CO129/590, Young to Secretary of State (Stanley), 28 December 1941.
39.
Gimson, An Unpublished History of Hong Kong During the Japanese Occupation (manuscript), 5�V6.
40.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 103.
41.
Willmott, Empires in the Balance, 218�V9. 42. Ibid. 178.
43.
Elsbree, Japan��s Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements, 1940�V1945, 163.
44.
Quoted in Thorne, Allies of a Kind, 157.
45.
Waijiaobu, Zhanshi Waijiao, vol.3, agreement between Chiang Kai-shek and Mountbatten, October 1943.
46.
Ibid. Roosevelt to Chiang, telegram of 31 December 1941.
47.
For Chiang��s thinking, see Tsang, An Appointment with China, 28�V9.
48.
Gu, Gu Weijun Huiyilu, vol.5, 14�V15. 49. CO825/42/55104/2, Gent��s minutes, 14 February 1942.
50.
CO825/35/55104, Secret note by MacDougall, March 1942.
51.
CO825/35/55104, Minutes of 35th meeting of the committee on post-war problems, 2 April 1942.
52.
FO371/31804, Clarke to Eden, report of 11 June 1942.
53.
CO825/35/55104, Minutes by Gent (on interdepartmental meeting of 30 June 1942) dated 1 July 1942.
54.
CO825/35/55104, Gent��s minutes of 17 June 1942.
55.
FO371/31777, Cranborne to Eden, letter of 18 August 1942.
56.
CO825/35/55104, Gater��s minutes (for Cranborne), 31 July 1942. 57. CAB65/28, WM171(42) 21 December 1942.
58.
For the negotiations, see Tsang, Appointment with China, 31�V3.
59.
Wellington Koo Papers, Box 55, Sino�VBritish Treaty 1942�V4, Soong to Seymour, 11 January 1943.
60.
Ibid. Seymour to Soong, 21 January 1943.
61.
Jones, Japan��s New Order in East Asia, 333.
62.
Elsbree, Japan��s Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movement, 10.
63.
Jones, Japan��s New Order, 332�V4. 64. Ibid. 332. 65. Ibid. 333.
66.
Proclamation by Governor Isogai, quoted in Xie, Sannian ling bageyue de kunan, 40.
67.
China Mail, 2 October 1945 (��Mr North lifts a veil��).
68.
CO129/594/6, MacDougall to Gent, 19 September 1945. The fourth member was Legislative Councillor Lee Tse-fong (Li Zifang).
69.
Li escaped and wrote an account of occupied Hong Kong.
70.
Xie, Sannian ling bageyue, 62�V3.
71.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 142.
72.
Sha, Xianggang lunxian riji, 92.
73.
Liu, Hu Die huyilu, 190.
74.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 105.
75.
Xie, Zhanshi Rijun zai Xianggang baoxing, 87.
76.
Guan, Qishinian lai jiaguo, 40.
77.
Xie, Sannian ling bageyue, 93.
78.
Ye, ��Rizhi shiji de Xianggang��, 121.
79.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 154�V5.
80.
Alderson, History of RAF Kai Tak, 40.
81.
Gittins, Stanley: Behind Barbed Wire, 66.
82.
Gimson, Unpublished History, 13.
83.
Rhodes House Library, Gimson Papers: Hong Kong 1942�V1945, diary entry for 5 January 1945.
84.
Ibid., Diary entry for 14 June 1944.
85.
Ride, BAAG, 53�V6.
86.
Cruickshank, SOE in the Far East, 157�V8.
87.
Ride, BAAG, 182. 88. Ibid. 328�V30. 89. Ibid. 83.
90.
Guangdongsheng Danganguan (ed.), Dongjiang Congdui shiliao, 11�V2.
91.
Dongjiang Congdui shi bianxiejuzu (ed.), Dongjiang Congdui shi, 57�V8.
92.
Xie, Sannian ling bageyue, 385. Chen Daming, Political Commissar of the guerrillas, claims the group had 600 guerrillas, though he has not specified whether this was the total number including casualties over the whole war or its maximum strength at a particular point of the occupation period. Chen, Xianggang kangri youjidui, 145.
93.
Zeng, Zheng Sheng Huiyilu, 315�V6.
94.
Dongjiang Congdui shi bianxiejuzu (ed.), Dongjiang Congdui shi, 60�V4.
95.
Xu (ed.), Huoyue cai Xianggang, 34�V7.
96.
Zeng, Zeng Shen Huiyilu, 232�V3.
97.
For the parallel planning for Hong Kong by the Chinese government, see Tsang, Appointment with China, 34�V9.
98.
CO825/35/55104, Revised draft paper, ��British Far Eastern Policy��, July 1942; Cranborne to Amery, letter of 20 August 1942.
99. FO371/31777, Cranborne to Eden, letter of 18 August 1942.
100. CO825/42/55104/2, Gent��s memo, ��Future Status of Hong Kong��, 21 July 1943. 101. CO825/35/55104/7, Gent��s memo, 19 June 1943. 102. CO825/42/55104/2, Gent��s minutes, 29 December 1943.
103. For an in-depth analysis, see Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 13�V24.
104. CO129/1650, Gent��s minutes of 21 September 1945.
105. Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 18.
106. Ch��i, ��The Military Dimension, 1942�V1945��, 165.
107. CO537/4805, ��Summary of Assurances given by HMG since 1942 about the Future of Hong Kong��.
108. Quoted in Xiang, Recasting the Imperial Far East, 17.
109. FO371/46251, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes of 25 July 1945.
110. HS1/133, SOE cipher telegram to Melbourne 986, 16 May 1945. 111. FO371/46251, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes, 25 July 1945.
112. HS1/171, Notes of a meeting in the Colonial Office on 23 July 1945.
113. Ibid.
114. HS1/171, Britmis Chungking to War Office, 200900H, 20 July 1945.
115. Shai, Britain and China, 1941�V47, 100. 116. CO129/591/16, Gent��s minutes, 4 August 1945.
117. HS1/171, Foreign Office to Chungking 859, 11 August 1945.
118. HS1/171, Britmis Chungking to War Office, 200900H, 20 July 1945.
119. HS1/171, Rait��s minute to DDMI (P/W), 19 August 1944.
120. FO371/46251, ��The Political Issues between Great Britain and China regarding Hong Kong��, 7 July 1945.
121. Ibid.
Chapter 10: Return to Empire
1. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 511.
2. FO371/46251, Undated note, ��Arrangements for the Administration of Hong Kong in the Event of its Liberation by Regular Chinese Forces��, c. late July 1945.
3. Kirby, The War Against Japan, vol.5, 491.
4. FO371/46252, Sterndale-Bennett��s top secret minutes, 14 August 1945.
5. Xie, Xianggang Zhanhou Fengyunlu, 30.
6. Shih, The Reminiscences of General Shih Chueh (in Chinese), 197.
7. The New First Corps liberated Canton on 7 September. Xie, Yingyang Guowei, 376. 8. FO371/46252, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes, 14 August 1945.
9. FO371/46252, Foreign Office to Chungking 916, 18 August 1945.
10. FO371/46252, Chungking to Foreign Office 857, 16 August 1945.
11. Waijiaobu 323, Foreign Ministry note on the handling of the Japanese surrender in Hong Kong, undated, c. early September 1945.
12. Waijiaobu 323, Foreign Minister to British Ambassador, 17 August 1945.
13. Mao, Mao Zedong Xuanji, vol.4, 1035�V7. 14. Ibid. 1028.
15. Dongjiang Congdui shi bianxiejuzu (ed.), Dongjiang Congdui shi, 149�V50.
16. CO129/591/18, MACHIN to AMSSO TW1688, 26 August 1945.
17. Dongjiang Congdui shi bianxiejuzu (ed.), Dongjiang Congdui Shi, 151.
18. Chiang��s diary entry of 25 April 1945. Cited in Huang, Jiang Jeshi Riji, 429.
19. Wellington Koo Papers, Box 55, Folder 12b, London Embassy to Chiang, telegram of 13 August 1945.
20. Kirby, The War Against Japan, vol.5, 145.
21. FO371/46252, Chungking to Foreign Office 865, 17 August 1945.
22. CO129/591/18, MACHIN to AMSSO TW1688, 26 August 1945.
23. CO129/591/18, Gater to General Ismay, letter of 25 August 1945; PRO FO371/46253, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes of 1 September 1945.
24. FO371/46253, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes of 27 August 1945.
25. FO371/46253, Foreign Office to Chungking 1002, 28 August 1945.
26. FO371/46253, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes of 27 August 1945.
27. CO537/4805, ��Summary of Assurances Given by HMG since 1942 about the Future of Hong Kong��.
28. FRUS 1945, vol.7, 501�V2 (Hurley to Secretary of State, telegram of 16 August 1945).
29. FO371/46252, Prime Minister to President Truman, 18 August 1945.
30. Truman, Memoirs of Harry S Truman, vol.2, 61�V2.
31. Waijiaobu 323, Hurley to Chiang, 22 August 1945.
32. Waijiaobu 323, Foreign Ministry note on arrangements for the Japanese surrender in Hong Kong, undated, c. September 1945.
33. Waijioubu 312/72, Note on the handling of the Japanese surrender in Hong Kong, 9 October [1946].
34. Wellington Koo Papers, Box 55, Folder 12b, Foreign Ministry to London Embassy, telegram 273, 25�V6 August 1945.
35. Xie, Xianggang Zhanhou Fengyunlu, 37.
36. FO371/46253, Chungking to Foreign Office 958, 27 August 1945. 37. FO371/46253, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes, 31 August 1945. 38. FO371/46253, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes, 27 August 1945.
39. FO371/46253, Chungking to Foreign Office 973, 29 August 1945.
40. FO371/46253, Chungking to Foreign Office 987, 30 August 1945.
41. Waijioubu 312/72, Note on the handling of the Japanese surrender in Hong Kong, 9 October [1946].
42. Hung On-to Memorial Library, Franklin Gimson Papers, ��Hong Kong Reclaimed��, 169�V76.
43. The order for Gimson is in CO129/591/16, Foreign Office to Chungking, telegram, 11 August 1945.
44. Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 259.
45. CO129/591/18, ��War Diary: 29th August to 16th September 1945��.
46. CO129/591/12, Admiralty to Commander-in-Chief, Hong Kong telegram of 3 September 1945.
47. CO129/591/12, ��Civil Affairs Directive to the Senior Officer Commanding HBM��s Forces in Hong Kong��.
48. CO129/592/6, Harcourt to Hall, personal and secret letter, 11 November 1945.
49. CO129/591/20, CCAO��s general report on Hong Kong, 2 November 1945.
50. CO129/594/6, MacDougall to Garter, letter of 5 December 1945.
51. CO129/591/20, CCAO��s general report on Hong Kong, 2 November 1945.
52. Record of Interview with David MacDougall on 17 February 1983.
53. CO129/591/18, ��War Diary: 29th August to 16th September�� by Harcourt, 6 October 1945.
54. CO129/595/9, Report by the Chief Civil Affairs Officer �V the New Territories, September to November 1945.
55. Donnison, British Military Administration in the Far East, 205.
56. Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 25.
57. CO129/591/20, Report on Fisheries Organization by G.A.C. Herklots to Brigadier MacDougall, 18 October 1945.
58. Record of Interview with Geoffrey Herklots on 19 January 1983.
59. The British Military Administration Hong Kong, 6.
60. CO129/594/6, MacDougall to Garter, letter of 5 December 1945.
61. CO537/1667, Lloyd to Cash, letter of 12 January 1946.
62. Hong Kong Public Records Office, HKRS211/D, S/2/11, Young to Hall 82, 10 May 1946; CO129/594/9, Ruston��s minutes of 12 March 1946; and Hazlerigg to Gent, letter of 31 December 1945.
63. Harcourt, ��The Military Administration of Hong Kong��, 15.
64. CO129/591/20, MacDougall to Gent, letter of 6 November 1945.
65. Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 26.
66. For an example, see Wah Kiu Yat Pao, editorial of 12 May 1946.
67. CO129/592/6, Weekly Intelligence Summary no.3 (to 10 October 1945).
68. FO371/53639, F16735/113/10, Young to Creech-Jones 165, 7 November 1946.
69. FO371/53634, F5435/113/10, Minutes of Kitson, 22 March 1946.
70. FO371/53638, F15424/113/g10, Sloss to Cripps, confidential letter of 11 October 1946.
71. CO129/594/6, Newspaper cuttings enclosed from MacDougall to Gater, letter of 5 December 1945.
72. CO129/594/6, MacDougall to Gater, letter of 5 December 1945.
73. FO371/46259, F11807/1147/10, Keswick��s ��Note on Future of Hong Kong��, 3 November 1945.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid. Keswick��s ��Secretary for Chinese Affairs��, 24 September 1945.
76. FO371/53632, Foreign Secretary��s minutes to Prime Minister dated 8 March 1946; and PRO FO371/53633, Prime Minister��s minute to Foreign Secretary dated 9 March 1946.
77. CO129/594/4, Speech by Young, 1 May 1946.
78. Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 186.
79. CO537/1651, Young to Creech-Jones, confidential despatch, 22 October 1946.
Chapter 11: A Fine Balance
1. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, 704.
2. FO371/54052, F6208/2129/g6, ��British Foreign Policy in the Far East��, 16 April 1946, 6.
3. FO371/54052, F6208/2129/g6, ��British Foreign Policy in the Far East��, 16 April 1946, 1.
4. Hong Kong Hansard: Session 1946, 49 (record of 4th meeting, 20 June 1946).
5. Colonial Office, Annual Report on Hong Kong 1946, 26.
6. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Statistics 1947�V1967, 88.
7. Hong Kong Hansard 1947, 130�V156 (record of 13th meeting, 1 May 1947).
8. CO129/595/3, Young to Creech-Jones, telegram 12 December 1946.
9. CO129/597/2, Creech-Jones to Grantham despatch 302, 24 September 1948.
10. For Young��s reform attempt, see Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 32�V62, 183�V210.
11. CO129/594/9, Ruston��s minute of 16 May 1946.
12. Hong Kong Hansard 1946, 63 (record of 5th meeting).
13. Ibid. 134 (record of 11th meeting, 12 September 1946). For an examination of Hong Kong��s localisation policy, see Podmore, ��Localization in the Hong Kong Government Service��, 36�V51.
14. Colonial Office, Annual Report on Hong Kong 1946, 2.
15. CO129/611, Young to Creech-Jones, despatch of 15 November 1946.
16. Grantham, Via Ports, 105�V6.
17. Louis, ��Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945�V1949��, 1066.
18. Xinsheng Wanbao, 29 August 1946; CO537/1651, Young to Creech-Jones, despatch 145, 22 October 1946.
19. Louis, ��Hong Kong: The Critical Phase��, 1066.
20. Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 60.
21. Wah Kiu Yat Po, 13 June 1946 (editorial).
22. CO882/31, Young to Creech-Jones, confidential despatch 70, 22 October 1946.
23. For a full analytical contrast between Young and Grantham��s approach to political reform, see Tsang, Democracy Shelved, particularly 186�V92.
24. Grantham, Via Ports, 111.
25. CO537/5400, Minutes of the 9th Smaller Territories Committee meeting on 12 July 1950 (item 4).
26. Grantham, ��Hong Kong��, 121.
27. Huaqiao Ribao, Xianggang Nianjian 1948, 6�V7.
28. This section is based substantially upon Tsang, Appointment with China, 56�V 77.
29. First draft in CO129/592/8, ��Status of Hong Kong��, August 1945. 30. FO371/46257, GEN77/47, 23 October 1945.
31. FO371/46257, Kitson��s minutes, undated, c. early November 1945.
32. FO371/53632, ��The Future of Hong Kong��, 28 February 1946.
33. FO371/53632, ��The Future of Hong Kong��, 28 February 1946.
34. FO371/53632, Sterndale-Bennett��s minutes of 2 March 1946.
35. FO371/53632, Sargent��s minutes of 19 March 1946.
36. Ibid.; and undated minutes by Bevin.
37. FO371/53635, ��The Future of Hong Kong��, 18 July 1946.
38. FO371/53637, Lloyd to Dening, letter of 22 August 1946.
39. FO371/53637, Dening to Lloyd, letter of 9 September 1946.
40. CO537/3325, ��China: Annual Report for 1947�� by Ambassador Stevenson.
41. FO371/63388, Dening��s minutes of 10 May 1947.
42. Waijiaobu 323, Foreign Ministry to Executive Yuan 10479, 31 October 1945.
43. Waijiaobu 312.72, paper on questions relating to recovery of Hong Kong and Kowloon, undated c. October 1946.
44. Guofengbu 062.23/5000.4, vol.2, Xu Yongzhang to Chiang, submission of 18 December 1946.
45. A large number of them are filed in Waijiaobu 312.72.
46. Wellington Koo Papers, Box 55, folder 12b, Waijiaobu to London Embassy, telegram 273, 25�V6 August 1945. English translation in PRO CO129/592/ 8, Extract from President Chiang��s address, 25 August 1945.
47. Waijiaobu 323, Intelligence 243, 28 December 1945.
48. Tsang, Hong Kong: An Appointment with China, 64�V5.
49. Waijiaobu 317.72, Foreign Ministry submission to Chiang, 15 November 1946.
50. CO537/2193, Governor of Hong Kong to Colonial Office, savingrams dated 5 February 1947 and 16 September 1947.
51. Waijiaobu 313.72, vol.4, Executive Yuan to Foreign Ministry, instruction of 17 February 1948.
52. For the military dimension of the Chinese Civil War, see Hooton, The Greatest Tumult; for the political dimension, see Pepper, Civil War in China.
53. Mao, Mao Zedong Waijiao Wenxuan, 55�V62.
54.
Chen, China��s Road to the Korean War, 29.
55.
Mao, Mao Zedong Junshi Wenxuan, 319.
56.
Mao, Jianguo Yilai Mao Zedong Wengao, vol.1, 193.
57.
Renmin Ribao (Beijing), 1 October 1982.
58.
Renmin Ribao, 8 March 1963.
59.
Guanggiaojing (ed.), Xianggang yu Zhongguo, 279 (Huang Hua��s memo to the UN, 10 March 1972).
60.
Mao, Mao Zedong Wenji, vol.4, 207.
61.
FO371/63318, Boyce (Peking) to Chancery (Nanking), 30 December 1946. Xiang Lanxin has described Harmon as a ��British intelligence officer who had personal connections with the Communist leaders��. The original source describes him, a retired colonel, as ��the only British news correspondent stationed�� in Beijing who went to Yenan for a visit for the first time. The available official PRC source also refers to him as a visiting British journalist. Xiang��s citation and quotation are both partly inaccurate. See Xiang, Recasting the Imperial Far East, 101.
62.
Xu, Xu Jiatun Xianggang Huiyilu I, 67.
63.
Zeng, Zeng Sheng Huiyilu, 569.
64.
CAB129/32, Appendix to CP(49)39, 4 March 1949 (translation of a Communist document captured in Hong Kong).
65.
Catron, China and Hong Kong, 1945�V1967, 70.
66.
FO371/75779, Enclosure from Heathcote-Smith to Lamb, 2 December 1948. Qiao is identified as Chiao Mu.
67.
Ibid.
68.
Goncharov, Lewis and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners, 40.
69.
Zeng, Zeng Sheng Huiyilu, 570�V1.
70.
Xu, Xu Jiatun Xianggang Huiyilu, vol.2, 473�V4.
71.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang zhengce biwen shilu, 4�V5.
72.
CO537/6798, Colonial Political Intelligence Summary 1951, no.3, March 1951.
73.
Zhou, Zhou Enlai Waijiao Wenxuan, 83.
74.
Cheng, Hong Kong: In Search of a Future, 61.
75.
Liang, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, 138. For the impact of the Cultural Revolution, see Chapter 13.
76.
Rafferty, City on the Rocks, 411. 77. CAB129/31, CP(48)299, 9 December 1948.
78.
A translation of one such document can be found in CAB129/32, Appendix to CP(49)39, 4 March 1949. See also Zhai, The Dragon, the Lion, and the Eagle, 30�V1.
79.
Feng, The British Government��s China Policy 1945�V1950, 105. 80. CAB129/31, CP(48)299, 9 December 1948.
81. FO371/75877, Draft paper for JIC Committee ��Communist Political
Intentions towards Hong Kong��, undated, July 1949. 82. CAB129/33, CP(49)52, 5 March 1949.
83.
A detailed analysis of Britain��s defence plan is in Zeng Ruisheng (Steve Tsang), ��Yingguo Fangwai Xianggang Zhengce de Yanbian��, 68�V80.
84.
After the escape of HMS Amethyst, the incident came to be told as a story of British gallantry and valour. See Earl, Yangtse Incident. For a critical assessment, see Murfett, Hostage on the Yangtze.
85. CAB128/15, CM30(49)4, 28 April 1949. 86. DEFE6/10, JP(49)97(Final), 14 September 1949. 87. CAB128/16, CM54(49)2, 29 August 1949.
88. CAB128/15, CM33(49)2, 9 May 1949.
89. Arthur Creech-Jones Papers, Box 57, file 1, CP(49)177, RHL, 19 August 1949. 90. DEFE6/10, JP(49)118(Final), 16 December 1949.
91. Creech-Jones Papers, Box 57, file 1, CP(49)177, 19 August 1949. 92. CAB128/16, CM54(49)2, 29 August 1949.
93.
See Martin, Divided Counsel.
94.
Truman Papers, President��s Secretary��s Files Box 257, NSC, CIA Reports �V ORE 1949, ORE78�V49 of 4 October 1949, 2.
95.
Truman Papers, President��s Secretary��s Files Box 206, [NSC] Meeting 47, 20 October 1949; ��NSC55/2 A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretary of Defence��, 17 October 1949.
96.
Truman Papers, President��s Secretary��s Files Box 206, NSC Meeting 47, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, 15 July 1949.
97.
Truman Papers, President��s Secretary��s Files Box 206, NSC Meeting 47, Memorandum for the Executive Secretary NSC, 17 October 1949.
98.
Eisenhower Papers, White House Office: Special Assistance to NSC: Policy Papers Box 28, NSC6007/1-HK, ��US Policy on Hong Kong (NSC6007/1)��, 11 June 1960, 2.
99.
Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, 1945�V1992, 214. 100. CO1030/1415, JP(58)164(A)(Preliminary Draft), 5 February 1959.
101.
Tsang, ��Strategy for Survival��, 297.
102.
For China��s military intervention, see Tsui, Chinese Military Intervention in the Korean War.
103.
CO537/5310, Colonial Political Intelligence Summary no.11 (1950), 18�V9. Both before and after the Chinese intervention, Chiang offered 30,000 of his best troops to join the UN operation in Korea.
104.
Kau and Leung (eds), The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949�V1976, vol.1, 98.
105.
Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 169�V71.
106.
See Chapter 12.
107.
CO537/5628, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, 230, 5 March 1950.
108.
CO537/4452, Annex to FE(0)(49)25, 16 May 1949.
109.
For a critical analysis of how Hong Kong tried to maintain neutrality but in fact gave way occasionally, see Tsang, ��Strategy for Survival��.
110.
CO1030/430, Hong Kong Governor to Colonial Office, 70, 24 January 1958.
111.
Sung, The China-Hong Kong Connection, 5.
112.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang zhengce, 23.
113.
Yu, ��Economic Links among Hong Kong, PRC, and ROC��, 114�V5.
114.
Bonavia, Hong Kong 1997, 78�V80.
115.
Yao, ��Hong Kong��s Role in Financing China��s Modernization��, in Youngson (ed.), China and Hong Kong: The Economic Nexus, 58.
116.
Yao, ��Banking and Currency in the Special Economic Zones: Problems and Prospects��, 169.
117.
CO1030/1300, Governor Black to Hilton Poynton, top secret and personal letter, 30 October 1962.
118.
Ibid.
Chapter 12: Economic Take-off
1. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Statistics 1947�V1967, 48. 2. Ibid. 88.
3.
Phelps Brown, ��The Hong Kong Economy: Achievements and Prospects��, 3.
4.
Myers, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis, 159.
5.
Tak-wing Ngo argues that the government discouraged industrial developments in the pre-war period and obstructed industrial upgrading in the 1960s. This is as one-sided as to claim for the government a pivotal role in Hong Kong��s industrialisation. Ngo, ��Colonialism in Hong Kong revisited��, 8.
6.
CO537/7643, Acting Financial Secretary Arthur Clarke to H.P. Hall, letter of 18 April 1952.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Hong Kong Hansard 1949, 59�V60 (Governor Grantham��s speech, 16 March 1949).
9.
Wong, Emigrant Entrepreneurs, 17.
10.
Wong, ��The Migration of Shanghaiese Entrepreneurs to Hong Kong��, 217.
11.
Chiu, The Port of Hong Kong, 95.
12.
Espy, The Strategies of Chinese Industrial Enterprises in Hong Kong, 3.
13.
King, The History of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, vol.4, 344�V5.
14.
Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Statistics 1947�V67, 49�V50, 56. 15. Ibid. 56.
16.
The Truman Library, Dean Acheson Papers, Box 70, January 1952, ��Memorandum of Dinner meeting on SS Williamsburg, 5 Jan. 1952 between President Truman and Prime Minister Churchill��, 4�V5.
17.
Wilson, Hong Kong Then, 75.
18.
Schenk, Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre, 41. 19. Ibid. 11.
20.
Truman Library, Truman Papers, President��s Secretary��s Files Box 172, British, ��Memorandum for the President�� from Dean Acheson, 25 September 1952.
21.
Kelly, Hong Kong: A Political-Geographic Analysis, 57.
22.
Grantham, Via Ports, 155�V6.
23.
CO1030/382, Governor Grantham to Secretary of State, savingram 395, 9 March 1955.
24.
Phelps Brown, ��The Hong Kong Economy��, 8.
25.
Espy, ��Some Notes on Business and Industry in Hong Kong��, 174.
26.
Angus, ��Commerce and Industry Department��, 25.
27.
Phelps Brown, ��The Hong Kong Economy��, 9.
28.
CO1030/762, E.B. David (HK) to E. Melville (CO), confidential letter of 28 February 1957.
29.
CO1030/763, S.A. Ogilvie��s report ��Visit to Hong Kong��, undated, c. August 1958, and her ��Comments for the Colonial Office on some points in the report��, 27 August 1958, illustrate the zeal of a labour adviser who tried to persuade the colonial government to follow some of the British practices.
30.
CO1030/763, Enclosure to Hong Kong, Savingram 1043, 26 June 1959.
31.
Eisenhower Library, Eisenhower Papers, White House Office, NSC Policy Papers Sub-series Box 28, NSC6007/1, ��NSC6007/1 US Policy on Hong Kong��, 11 June 1960, 13�V4.
32.
Wong, ��The Migration of Shanghaiese Entrepreneurs to Hong Kong��, 225.
33.
Y.K. Pao��s building of his shipping empire with HSBC help provides a fine example. Hutcheon, First Sea Lord, 41�V5.
34.
King, History of HSBC, vol.4, 360�V1.
35.
Wong, ��The Migration of Shanghaiese Entrepreneurs to Hong Kong��, 221.
36.
Myers, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis, 149�V50. 37. Ibid. 150.
38.
Census and Statistics, Hong Kong Statistics, 1947�V67, 14.
39.
Census Commissioner, Report of the Census 1961, vol.3, 20.
40.
For the refugee situation, see Hambro, The Problems of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong.
41.
CO1030/763, ��Comments for the Colonial Office on some points in the report�� by Ogilvie, 27 August 1958, 7.
42.
Espy, ��Some notes on business and industry in Hong Kong��, 174�V5.
43.
Myers, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis, 166.
44.
Espy, ��Some notes on business and industry in Hong Kong��, 177.
45.
Myers, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis, 167.
46.
CO1030/763, ��Extracts from the report to the government of Hong Kong on productivity��, undated, 1958.
47.
Turner, Fosh and Ng, Between Two Societies, 12�V13.
48.
Espy, ��Some notes on business and industry in Hong Kong��, 172.
49.
Owen, ��Economic Policy in Hong Kong��, 141.
50.
CO1030/763, report ��Visit to Hong Kong�� by Ogilvie, August 1958.
51.
Ibid.
52.
Chaney, ��Job Satisfaction and Unionization: The Case of Shopworkers��, 267�V 8.
53.
England and Rear, Industrial Relations and Law in Hong Kong, 13. 54. Ibid. 167.
55.
Catron, China and Hong Kong, 1945�V1967, 140�V4, 215�V8.
56.
CO1030/763, Minutes of Ogilvie, 26 August 1958.
57.
CO1030/763, Enclosure to Hong Kong, Savingram 1043, 26 June 1959.
58.
Hoadley, ��Hong Kong is the Lifeboat: Notes on Political Culture and Socialization��, 211.
59.
��Take-off��of the economy in this book is used loosely as a general analogy to illustrate how the economy passed from one stage of development into another. It should not be taken to imply the author agrees fully with W.W. Rostow��s definition of economic take-off in development economics.
60.
For the confrontation, see Chapter 13.
61.
See Chapter 14.
62.
Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong, 104�V5.
63.
Tsang, ��Government and Politics in Hong Kong: A Colonial Paradox��, 73.
64.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1976, 28.
65.
Yu, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Hong Kong, 5.
66.
An assessment confirmed by former Governor David Trench in private conversations.
67.
Private conversations between the author and Cowperthwaite in St Andrews, Scotland, on 4 April 1983.
68.
Hong Kong Hansard 1969, 211.
69.
Hong Kong Hansard 1962, 51.
70.
Youngson, Hong Kong Economic Growth and Policy, 58�V9. 71. Ibid. 123�V36.
72.
Tsang (ed.), Documentary History of Hong Kong I, 145�V8.
73.
Youngson, Hong Kong Economic Growth and Policy, 64�V5.
74.
The dominant view of most older works describe Hong Kong government��s policy in terms of laissez faire. Among the best known are works by Rabushka, such as The Changing Face of Hong Kong and Hong Kong: A Study in Economic Freedom; and Owen, ��Economic Policy��.
75.
Youngson, Hong Kong Economic Growth and Policy, 16.
76.
Rao, ��Xianggang gongye fazhan de guiji��, 402.
77.
Ibid.
78.
Liu, Jianming Xianggang Shi, 299.
79.
He, Xianggang Fuhao Liezhuang.
80.
Chan, Li Ka-shing, 81�V5.
81.
England, The Quest of Noel Croucher, 241.
82.
Youngson, Hong Kong Economic Growth and Policy, 8. The exchange rate for 1961 was $US1 to $HK5.71, and $US1 to $HK6.06 in 1969.
83.
For problems of housing before the 1967 riots, see Goodstadt, ��Urban Housing in Hong Kong 1945�V1963��, 257�V98.
84.
There was little real improvement in living standards or rise in per capita income up to the early 1960s. Szczepanik, ��Problems of Macro-economic Programming in Hong Kong��, 232.
85.
Faure, Documentary History II, 308�V9 (Dennis Bray��s speech at Legco, 29 November 1973).
86.
An important landmark development was the founding of the Christian Industrial Committee in 1967. See Li and Zhang, ��Xianggang jidujiao gongye weiyuanhui��, 177�V82.
87.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1979, 36.
88.
Schenk, Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre, 107�V11.
89.
England, The Quest of Noel Croucher, 237 90. Ibid. 238.
91.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1987, 48.
92.
Foot, The Practice of Power, 75.
93.
Leung, ��Spatial Redevelopment and the Special Economic Zones in China: An Overview��, 9.
94.
Enright, Scott and Dodwell, The Hong Kong Advantage, 19.
95.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong �V A New Era, 49.
96.
Sung, The China-Hong Kong Connection, 100�V1.
97.
Vogel, One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong Under Reform, 69. 98. Ibid. 62�V3.
99.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong �V A New Era, 48.
100.
Sung, The China-Hong Kong Connection, 173.
101.
Lardy, China��s Unfinished Economic Revolution, 19�V20.
Chapter 13: The Rise of the Hong Kongers
1.
Tsang, ��Identity Crisis in Hong Kong��, 11.
2.
CO129/604/6, Grantham to Creech-Jones, telegram of 19 December 1949.
3.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Annual Report, 1950 2.
4.
CO1030/383, Annex to OAG, HK to Secretary of State, savingram 1744, 10 October 1956.
5.
For the scale of execution in the early Maoist years, see Domes, The Internal Politics of China, 1949�V1972, 51; for the scale of death by starvation as a result of the Great Leap Forward, see Becker, Hungry Ghosts, 266�V74, and Banister, China��s Changing Population; for a single-volume treatment of the Cultural Revolution, see Barnouin and Yu, Ten Years of Turbulence.
6.
For a comparative study of the fate of the Chinese culture in the PRC, Hong Kong and Taiwan after 1949, see Tsang, ��The Confucian Tradition and Democratization��, 30�V45.
7.
Ming Bao (editorial), 31 August 1982.
8.
Wu, ��Xianggangren ying guanxin Xianggang zhengshi��, 8.
9.
Ibid., translation from Tsang (ed.), Government and Politics, 249.
10.
Lamb, The Macmillan Years, 1957�V1963, 246.
11.
Judd, Empire, 365�V9.
12.
CO1030/1300, Black to Poynton, top secret and personal letter, 30 October 1962.
13.
Copper, Colony in Conflict, 2.
14.
Yu, ��Zhou Enlai yaokong ��fanying kangbao�� neinmu��, 6.
15.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, 5.
16.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang Zhengce, 95.
17.
Yen and Gao, ��Wenhua dagemin�� Shinian Shi, vol.1, 17�V9.
18.
White, Policies of Chaos, 4.
19.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang Zhengce, 87�V92.
20.
Yu, ��Zaitan Xianggang liuqi baodong��, 58�V60. Yu is the penname of Yin Longbo, who worked in the Foreign Ministry at the time.
21.
Yen and Gao, Wenhua Dageming, vol.1, 394.
22.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang Zhengce, 94.
23.
Jin, ��Xianggang ��Fanying kangbao�� fadong de neimu�� in Yin and Ma (eds), Zhou Enlai yu Xianggang, 65.
24.
Yu, ��Zhou Enlai yaokong ��fanying kangbao�� neinmu��, 22�V34.
25.
Zhang, Xianggang liuqi baodong neiqing, 47�V8.
26.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang zhengce, 97�V8.
27.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of Interview with Sir David Trench, 79�V81.
28.
Zhang, Xianggang liuqi baodong, 148�V9 (Sir Jack Cater��s account).
29.
Luo, Zhengzhibu Huiyilu, 101�V2; Tin, ��Xianggang ��luiqi baodong�� yu wenhua dagemin��, 87.
30.
Cradock, Experiences of China, 57; Liang, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, 138.
31.
These company-strength units were called Police Training Units (PTUs) in 1967 but have since then been renamed Police Tactical Units. They are usually headed by a superintendent of police.
32.
It is ironic that the Commissioner for Police when the disturbances started, Edward Tyrer, was a key figure in the forming of PTUs and thus made a significant contribution in giving Hong Kong the capability to deal with the disturbances but he was quietly replaced by his very able deputy, Edward Eates, as the Acting Governor lost confidence in him shortly after the Shatoukok incident.
33.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1966, 153.
34.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, 57.
35.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1967, 4�V7.
36.
See for example Renmin Ribao, front page news of 15 May 1967; editorials of 3 June and 5 July, 1967; and Zhou Enlai��s statement on 24 June 1967.
37.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1967, 12.
38.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Disturbances, 45.
39.
Grey��s ordeal is described graphically in Grey, Hostage in Peking; for a first-hand account of the sacking of the British Embassy compound, see Cradock, Experiences of China, 61�V8.
40.
FCO40/63, Commonwealth Office to Hong Kong 1801, 31 August 1967.
41.
Barnouin and Yu, Ten Years of Turbulence, 150�V1.
42.
FCO40/63, Peking to Foreign Office 297, 298, 2 December 1967.
43.
Jin, ��Xianggang ��Fanying kangbao�� fadong de neimu��, 73�V4.
44.
Ibid. 74; Liang, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, 142.
45.
Jin, Zhonggong Xianggang Zhengce, 141�V5.
46.
Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, 45, 56�V7.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Far Eastern Economic Review, The Far Eastern Economic Review 1967 Yearbook, 169.
49.
Faure, Documentary History II, 287 (Report of the Commission of Inquiry).
50. Ibid. 290.
51.
Zhang, Xianggang Liuqi Baodong, 14�V5.
52.
For the change in government policy from indifference to providing basic education for almost every child in the immediate post-war period, see Sweeting, A Phoenix Transformed, especially 92�V119.
53.
Hong Kong Government, The Government and the People, 10; Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong 1966, 17.
54.
For a full list of civic organisations, see Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Disturbances, 60�V77.
55.
Zhang, Xianggang Liuqi Baodong, 84.
56.
Zhou, Jianzheng Xianggang Wushi Nian, 54.
57.
Wang, Lishi de Chenchong, 82�V3.
58.
Young, ��The Building Years: Maintaining a China-Hong Kong-Britain Equilibrium, 1950�V1971��, 140.
59.
Kong, ��Lunshuo Liuqi��, 96�V7.
60.
Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy, 104�V5.
61.
Cater, ��The 1967 Riots��, 111�V2.
62.
Hong Kong Government, The City District Officer Scheme, 2�V3.
63.
Rhodes House Library, Transcript of Interview with Sir David Trench, 74.
64.
Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy, 105�V6. Scott is not aware of Trench��s intention to introduce the CDO scheme.
65.
For the impact of the Nixon visit on US opinions, see Mosher, China Misperceived, 144�V159.
66.
Guo, ��Qishiniandai houqi de Xianggang xueyun��, 65.
67.
For the Lin Biao case, see Teiwes and Sun, The Tragedy of Lin Biao.
68.
The ��Gang of Four�� was formally headed by Jiang Qing, Mao��s wife. The other members were all Maoists promoted to top positions as a result of the Cultural Revolution. They were Chang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan, all close followers of Mao.
69.
MacLehose, ��Social and Economic Challenges��, 126�V7.
70.
For the corruption problem in Hong Kong, see Tsang, Government and Politics, 175�V94; Lethbridge, Hard Craft in Hong Kong; and Lo, Corruption and Politics in Hong Kong and China.
71.
Census and Statistics Department, Estimates of Gross Domestic Product, 1961 to 1995, 13.
72.
For Pao��s success story, see Hutcheon, First Sea Lord.
73.
Siu, ��Remade in Hong Kong: Weaving Into the Chinese Cultural Tapestry��, 184.
74.
Yao, ��Xing Se Yi��, 10�V20.
75.
Siu, ��Remade in Hong Kong��, 184.
76.
Ye, ��Bianyuan yu yunji de qiuling��, 47.
77.
Tsang, Government and Politics, 286.
78.
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