1990-10-12 — Page 29

( 29 )有教 日四廿月八年午庚層

報日僑菜

Commerce (2)

IV. Heaning of Commerce

1991 中學會考預習專欄

S.K. LAI

MILL & DALE PRESS

Introduction to Comerce

Studying Areas

The main studying areas in this unit include

a. classification of production,

b. meaning of commerce,

c. scope of commerce, and

d. localization of production.

Purpose of Production

We live in a world where human wants are unlimited. In advanced Y. Societies we require. far more than the basic needs and wants of human beings. In order to satisfy wants, we must engage in productive activities. Thus the need for production arises out of the needs to satisfy man's wants for goods and services.

11Branches of Production

Production can be divided into three broad areas:

a. primary production,

b.secondary production, and

c. tertiary production.

Primary production embraces all those industries which are engaged in extracting raw materials and natural resources from the land.

Examples of primary production in the Hong Kong economy ara, farming, mining, etc."

Secondary prikkiction embraces all those Industries which are engaged in processing raw materials into finished products. It includes manufacturing and constructive industries. Examples of secondary production in the Hong Kong economy are:

(Manufacturing)-textiles,

etc.

electronics,

Constructive) shipbuilding, construction,

etc.

Tertiary production is involved with all those industries which

provide services to producers or consumers.

The tertiary producer provides services of Commercial and personal rature:

Examples of Lertiary production in Hong Kong are banking, tourist, hotel-services, etc.

The cute tiny links between industry, Commerce and direct services

shown

The branches of prodise

Primary productji

Tertiary Production

"Tertiary

Industries

Manufact

Industr clothing Papermaking. Car

assembling

Direct Services

Services to trade-

Private

Services

Foreign

Teachers Policeman

Export

barehousing

Banking & Financing

Insurance

Transport Advertising

Communications

1991 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS. ⠀⠀

Additional Mathematics (2)

Revision Exercise 2: Mathematical

Worked Example

Induction

V... So

1. Prove by mathematical induction that 1+1+2+2+3+3 ****+nen!=(n+1)1 for all positive integers-n.

eroof: Let Pin) be the statement

*1•1•1+2+2! +••••n•n!={n+1}=1*

A=1..

when

·R_H_S,H{1+1} !-1

2-1

€1.

P(1), is true.

Assume. Plk) 15, true,

10. 1×1.1+2+2+•••kek != {k+1}4-1

when n#k+1}]

• Il‚S++1•1 !+2+21+***+k«k!

= (k+1}4 −1 +(k+1} {k+1}!

>{k+1} } {} + k +13-

{k+2]{k+1} !-1

=(k+2] 1-1

Pis+1) is true.

By the principle of mathematical

induction. Pin is true for all positive, integers n.

2. Prove by mathematica) induction that 11+2+12+1 is divisible by 133,

For all positive integers n.

Proof when

・n=1

HONG

The word commerce is comprised of two Latin words, cum (with) and merx (merchandise). Its literal meaning would be with, goods

Commerce is basically concerned with the transfer of goods. The production and distribution of goods and the provision of services depend on exchange. This exchange of goods and services, we call commerce.

A study of commerce must include, an examination of aall aspects of trade from the buying of raw materials to the

eventual sale of finished consumer goods,

b. the auxiliary services which aid trade, and.

c. the detailed procedures involved in both trade and the

auxiliary services.

Scope of Commerce

Commerce 1s a comprehensive term for all forms of trade wholesale, retail, exporty import and all kinds or services. which assist the carrying on of trade, such as banking, insurance, advertising, etc. It is positioned between the producers and the consumers of goods...

Trade means the buying and selling of goods.

Services or aids to trade provide facilities which assist the smooth operation of trade and overcome the difficulties, to be in the trading process. Its encountered presentation is shown in Fig. 2.

Services to trade Warehousing

Banking

Insurance

Transport Advertising

diagrammatic

Producers

Difficulties

Finance Risk

Distance Information

Consumers

Fig. 2 Functions of services to trade

The brief description of the ancillary services which facilitate trade is as follows:

a. Warehousing

It provides storage space for assists the steady flow of trade. b. Banking

It offers nancial assistance to

Insurgher

and retailers and

wit minimises the business risks of Joss by fire or bur

Transport

It assists in getting the goods from the producers to the consumers and extends the market for the goods.

e. Advertising

It informs product information to prospective customers and persuades the public to buy.

Communications

It facilitates the speady flow of business Information among

businessmen.

VI. Localization of Industry-

Localization of industry occurs when a particular industry is concentrated in a certain area,

The textile industry in Kwai Chung, the garment industry in Kwun Tong, and the seafood restaurants in Aberdeen are examples of localization of industry, in Hong Kong.

Advantages of localization

Firms have enjoyed much benefit when they are concentrated together in a certain area. Its possible advantages are listed below!

2k+1 is divisible

by 13.

Camus fonts

By the principle

induction

divisible by integers n

Exercise

mathematical

all positive-

KONG

1. Prove by mathematical induction that 20 for all positive integer.

net (!)

2. Prove by mathematical induction that

for all, positive integers n.

3. Prove by mathematical induction that,

for all non-negative integers

6n+5767 is divisible by 9.

4. Prove by mathematical induction that

1

+

4.

COSX COS2x

COSX

cosnx

+

cos x

(n+1)x for all positive integers cos xsinx

P(2) is true.

Assure P(k) is truez

·when 1=k+i

k+1.

( 23 ) 1

- 784271

a. Transport costs are lower as bulk

五期星1日二十月十(〇九九一)年九十七國民肇中

order for industrial

supplies can be arranged by the same type of Firms Tocated in the same area.

which

ara

Cattract more

area.

customers which

of

b. Good reputation in marketing may

ភព Lowards specializes a. one type goods

c. Essential facilities to serve industry, such.

as

transport system, may be built

for particular industry.

in

d. Skilled labour would be in adequate supply as

that

are

employment

opportunities provided in that particular area, thus attracting more people: that area.

to

e. Natural advantages, such as fertile soil, port facilities and

good harbour, are provided to that area;

Disadvantages of localization Despite its advantages, localization has its disadvantages: a. Industrial pollution

Concentration of Industry means that the same type of firms will be emitting the same type of industrial wastes, thus polluting the environment.

b. Traffic congestion

The transport network may be overloaded as many firms are located in one particular area.

c. Possible risk of regional unemployment

Any sudden decline in one industry, would bring a serious blow- to the empol yment opportunities in that region.

The Factors to be considered in the choice of location of "Industry

The main

factors to be considered in the choice of location of industry are explained below:

a. Transpurt system.

A particular industry will locate at place where efficient transport system is to be provided.

b. Supply of skilled labour

the

An industry is located in one area where there is adequate supply of skilled labçün.

c. Nearness to market-

Accessibility to a substantial market is essential to the choice of location of industry. The marketing opportunities are favourable in that place,

d. Industrial supplies

With sui

•more

e. Po

ce of lucation, supplies would be delivered

hould have adequate supply of power and fuel,

ng the continuous operation of facilities in an

Self-assessment question

1. What do you unders

2. Show how.commerce.

commerce'?

3. Briefly describe the services to trade which are involved in

the transfer of goods from a producer to a customer.

4. Specify the three classes of production and give two examples

of occupation to each class.

5. Advertising and transport are two branches of commerce.

What difficulties would ads for producers and wholesalers if the ancillary services did not exist?

6. Describe briefly the advantages and disadvantages of

localization of industry

7. How far is it true to say

P{k+1} is true;

in non-productive occupations?

By the principle of mathas induction, P(n) is tr positive integers n-

commercial workers are engaged

$in{k+1}x_.......

CUS sinx

coskX Cos{k+1}x

cosxsin{k+1}x = cos({k+1}xsinx.

TBLIC LIBRA

(2k) {{2k+1}{3).

{k1}^{k+2) (2K) L(2k+2)(2k)

(k!) (k+2)k

Since

{2k+2}{2k+1)

+2k+1}{k+2k)

P(k+1) is true.

"By the principle of mathematical Induction, Pin) is true for all. positive integers n. >

#3125+823543 #826668 *9(91952)

It is true for p=0.

Assume it is true for nek,

¿6k+5 76k+7

when n k+1

L

= 90 m is a integer.

56{k+1}+5 ̧ 76(k+1}x>. · ·

56k+555

56 6+ 6k+7 56 5 56 (9m)+76k+7 (76_66). 56(9m)+76k+7 (117649-15625)

(102024) {(9)(11336)

..It is true for nok+1,

By the principle of mathematical induction, 5

is divisible. by 9-for all non-negative integers.-

5. Prove by mathematical induction that

2. Let P(n) be the statement of

A

4. Let Pin) be the statement

n-1

+

when

በ1

when

1

for all positive integers n >

11+12-3059

-133(23)\

It is true for n=1.

Assume it is true for n=k, 1.0.1+2+122k+1=133m · m is a

when••nxk+1

11 X + 1 + 2 + 1 2 2 8 8 + 1 } + 1

122k+1)

a integer

Solution to Exercise 2

1. Let P(B) be the statement

*1111336)+1931125*+

when

・

+144 (122k+14.

RH.S

(21)

R.H.

P(1) is true.

Assume P(X) is true.

*

when =+1

ཡ་་༣

TRITIT TRIZIT k+1

+

Rit) is true

Assi

PIKE is true,

+

COS X. ops xsinx

COX

In (k+2)x BR+T cos xsing

P(k-1) is true,"

By the principle of mathematical Induction, Pin) is true for all positive integers n.

be the statement

2) is true:

Assume Fik) is true,

when n=k$1

12 +13

+

(2)

+

"ESTRUH:

̇到似是一

NO

-

除了靜的一面,阿」

17

32)韻樂 日四廿月八年午1

灣瀀錄唱片砲!」他-

瓦。榮後 - 鹤和挤大家 奮國牾,稍後也會在台不是不想玩,而是不懂 「現在我正種變原方額是手頭,原來他 虎棉胎」,可見同KAN

... 大第一,但阿KA 拼的具機,結果玩「

BEGR

PRETE

劉錫明學以致用 ALICE

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