育歇 日六十月正年未辛颚
1991 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Economic & Public Affair (22)
The Legal System (I)
Principles of Justice
M. T. Kwok
In order to ensure that everyone receives justic and fairness, the Hong Kong legal system, which based on the English legal system, observed the following two principles of justice:-
(A) Equality before the law:-
It protects the basic nights of every individual from infringement
1991 中學會考預習專欄 明德出版社
-MILL & DALE PRESS®
Computer (22)
K.. Choy
Hardware of a typical computer system.
The hardware of a computer system. means the physical equipment that can perform the Input-Process-Output sequence of a job.
Classification of computer system: (1)Mainframe computers
(a)It is used in most commercial
companies.
(b)The memory size is large.
(c)The components are made up of..
input devices, central processing unit, main memory, output devices and the backing store.
(d) The physical size is large.
(e) The processing speed is much.
faster.
(2)Minicomputer
(a)It is used
general puroor small
Scale
(b)It is smaller than the mainframe
computer in all aspects.
(c)The hardware organization is very similar to that of the mainframe.
(3)Microcomputer
(a)It is also called the personal
computer.
(b)It is the
郭日僑
by others or by the government, by (C) It is the responsibility of the stating that all the people of a prosecution to provide proof of country, regardless of their
guilt, which must be established background or status are
doubt, equal beyond reasonable
Any before the law and are subject to
benefit of doubt goes to the the tawi administered by the
accused. ordinary law courts.
(8) The Independence of the Judiciary:-
By applying this principle of separation of powers and making the judiciary independent of and separate from the executive and the legislature, judges can be free of all interference and pressure from other branches of the government and achieve impartiality when they administer justice.
However, in order to conduct a fair. criminal court trials, the following principles are observed:-
(A) Offence should be clearly defined
by law.
(8) Until proved guilty in a court of law, an accused person must be considered innocent.
Detail structure of Microcomputer (1)Central Processing Unit
(a)It is a small piece of silicon- Chip containing integrated circuit.
(b)It consists of the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit.
(c)It is known as microprocessor. (d)Computer instructions and data
are transmitted by 8-bit, 16-bit- or 32-bit.
(e)Examples
of microprocessors commonly used are
6502 (Apple II-8 bits),.
280(CP/M-8 bits),
8088 (IBM PC/XT-16 bits)
80286 (IBM PC/AT-32-bits).
(2)Central Memory
(a)It is made up of a series of
integrated circuit.
(b)It is connected to the computer,
through pins.
(c)It can be clas
types:-
into two.
(1) Random access memory
the part of the main memory' whee data can be written or is. known to be vostele because when the power is turned off, the data. is lost.
(ii)Read only memory (ROM)':
ant
the part of the main memory that can only be read. The content is non-volatile. The inside the *ROM are instructions or programs known as firmware. Address Locations in both RAM and ROM can be accessed randomly. The time required to write or read a word is ess han a microsecond.
(d)Memory acc
smallest
computer
system.
(c) The
control unit
and
the
AL
Az
in the Same chip of integrated circuit known microprocessor.
as
Аз
A4
A5
arithmetic. and Jogic unit are built
{d}The hardware organization 15 also similar to that of the mainframe. In short the formula for microcomputer:
Microprocessor +1/0 devices
→→→→→ Microcomputer
GRON
1024 x 1-bit RAM
There are 16 pins, arranged on 2
(D) Guilt is personal and more is not convicted just because of others', and he has no responsibility on, criminal act.
(E) The accused person should be provided with the following rights:-
The right to a speedy trial.
• Freedom from arbitrary arrest. The right to a public trial. The right to trial by jury on serious offences.
The right to be legally defended. The right to appeal.
The Sources of Law in Hong Kong
Generally the law of Hong Kong follows the law of England and there are seven sources which are stated as follows:-
sides.
Pins allocations:
Ag Ag locations.
-are used for address Therefore 2.10. =1024 1K locations can
be accessed..
-0 is used for data written to
the cell location.
~D is used for data read from
the cell location.
-The remaining pins are used for
clock,
read/write detection, control and earth.
-If inside the 8-bit machine, 8 pieces of this RAM are arranged in series so that a byte. (8- bit) can be accessed.
R
Te memory bettors for
microcomputer are divided into
reas:
program storage area;
input data storage area.
working storage area. output storage area.
(3) Input devices
(a) The input devices are
feed data into the computer.
(A) British Statute Law
六期星 日二月三 ( 一九九一) 年十八國民中( 8 )
British Statute Law called Act's of Parliament are laws passed by the British Parliament and can be applied in Hong Kong until 1997. The British Parliament can also legislate specifically for Hong Kong on certain occasion like foreign and defence affairs..
(8) Local Legislation
The Legislative Council makes Hong Kong's Own.. laws and laws passed here are called ordinances.
(C) Administrative Law
It refers to the regulations, by-laws and government directive made under the principle ordinances and/or approved by the governor-in- Council.
(D) Court Law
According to English common law and the rules of equity, Hong Kong's judges make laws within the territory by way of establishing legally-binding
judgement [precedents).
(c)Most of the above input devices.
can be seen even in the Golden Shopping Centre.
(4)Output devices
(a)The information obtained, as a
result of "computer processing is sent for the ·user through different output devices. (b)Different outputting devices are
used for different purpose." (i) Visual display unit (VDU) to translate the ASCII codes
into characters.
(ii)Printers
"used
to give hardcopy for permanent storage. Uitterent types of printers are used -for different applications:
-dot-matric printer: used for most character and graphic printing,
-daisy-wheel printer: used for high quality letter printing. -line printer: prints one or Bore at a time. It is gerast printing.
rinter: It produces using photocopying techniques and laser beams,
used to
Input Device
e49. Keyboard:
(b)Different inputting devices are
used:
*) keyboard;
(ii) touch-screen.
(ifi)magnetic disk, tape, drum,
etc.
(iv) paper tape.
(v) card reader
cards.
for
punched
(vi) Optical character reader for
optical
recognition. (OCR)
character
for
(vii)Magnetic ink reader
magnetic ink character
recognition. (MICR)
(viii)light pen.
(ix) bar code reader
versal bar codes.
wand $cache s
department-Stores.
(xi)` Mouse for rough picture
drawing.
(xii)Joystick for game playing.
Tight pen
mouse
joystick
(E) Chinese Customary Law
Chinese law and custom will be
if applied
the above provided unclear answers.
sources
(F) Constitutional Lax
Hong Kong's current written constitutional documents are the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions. However, these will be replaced by the Basic Law after 1997, as Hong Kong becomes the Special Administrative Region. (SAR) of the People's Republic of China.
(6) International Law
At present, many international agreements, treaties and principles of justice apply in Hong Kong. Examples Like GATT (general agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and Air Service Agreements have been the main theme of discussion by the Sing-British Joint Liaison Group which is vested, with the authority to examine the application of these international laws.
END
by
The printing quality is high.
prints -plotter: It
drawing pen. It is used for most drawing techniques.
(c)Outputting, data can also be sent to magnetic disk or tapes through magnetic drive or recorder.
(5)Backing store, secondary storage
(a)Backing store is used for
following reasons:
Main memory is expensive. The physical size of the computer. limits the size of ROM and RAM. in the central memory.
the
Data stored in the main memory (RAM) will be lost when power is turned off.
Different programs will be used at different time. Programs (not in used) in the central memory may lower the efficiency of the computer.
Some programs are too large to be put in the central memory. That part of the program is load into the memory when it is to be use immediately. This is called the overlay 'technique, commonly used in microcomputer system.
Processing Unit (microprocessor)
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Gentral Memory
RAM
ARIES
LIBRA
Backing Store
e.g. magnetic disk. magnetic tape
· paper tape punched card
Output Device
e.g. VOU
printer
plotter
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Schematic block diagram showing the relationship between the hardwares of a typical computer system.
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