic, not "Lombrillo"], Montalvo y Ca." [i.e. Lombillo, Montalvo & Co.]
Mr Tony Yip makes the following comment about the place name, "Namoi". "I assume 'Namoi' is the same as 'Nanhai'. The place 'Nanhai' is sometimes transliterated into English as 'Namhoi'. In Spanish, the 'h' sound is always silent, it's probably why 'Namoi' is used in the Spanish version of the contract."
Tony Yip makes the following interesting contrasts between the Chinese- language and Spanish-language contracts which are both shown in this book: "The same agent and same company are mentioned in both versions. In the Chinese version, it's mentioned that Tanco Armero is based in Macau, I don't see the same mention in the Spanish version. In the Chinese version, it says the labourer agrees to board a ship arranged by Tanco Armero to leave Macau for Havana. In the Spanish version, it's just saying that the labourer agrees to work in Havana." Tony Yip also points out as follows: "The agent is called 'N. Tanco Armero' (I can't say for sure that 'N' stands for 'Nicolas' by reading either the Spanish or the Chinese version)."
69 Steven A. Leibo, 'Not So Calm an Administration: The Anglo-French Occupation of Canton, 1858-61.' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 28 (1988), pp. 16-33, p. 19.

coolie-ships-of-the-chinese-diaspora1846-1874 — Page 11

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