1991-03-02 — Page 8

育歇 日六十月正年未辛颚

1991 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Economic & Public Affair (22)

The Legal System (I)

Principles of Justice

M. T. Kwok

In order to ensure that everyone receives justic and fairness, the Hong Kong legal system, which based on the English legal system, observed the following two principles of justice:-

(A) Equality before the law:-

It protects the basic nights of every individual from infringement

1991 中學會考預習專欄 明德出版社

-MILL & DALE PRESS®

Computer (22)

K.. Choy

Hardware of a typical computer system.

The hardware of a computer system. means the physical equipment that can perform the Input-Process-Output sequence of a job.

Classification of computer system: (1)Mainframe computers

(a)It is used in most commercial

companies.

(b)The memory size is large.

(c)The components are made up of..

input devices, central processing unit, main memory, output devices and the backing store.

(d) The physical size is large.

(e) The processing speed is much.

faster.

(2)Minicomputer

(a)It is used

general puroor small

Scale

(b)It is smaller than the mainframe

computer in all aspects.

(c)The hardware organization is very similar to that of the mainframe.

(3)Microcomputer

(a)It is also called the personal

computer.

(b)It is the

郭日僑

by others or by the government, by (C) It is the responsibility of the stating that all the people of a prosecution to provide proof of country, regardless of their

guilt, which must be established background or status are

doubt, equal beyond reasonable

Any before the law and are subject to

benefit of doubt goes to the the tawi administered by the

accused. ordinary law courts.

(8) The Independence of the Judiciary:-

By applying this principle of separation of powers and making the judiciary independent of and separate from the executive and the legislature, judges can be free of all interference and pressure from other branches of the government and achieve impartiality when they administer justice.

However, in order to conduct a fair. criminal court trials, the following principles are observed:-

(A) Offence should be clearly defined

by law.

(8) Until proved guilty in a court of law, an accused person must be considered innocent.

Detail structure of Microcomputer (1)Central Processing Unit

(a)It is a small piece of silicon- Chip containing integrated circuit.

(b)It consists of the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit.

(c)It is known as microprocessor. (d)Computer instructions and data

are transmitted by 8-bit, 16-bit- or 32-bit.

(e)Examples

of microprocessors commonly used are

6502 (Apple II-8 bits),.

280(CP/M-8 bits),

8088 (IBM PC/XT-16 bits)

80286 (IBM PC/AT-32-bits).

(2)Central Memory

(a)It is made up of a series of

integrated circuit.

(b)It is connected to the computer,

through pins.

(c)It can be clas

types:-

into two.

(1) Random access memory

the part of the main memory' whee data can be written or is. known to be vostele because when the power is turned off, the data. is lost.

(ii)Read only memory (ROM)':

ant

the part of the main memory that can only be read. The content is non-volatile. The inside the *ROM are instructions or programs known as firmware. Address Locations in both RAM and ROM can be accessed randomly. The time required to write or read a word is ess han a microsecond.

(d)Memory acc

smallest

computer

system.

(c) The

control unit

and

the

AL

Az

in the Same chip of integrated circuit known microprocessor.

as

Аз

A4

A5

arithmetic. and Jogic unit are built

{d}The hardware organization 15 also similar to that of the mainframe. In short the formula for microcomputer:

Microprocessor +1/0 devices

→→→→→ Microcomputer

GRON

1024 x 1-bit RAM

There are 16 pins, arranged on 2

(D) Guilt is personal and more is not convicted just because of others', and he has no responsibility on, criminal act.

(E) The accused person should be provided with the following rights:-

The right to a speedy trial.

• Freedom from arbitrary arrest. The right to a public trial. The right to trial by jury on serious offences.

The right to be legally defended. The right to appeal.

The Sources of Law in Hong Kong

Generally the law of Hong Kong follows the law of England and there are seven sources which are stated as follows:-

sides.

Pins allocations:

Ag Ag locations.

-are used for address Therefore 2.10. =1024 1K locations can

be accessed..

-0 is used for data written to

the cell location.

~D is used for data read from

the cell location.

-The remaining pins are used for

clock,

read/write detection, control and earth.

-If inside the 8-bit machine, 8 pieces of this RAM are arranged in series so that a byte. (8- bit) can be accessed.

R

Te memory bettors for

microcomputer are divided into

reas:

program storage area;

input data storage area.

working storage area. output storage area.

(3) Input devices

(a) The input devices are

feed data into the computer.

(A) British Statute Law

六期星 日二月三 ( 一九九一) 年十八國民中( 8 )

British Statute Law called Act's of Parliament are laws passed by the British Parliament and can be applied in Hong Kong until 1997. The British Parliament can also legislate specifically for Hong Kong on certain occasion like foreign and defence affairs..

(8) Local Legislation

The Legislative Council makes Hong Kong's Own.. laws and laws passed here are called ordinances.

(C) Administrative Law

It refers to the regulations, by-laws and government directive made under the principle ordinances and/or approved by the governor-in- Council.

(D) Court Law

According to English common law and the rules of equity, Hong Kong's judges make laws within the territory by way of establishing legally-binding

judgement [precedents).

(c)Most of the above input devices.

can be seen even in the Golden Shopping Centre.

(4)Output devices

(a)The information obtained, as a

result of "computer processing is sent for the ·user through different output devices. (b)Different outputting devices are

used for different purpose." (i) Visual display unit (VDU) to translate the ASCII codes

into characters.

(ii)Printers

"used

to give hardcopy for permanent storage. Uitterent types of printers are used -for different applications:

-dot-matric printer: used for most character and graphic printing,

-daisy-wheel printer: used for high quality letter printing. -line printer: prints one or Bore at a time. It is gerast printing.

rinter: It produces using photocopying techniques and laser beams,

used to

Input Device

e49. Keyboard:

(b)Different inputting devices are

used:

*) keyboard;

(ii) touch-screen.

(ifi)magnetic disk, tape, drum,

etc.

(iv) paper tape.

(v) card reader

cards.

for

punched

(vi) Optical character reader for

optical

recognition. (OCR)

character

for

(vii)Magnetic ink reader

magnetic ink character

recognition. (MICR)

(viii)light pen.

(ix) bar code reader

versal bar codes.

wand $cache s

department-Stores.

(xi)` Mouse for rough picture

drawing.

(xii)Joystick for game playing.

Tight pen

mouse

joystick

(E) Chinese Customary Law

Chinese law and custom will be

if applied

the above provided unclear answers.

sources

(F) Constitutional Lax

Hong Kong's current written constitutional documents are the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions. However, these will be replaced by the Basic Law after 1997, as Hong Kong becomes the Special Administrative Region. (SAR) of the People's Republic of China.

(6) International Law

At present, many international agreements, treaties and principles of justice apply in Hong Kong. Examples Like GATT (general agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and Air Service Agreements have been the main theme of discussion by the Sing-British Joint Liaison Group which is vested, with the authority to examine the application of these international laws.

END

by

The printing quality is high.

prints -plotter: It

drawing pen. It is used for most drawing techniques.

(c)Outputting, data can also be sent to magnetic disk or tapes through magnetic drive or recorder.

(5)Backing store, secondary storage

(a)Backing store is used for

following reasons:

Main memory is expensive. The physical size of the computer. limits the size of ROM and RAM. in the central memory.

the

Data stored in the main memory (RAM) will be lost when power is turned off.

Different programs will be used at different time. Programs (not in used) in the central memory may lower the efficiency of the computer.

Some programs are too large to be put in the central memory. That part of the program is load into the memory when it is to be use immediately. This is called the overlay 'technique, commonly used in microcomputer system.

Processing Unit (microprocessor)

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Gentral Memory

RAM

ARIES

LIBRA

Backing Store

e.g. magnetic disk. magnetic tape

· paper tape punched card

Output Device

e.g. VOU

printer

plotter

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