48.
House of Commons, British Parliamentary Papers: China 25, 8 (Robinson to Newcastle, 16 December 1861).
49.
Munn, Anglo-China, 450.
50.
Hussey, British History, 1815�V1939, 237.
51.
The fullest account is in Norton-Kyshe, History of Laws and Courts, vol.1, 414�V24.
52.
Endacott, History of Hong Kong, 93.
53.
Norton-Kyshe, History of Laws and Courts, vol.1, 417.
54.
Munn, Anglo-China, 394.
55.
Norton-Kyshe, History of Laws and Courts, vol.1, 418.
56.
Munn, Anglo-China, 395.
57.
Huang, Civil Justice in China, 225.
58.
See Wakeman, Strangers at the Gate.
59.
Wong, Yeh Ming-ch��en, 67.
60.
Munn, Anglo-China, 330.
61.
Yung Wing��s account cited by Munn, ibid. 362 (note 172).
62.
Wong, Yeh Ming-ch��en, 67�V8.
63.
CO129/149, Petition from the Chinese community of Hong Kong, February 1871.
64.
Words of Governor Des Voeux cited in Munn, ��The rule of law and criminal justice��, 20.
Chapter 5: Economy and Society
1.
Chan, The Making of Hong Kong Society, 34�V5.
2.
Blake, Jardine Matheson, 108�V14.
3.
Wei, Shanghai, 32�V45.
4.
Graham, The China Station, 248�V9.
5.
Munn, ��The Hong Kong Opium Revenue, 1845�V1885��, 107.
6.
Income from opium generally accounted for between 10 and 20 per cent of government revenue, though at its peak, during the course of the First World War, it rose from 34 per cent in 1914 to 46 per cent in 1918. Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 1912�V1941, 212, 232.
7.
Myer, Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis, 59.
8.
Ibid. 9. Ibid. 60.
10.
Sinn, Power and Charity, 28.
11.
See Hao, The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China.
12.
Crisswell, The Taipans, 102.
13.
Lin, Xianggang Shihua, 28�V9.
14.
Ibid. 30�V31; Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History, 47.
15.
Chien, The European Diary of Hsieh Fucheng, 41.
16.
Mo Kai, ��Xiandai maoyi tixi de chengzhang licheng��, 285.
17.
��South�� originally meant southern China while ��north�� referred to northern China. As trade expanded to Southeast Asia, the areas implied by ��south�� and ��north�� changed. Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 9�V10.
18. Ibid. 12�V3.
19.
Endacott, History of Hong Kong, 65, 116.
20.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 5.
21.
Endacott, History of Hong Kong, 74�V5. 22. Ibid. 125.
23.
King, The Hong Kong Bank in Late Imperial China, 19. When it was originally founded, it was in the name of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Company Limited and was then incorporated by a special ordinance in 1866.
24.
Sinn, Growing with Hong Kong, 5.
25.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 25. 26. Ibid. 39.
27.
Coates, Whampoa, 11�V17.
28.
Drake, Taikoo, 19.
29.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 42.
30.
Lu, Zhongguo zaoqi de lunchuan jingying, 141. 31. Ibid. 84�V8.
32.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 53.
33.
Faure, Documentary History II, 25�V6 (Statement of Governor Hennessy on census returns of 1881). This is not an exhaustive list of workshops.
34.
Tak-wing Ngo takes the view that British colonial rule imposed ��constraints on Hong Kong��s industrial development�� before the Second World War. Ngo, ��Industrial history and the artifice of laissez-faire colonialism��, 119�V
40. This is as one-sided as the view he sets out to correct. Not protecting local industries or having a credible industrial policy should not be deemed as imposing constraints. The Hong Kong government did not have a credible policy towards trade either in its first century of rule.
35.
Faure, Documentary History II, 24�V5 (Statement of Governor Hennessy on census returns of 1881).
36.
Though, as explained in Chapter 4, discrimination against the Chinese in fact occurred routinely, and discriminatory legislation did exist.
37.
Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815�V1960, 156�V8.
38.
Tidrick, Empire and the English Character, 194�V203.
39.
Hoe, The Private Life of Old Hong Kong, 87.
40.
Norman, The People and Politics of the Far East, 9; and Evans Thomas, Vanished China, 167.
41.
Lethbridge, Hong Kong: Stability and Change, 185. 42. Ibid. 194. 43. Ibid. 208�V9.
44.
Halcombe, The Mystic Flowery Land, 185�V91.
45.
For the leadership situation in the Hong Kong region (i.e. including the New Territories, which only became part of Hong Kong in 1898), see Hayes, The Hong Kong Region, 1850�V1911, 181�V93.
46.
CO129/312, Regulations for Hong Kong Cadets, 26 August 1902.
47.
In the twentieth century, the prominence of Sir Man-kam Lo (son in law of Sir Robert Hotung) provides another illustrious example.
48.
Lethbridge, Stability and Change, 177�V9.
49.
Ding, ��Lishi de chuanzhe: Zhimintixi de jianli he yanjin��, 110.
50.
Eitel, Europe in China, 172�V3. 51. Ibid. 193�V4.
52.
Evans, ��Chinatown in Hong Kong: The Beginning of Taipingshan��, 69�V70.
53.
Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, 175.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Faure, A Documentary History II, 22.
56.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 61.
57.
A notable exception was the refusal of the two Chinese members of the Legislative Council to support the reservation of part of Cheung Chau for the expatriates. However, this was never turned into a public campaign against segregation.
58.
Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 26�V7, 47.
59.
Ting, ��Native Chinese Peace Officers in British Hong Kong, 1841�V1861��, 149�V50.
60.
CO129/6, Enclosure from Davis to Stanley 21, 18 June 1844 (Ordinance 13).
61.
CO129/6, Davis to Stanley 10, 12 February 1844.
62.
Ting, ��Native Chinese Peace Officers��, 154�V5; Endacott, Government and People, 37�V8.
63.
This was also helped by Loo��s acquiring of an official rank from the Chinese government in the course of the Second Anglo-Chinese War in the late 1850s. Smith, Chinese Christians: Elite, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, 109.
64.
Carroll, ��Chinese collaboration in the making of British Hong Kong��, 23.
65.
Eitel, Europe in China, 282.
66.
Sinn, Power and Charity, 17. 67. Ibid. 33.
68.
It was a ��Chinese hospital�� as it was supposed to practise Chinese rather than Western medicine.
69.
Chan, Making of Hong Kong Society, 79.
70.
Lethbridge, Stability and Change, 56.
71.
For the Kaifong Associations of the post-war period, see Wong, The Kaifong Associations and the Society of Hong Kong. She erroneously works on the premise that, as social organisations, kaifong did not exist in any meaningful form in Hong Kong until the latter part of the 1940s.
72.
Report by the Social Welfare Officer for 1948�V54, quoted in Hayes, The Hong Kong Region, 65.
73.
Sinn, Power and Charity, 90.
74.
Although Hong Kong��s main hospital, the Civil Hospital, was available to the Chinese until the late 1880s or later, most Chinese would ��rather die like dogs than enter�� it. Eitel, Europe in China, 462.
75.
For the early history of the Po Leung Kuk, see Lethbridge, Stability and Change, 71�V103.
76.
Lethbridge, Stability and Change, 106�V7.
77.
Chan, Making of Hong Kong Society, 82.
78.
For their identities and short bio-sketches, see Smith, Chinese Christians, 162�V7.
79.
Endacott, Government and People, 150�V1.
80.
Hong Kong Telegraph, 22 May, 1894.
81.
Sinn, Power and Charity, 163�V5.
Chapter 6: Agent for Change in China
1.
To a lesser extent the International Settlement in Shanghai served a similar purpose. For an excellent exposition of how Shanghai was administered, see Elvin, Another History, 166�V226.
2.
For the Taiping Rebellion, see Spence, God��s Chinese Son.
3.
Hao and Wang, ��Changing Chinese views of Western relations, 1840�V95��, 156.
4.
Wang, Zhongkuo jindai zixiang shilun, 14�V28.
5.
Li, Xianggang Baoye Jitan, 13.
6.
De Bary, et al. (comp.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, 720. 7. Ibid. 720�V1.
8.
Li, Zhongguo jindai sixiang shibian, 54.
9.
Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History, 156. 10. Ibid. 157�V8.
11.
Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 38�V40.
12.
De Bary, et al. (comp.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, 725.
13.
Zhang, Liang Qichao yu Qinggui gemin, 32.
14.
Levenson, Liang Ch��I-ch��ao and the mind of modern China, 30.
15.
Li, Xianggang baoye, 25.
16.
Huang, Liang Ch��i-ch��ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism, 91�V9.
17.
Zhongguo Guomindang Dangshihui (ed.), Guofu zhuanji, vol.2, 184.
18.
Bergere, Sun Yat-sen, 153�V72.
19.
Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen, 45�V55.
20.
Xie, Huang Xing yu Zhongguo Gemin, 28.
21.
Rhodes, China��s Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895�V1913, 204�V5.
22.
Cohen, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth, 56.
23.
On how this event was used to build up a heroic image, see Wong, The Origins of an Heroic Image.
24.
Li, Sun Zhongshan xiansheng geming yu Xianggang, 70.
25.
Bergere, Sun Yat-sen, 189. The legend mentions only 72 martyrs but the number executed was in fact higher.
26.
Li, Sun Zhongshan geming yu Xianggang, 83. 27. Ibid. 70.
28.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895�V1945, 79.
29.
For the importance of the Min Bao, see Zhu, Tongmenghui de geming lilun �V Minbao gean yanjiu.
30.
Li, Sun Zhongshan geming yu Xianggang, 30�V47.
31.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 71�V2.
32.
Yen, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, 308�V9.
33.
Beggere, Sun Yat-sen, 42�V4.
34.
Li, Sun Zhongshan geming yu Xianggang, 59�V66.
35.
Chung, Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Change in South China, 44�V5.
36.
Chen, Chen Shaobai xianshang aisilu nianpu, 7.
37.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 60�V2.
38.
Rhodes, China��s Republican Revolution, 215.
39.
Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History, 243. 40. Ibid. 243�V4.
41.
CO129/381, Lugard to Harcourt, confidential despatch, 21 November 1911.
42.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 92.
43.
CO537/2197, Galsworthy to Scott, letter, 8 August 1947.
44.
CO129/283, Order by Governor in Council dated 4 March 1896.
45.
CO129/283, Stewart Lockhart to Sun, letter 33, 4 October 1897.
46.
CO129/286, Minutes addressed to Lucas, 15 July 1898.
47.
Ibid.
48.
CO129/285, Black to Chamberlain, confidential despatch, 8 October 1898.
49.
Ibid.
50.
CO129/322, May to Lyttelton, confidential despatch, 24 March 1904.
51.
CO129/322, Minutes for Ommanney and Lyttelton, 29 April 1904.
52.
CO129/317, Blake to Chamberlain, confidential despatch, 30 April 1903.
Chapter 7: The Great War and Chinese Nationalism
1.
Young, The Presidency of Yuan Shih-kai, 116�V7.
2.
Liew, Struggle for Decomcracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese Revolution, 182�V3.
3.
Sheridan, China in Disintegration, 51.
4.
Dreyer, China at War, 1901�V1949, 47�V8.
5.
McCord, The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, 245.
6.
Chow, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China, 84�V 94.
7.
Summerskill, China on the Western Front, 205.
8.
Whiting, Soviet Policies in China, 1917�V1924, 30.
9.
Dirlik, The Origins of Chinese Communism, 41.
10.
Wilbur, Sun Yat-sen, 114�V5.
11.
Galbiati, P��eng P��ai and the Hai-lu-feng Soviet, 173�V202, 232�V9.
12.
Bruce, Second to None, 113. 13. Ibid. 114�V5.
14.
Sayer, Hong Kong, 1862�V1919, 119.
15.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 7. 16. Ibid. 7�V8.
17.
Bruce, Second to None, 114.
18.
Sayer, Hong Kong, 1862�V1919, 139.
19.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 45�V6.
20.
Sinn, Growing with Hong Kong, 6.
21.
Miners, Hong Kong under Imperial Rule, 9.
22.
Ibid. 8; Faure, ��The Rice Trade in Hong Kong before the Second World War��, 218.
23.
Chesneaux, The Chinese Labor Movement, 1919�V1927, 159.
24.
England and Rear, Chinese Labour under British Rule, 76.
25.
Chan, ��Hong Kong in Sino-British Conflict��, 38.
26.
England and Rear, Chinese Labour under British Rule, 76.
27.
Chan, Labour and Empire, 46.
28.
Kwan, Marxist Intellectuals and the Chinese Labor Movement, 83.
29.
Chan, The Making of Hong Kong Society, 167; Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 170.
30.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi (1919�V1926), 44�V5.
31.
Tung Wah Hospital Groups, Tung Wah Archives, Dongshiju huiyi lu, no.00942, Records of meetings of Board of Directors under the Chairmanship of Lu Gongzhu, minutes of meeting for the 19th date of the first moon of the Lunar calendar 1922.
32.
CO129/474, Stubbs to Churchill, telegram of 11 March 1922.
33.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 13.
34.
Chan, ��Hong Kong in Sino-British Conflict��, 40�V1.
35.
CO129/474, Stubbs to Devenshire, 18 March 1922.
36.
Chan, Making of Hong Kong Society, 191.
37.
Ma Chao-chun��s words. Quoted in ibid. 191.
38.
Hong Kong Government, Government Gazette, 28 February 1922, 82.
39.
Deng, Zhongguo zhigong yundong, 66.
40.
CO129/474, Stubbs to Churchill, telegram of 11 March 1922.
41.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 24.
42.
Lu, Gemin zhi zaiqi, 373n.
43.
Chang and Gordon, All Under Heaven, 99�V107.
44.
Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, 311.
45.
It should not be assumed that only the Chinese of Hong Kong did so. Other residents of some of the coastal provinces affected by the Sino-French War also demonstrated a very rudimentary form of proto-nationalism in the same period.
46.
Tsai, ��From Anti-foreignism to Popular Nationalism��, 14.
47.
CO129/220, Bowen to Derby 89, 23 February 1885.
48.
Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History, 141. 49. Ibid. 129. 50. Ibid. 127.
51.
See ibid. 182�V237 for the most detailed analysis of these two boycotts in Hong Kong.
52.
Rhoads, China��s Republican Revolution, 135�V140.
53.
Chan, ��Hong Kong in Sino-British Conflict��, 33. 54. Ibid. 33�V4.
55.
Kwan, Marxist Intellectuals and the Chinese Labor Movement, 91.
56.
Goto-Shibata, Japan and Britain in Shanghai, 1925�V31, 15.
57.
Shanghai shehui kexue lishi yanjiusho (ed.), Wusa yundong shiliao, vol.1, 709�V13.
58.
Goto-Shibata, Japan and Britain in Shanghai, 16�V7.
59.
Rigby, The May 30 Movement, 38�V9. 60. Ibid. 42�V3. 61. Ibid. 52. 62. Ibid. 59�V62.
63.
Boorman, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, vol.2, 366�V7.
64.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi, 239.
65.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 183.
66.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 59.
67.
Wilson, Britain and the Kuomintang, 1924�V28, 7.
68.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 64.
69.
Ibid.
70.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi, 225.
71.
Some of the strikers returned to Hong Kong later but a very large number remained in Guangdong until the boycott ended.
72.
Liu and Wang, Yijiuyijiu zhi yijiuerqi de Zhongguo gongren yundong, 41.
73.
Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat, 41�V2. 74. Ibid. 42.
75.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi, 230.
76.
Bruce, Second to None, 131�V2.
77.
Gillingham, At the Peak: Hong Kong Between the Wars, 37.
78.
Bruce, Second to None, 131.
79.
Gillingham, At the Peak, 43�V4.
80.
Yu and Liu (eds), Ershi shiji de Xianggang, 107.
81.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi, 232.
82.
Chan, ��Hong Kong in Sino-British Conflict��, 45.
83.
CO129/448, Stubbs to Amery, telegram, 17 July 1925.
84.
Kwan, Marxist Intellectuals and the Chinese Labor Movement, 207.
85.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 198�V201.
86.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 17.
87.
Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat, 67�V9.
88.
Jordan, The Northern Expedition, 31�V2.
89.
Kwan, Marxist Intellectuals and the Chinese Labor Movement, 211.
90.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 202�V8.
91.
CO129/498, Clementi to Amery, secret despatch, 24 September 1926. 92. CO129/498, Beckett��s minutes, 6 December 1926.
93.
CO129/492, Clementi to Amery, 29 May 1926.
94.
Tsang, Documentary History of Hong Kong I, 108�V9.
95.
CO129/493, Clementi to Amery, telegram, 24 June 1926.
96.
Sinn, Growing with Hong Kong, 33.
97.
Gillingham, At the Peak, 43.
98.
Sinn, Growing with Hong Kong, 35.
99.
Deng, Zhongguo Zhigong Yundong Jianshi, 237�V9.
100.
Tsang, Documentary History of Hong Kong 1, 208.
101.
Archives of the Tung Wah Hospitals, Dongshiju huiyi lu, no.00942, Records of meetings of Board of Directors under the Chairmanship of Ma Zuichao, minutes of meeting for the 3rd date of the seventh moon of the Lunar calendar.
102.
Chan, China, Britain and Hong Kong, 204�V5.
103.
Chen, Chen Jieyu Huiyilu (xia), 258.
104.
Qin (comp.), Zhongtong Jianggong sixiang yanlun zhongji, vol.9, 43�V4.
105.
Huang, Zong da lishi de jiaodu du Jiang Jieshi Riji, 41.
106.
Chen, Chengbai zhi jian, 63.
107.
Jordan, The Northern Expedition, 81�V2.
108.
Zhang, Wode huiyi, vol.2, 560. 109. Ibid. vol.1, 142.
110.
Yang, Zhonggong yu Mosike de guanxi (1920�V1960), 112�V3.
111.
FO228/3156, Brenan to Macleay, 9 September 1926.
112.
Kwan, Marxist Intellectuals and the Chinese Labor Movement, 219�V20.
113.
CO537/767, F3008/194/10, Memo by Newton, 25 June 1925.
114.
Rosenberg and Young, Transforming Russia and China, 105.
115.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 78�V94.
116.
CO129/510/11, Clementi to Amery, 6 March 1928.
117.
CO537/768, CC61(26), Cabinet conclusions of 1 December 1926.
118.
FO371/11662, F5298/10/10, Statement of British Policy in China, approved by the Cabinet on 1 December 1926.
Chapter 8: Imperial Grandeur
1.
Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, 209�V10.
2.
Judd, Empire, 310.
3.
Coble, Facing Japan, 36�V7.
4.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 20.
5.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 174. 6. Ibid. 165. 7. Ibid. 187.
8. Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 78�V125. 9. Ibid. 154. 10. Ibid. 179.
11.
CO129/588, ��Preliminary Report on the Hong Kong Police Force�� by J.P.P. Evans, 11 July 1941.
12.
Chan, From Nothing to Nothing, 185. 13. Ibid. 183�V4. 14. Ibid. 185.
15.
Madden and Darwin (eds), The Dependent Empire, 381, note 1.
16.
England and Rear, Chinese Labour under British Rule, 81.
17.
CO129/503/2, Draft telegram to Clementi, undated, January 1926.
18.
CO129/503, Clementi to Amery, paraphrase telegram of 19 January 1927.
19.
CO129/355, Lugard to Crewe, 26 May 1909.
20.
CO129/323, May to Lyttelton, 17 June 1914.
21.
Zhang, China in the International System, 104�V5; Wesley-Smith, Unequal Treaty, 150�V4.
22.
PRO CO129/503, Clementi to Amery, telegram of 19 January 1927.
23.
PRO CO129/503/2, Draft telegram to Clementi, undated, February 1927.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Wesley-Smith, Unequal Treaty, 158.
26.
CO129/503/2, Minutes by Gent, 3 July 1928.
27.
Cameron, Power: The Story of China Light, 44.
28.
Yu, The Arches of the Years, 37�V45.
29.
Leeming, ��The earlier industrialisation of Hong Kong��, 337�V42.
30.
Rao, ��Xianggang gongye fazhan de guiji��, 373.
31.
Liu, Jianming Xianggang Shi, 170�V1.
32.
Zhang, Xianggang Huashang Shi, 178.
33.
Miners, ��Industrial Development in the Colonial Empire and the Imperial Economic Conference at Ottawa 1932��, 53�V72.
34.
For the former, see Coates, A Mountain of Light; for the latter, see Cameron, Power.
35.
Ngo, ��Industrial history and the artifice of laissez-faire colonialism��, 124�V5.
36.
Butters Report, 109. 37. Ibid. 125.
38.
Sessional Papers 1931, Report of the Census, Table 39.
39.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 23.
40.
Banking Committee Report of 1931 quoted in King, The Hong Kong Bank Between the Wars, 243.
41.
Ooh, Wartime Currency Stabilisation in China, 1937�V1941, 23. China had the added problem of having to cope with heavy military expenditure associated with civil wars and confronting Japanese aggression.
42. Ibid. 24.
43.
King, Hong Kong Bank Between the Wars, 244.
44.
Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 24.
45.
Endacott, History of Hong Kong, 276, 289. 46. Ibid. 289.
47.
Mills, British Rule in Eastern Asia, 383.
48.
Butters Report, 163.
49.
Yuying, ��Yingguo de fazhi jingshen��, 423.
50. Butters Report, 120. 51. Ibid. 121.
52. Miners, ��The Attempts to Abolish the Mui Tsai System in Hong Kong, 1917�V 1941��, in Sinn (ed.), Between East and West, 118.
53. Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 157�V8.
54. Hoe, The Private Life of Old Hong Kong, 236�V8. 55. CO129/478, Churchill��s minutes, 21 February 1922.
56. Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 161�V6.
57. Miners, ��The Attempts to Abolish the Mui Tsai System��, 124. 58. Ibid. 127.
59. Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule, 190.
60. For the end of the opium monopoly and regulation of prostitution, see ibid.
61. Yu, The Arches of the Years, 28.
62. Butters Report, 155. 63. Ibid. 156.
64. Jennings and Logan, A Report on the University of Hong Kong, 11.
65. Ibid.
66. Jin, ��Chujian Gangda��, 4�V6.
67. Yu, Arches of the Years, 26.
68. Words of Acting Colonial Secretary, quoted in Endacott, Government and People, 169.
69. Tang, Li Zhongren Huiyilu, 451�V2.
70. Wilson, When Tigers Fight, 36.
71. Sun, China and the Origins of the Pacific War, 1931�V1941, 133.
72. Ch��i, Nationalist China at War, 56.
73. Shai, Origins of the War in the East, 162.
74. Zhang, Xianggang Huashang shi, 207.
75. Howard, ��British Military Preparations for the Second World War��, 116.
76. Shai, Origins of the War in the East, 156�V8.
77. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War, 98, 207.
78. Cameron, Hong Kong: The Cultured Pearl, 167�V8.
79. Gillingham, At the Peak, 172�V4.
80. Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937�V41, 264.
81. Thorne, The Issue of War, 18. 82. Ibid. 19.
Chapter 9: Japanese Invasion and Occupation
1. For a short but critical overview of Britain��s defence, see Howard, ��British Military Preparations for the Second World War��, 102�V17.
2. Stokesbury, Navy and Empire, 355.
3. Dilks, Retreat from Power I, 16. 4. CAB23/89, CM36(37)5, 6 October 1937.
5. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War, 98.
6. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937�V1939, 86�V7.
7. Brice, The Royal Navy and the Sino�VJapanese Incident, 1937�V41, 148.
8. Kirby, The War Against Japan, vol.1, 56.
9. Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 57�V8.
10. Lindsay, The Lasting Honour, 2.
11. Elphick, Far Eastern File, 91. A long defence of the island alone was merely wishful thinking as nothing was done to ensure the supply of essentials like water for such a period.
12. Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 60.
13. Ibid. 44�V54.
14.
Waijiaobu, Zhanshi Waijiao, vol.2, 171�V2 (records of meeting on 6 August 1941, ROC Foreign Ministry, Taipei).
15.
Ibid. 177 (report of discussions with the British over joint military actions submitted to Chiang Kai-shek, 18 August 1941).
16.
Zeng, Zheng Sheng Huiyilu, 209.
17.
Wang, Jihjun Qinhua Zhanzheng 1931�V1945, vol.3, 1590�V5.
18.
A regular Japanese division was 22,000 strong. Hsu and Chang, History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937�V1945), 171.
19.
Wang, Jihjun Qinhua Zhanzeng, vol.3, 1596�V7. A Japanese source suggests the Japanese started preparing the invasion in July 1940 and thought it could take up to six months. Lu, ��Xianggang de hese xingdanri��, 94�V5.
20.
Gillingham, At the Peak, 169.
21.
Elphick, Far Eastern File, 86.
22.
Alderson, History of Royal Air Force Kai Tak, 32�V3.
23.
Willmott, Empires in the Balance, 155.
24.
Churchill, The Second World War, vol.3, 563.
25.
Wang, Jihjun Qinhua Zhanzheng, vol.3, 1616.
26.
Bruce, Second to None, 238.
27.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 88.
28.
CO129/590, ��Operations by 2nd MTB Flotilla, RN��, 3 March 1942.
29.
CO129/590, Commanding Officer MTB 07 and 6th Subdivision to Commanding Officer, 2nd Flotilla, MTB, 12 January 1942.
30.
CO129/590, Commanding Officer MTB 11 and 7th Subdivision to Commanding Officer, 2nd Flotilla, MTN, 19 December 1942.
31.
CO129/590, ��Operations by 2nd MTB Flotilla, RN��, 3 March 1942.
32.
Carew, The Fall of Hong Kong, 143�V5.
33.
Wang, Jihjun Qinhua Zhanzheng, vol.3, 1617. 34. Ibid. 1621�V2.
35.
Endacott and Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 101�V2.
36.
CO129/590, Young to Secretary of State (Stanley), 28 December 1941.
37.
Carew, Fall of Hong Kong, 216�V7.
38.
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