1988-03-23 — Page 17

日三廿月三年八八九一曆公年七十七國華中

刊特學留外海 頁四第張四:

三期星

WAH KIU YAT PO

報日僑

童軍總會二元獎券籌募

學童半價 ・除開支外均撥作童軍活動經費

銷售超逾二百五十萬元

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1988中學會考

試題預習專欄

歷史( 廿六 )

明熟出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Revision Exercises

for

Cert. Exam. (1988)

HISTORY (26)

From this issue on there will be a number of summaries on both East Asin nad European history relevant to the exem for your easy revision, We would start with East Asia first.

THE NEIJI MODERNIZATION

It was Western

imperialism that led to the modernization

movement in Meiji Japan. Western imperialism mainly took two forms economic and military, so

the goals of the

Meiji modernization were "rich country and strong army" (fukoku kyohei

so feudalism vas sholished, while the country's political, economic and military institutions were centralized. Hasen un this foundation, the Heiji state developed its varioue andernization programs

1. Economic modernization

The most important sime were development of strategic military industries for

national defense and protection of

Western económ.

industries aga

imperialism.

Agricultural

Ingr

st

modernization was carried out to obtain more government income for investment in industry, which the government developed in the 1870s, after 1880, the government began selling non- military industries to private owners but retained control of military ones. This gave rise to giant financial combines called the caibatsu (1). By the 1890s,

industrialization was quite successful. But because business- industry was under close government control (supervision after the 1880), there was not a powerful middle-class which was independent of the ryling authorities. This made it difficult

for Western democracy"

to take root in the country.

2. Educational

modernization ---- The sims were to enable Japan to acquire Western knowledge and to strengthen national unity against Western threats. Thus

universal, compulsory education was carried out. In the 1870s, when Westernization was enthusiastically promoted, education was rather damocratic, This aroused

conservative apposition. Towards the Late 1880s, however, education became increasingly illiberal

and conservative. Absolute loyalty to the state was emphasized. This was the root of Modern

Japan's ultra- nationalisa.

Nevertheless, through education, greater national and social

uuity was achieved.

3. Military modernization

The motive was at

first to defend the nation. From the 1890B on, however, it was to win offensive wore and acquire imperialist

interesta overseas. The 1873 Conseription Law gave Jegue a

national army composed

of peasants. After 1878, the army was centralized; tighter discipline and a fennal fighting spirit were introduced. The Japanese military enjoyed powers at independence, baking effective civil control difficult. Heanwhile, national detence was indeed strengthened.

4. Political

modernization The -constitutional

movement of Meiji Japan arcse mainly as a struggle for powe amony the Meiji leaders, not as the result of popular social demand for politieel rights. After anti-government armed rebellions had been proved unsuccessful in the 1870s by state suppression, opposition tenders) outside the Meiji government chose the peaceful way of struggle, i, e. a museneat for

constitutional rule, The Maiji statesmen

Aituation was the internal power struggle within the Korea government, which increased the possiblity of Sino-Japanese cunfrontation.

The victorious Japanese obtained Large territorial gains from the subsequent peace Bettlement (Treaty of Shimonoseki) in 1895. Internationally, this aroused fears and jealousy among some Western powers, who cut ap Chinese territories fur exclusive control in the Scramble for Concessions (1896-1899). In Japan, the seeds of expansionism abroad were Bowed, to China, the Qing dynasty suffered further decline, while bath reform and revolution were -stimulated

The reasa Te Ching. defente fo

exclusivel

in nature quova gefeener] analysis of Afetors such 88 political efficiency Pardational unity, we Loconclude that China's 04. ATTzapid Japan's

Aceba modernizati un Fogd for the final Sesult of the war.

THE SCRAMBLE FON CONCESSIONS, 1896-1899

Before 1894, the Western powers collectively

pheld China's ferritorial independence. xweser, Vaeards the end

the 19th century, two facturs upset the stable Verder in East Asia

too wanted to practiae constitutional rule as a way to win Western oppreciation. Thus as early as 1881, the governsent ganounced that a constilution would be promulgated by 1889. During these years, twever, the Keiji statesmen cleverly strengthened the Emperor's rule D the one hand and suppressed parties formed by the appsition forces on the other, When the Cat 5ation wou prtoðu? galad, it was iliberal.

The results of the changes introduced during

dee early Meiji period (1808-1894) were auperficial. Wols national life and institutions le.. political structure) were changed: sucial life and thoughts (e.ge family system) remained essentially traditienal. Lastly, the countryside was kimost untouched by Westernization and was thus highly conservative.

Yet in realising the basic aims of modernization, the Meiji experience was indeed Bucerasful: Western imperialism was repelled and the unequal treaties revised in the course of tine.

THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR, 1894-1895

8

The traditional view that Meiji Japan had long planned a war with China

in order to conquer Korea, a traditional vassal state of China. Recent historical findings akow that this was not the coae. Sensitive to national defence, Japan- intended to make Korea independent of Chinese domination, Japan wanted to extent influence over Korea. However, this alarmed China, who reacted by increasing activities in Koren. Further complicating the

ing European perialism, and the nition of France and who challenged ritains supremacy in Chapchine trade). China's defeat in the Sino- Japene 894-95) only probed the Final push the ve

tion

the Scramble for Concessions, re povers, jealous and fearful of one another imperialist gains, nearly partitioned Chins.

Yet China was not partitioned. Just as it was great-power. rivalry that led to the Scramble for Concessions, the same factor prevented the powers from agreeing on China's partition. In fact, the ging government cleverly exploited such inter-national rivalry, That a balance between the powers was maintained amidst the intense

scramble for territorial control, Actually, however, the powers did not colunize Chine because they had in fet no intention of doing so. This explained why they accepted the

the Open-oor policy of US by 1901,

THE ROSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-1905

The Russo-Japanese War was basically a conf)int of imperialist expension between the two countries,

The bones of contention were Korea and Manchuria. Control of these territories was won by Japan from China in 1895. Yet the Russians penetrated the two regions after that year. Any peaceful division of interests proved impossible, for both pawers wanted to gain the upper hand Japan was backed by Britain, and the US, while Russia wak backed by Germany, Ja this situation, war seemed unavoidable, it broke out in 1904.

Japan's succes in the war must not be uver. emphasized. Since the var vas localized. success and defeat were limited too. Nevertheless, after Russia accepted

defeat, the international order in East Asia

became stabilized, Both Sino-Japanese and Russo- Japanese conflicts in Northeast Asia had been settled by armed struggles. Japan's imperialist position was recognized by the wastero povers. Along the Pacific enakt, on power dared to commit further aggression against China, because the Anglo-Japaneses Alliance safeguarded the Open-Door conditions. All this explained why the international situation in East Asia remained peaceful until 1914.

HUNDRED DAY REFORM, 1998

China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (18 * and the subsequent

Serable for Concessions (1895-coNTÉRES nady young and PER Ave Chinesa

lars of the need to make institutional changes. The power struggle within the fing court between the Emperor and the Empress Dowager provided thes young scholars with a chance to come to power in the Qing government and carry out the reform. However, the reform measures, which were mainly political and educational in nature, aroused conservative reaction and threatened the self-interest of many people. Most of, the reformWare not put inze practice. Inexperienced and lacking strong political power, the young reformers and the Emperor were soon purged by the Empress Dawager, who returned to power again. Consequently, the Qing court became more reactionary, a factor that partly brought about the Boxer. Uprising in 1900-01.

THE BOXES UPRISING, 1900-01 |

reforms

would

strengthen

their rule. Instead, they led to developments that helped overthrow the dynasty in the end. Educational reform, for example, gave rise to a class of student intellectuale disantisfied with the corrupt rule of the dynasty. These intellectuals supported revolutionary activities. Local (provincial) Belf- rule, on the other hand, only furthered China's political

decentralization. Lastly, because of anti-Mancbo feelings, the regionsl armies were not loyal to the Qing dynasty.

喲爝游顓早土

MILL & DALE PRESS

Revision Exercises

. for Cert. Exam. (1988)

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (26)

1. X-Ax+b=0

(ain7z+Binz}+

(sin51+sin3x)={ 28in(7+)cos(2*+*)+ 2sin(2x+3x)cos(5x-31)

-0

.sinixcoa5x+sinkxcusx sinky(cos3x+cosx}=Q .*.in4-0 x=0° vir

360"

or cos3x+coяXÜ

i.e, coa3x=-Coax

=cos(180°-x) 1.e. [-(b2+1)(a2-2b))2. 4(b)(2+1)2-0 (2-2b)2-4b2-0

(x2-24) 2-(2b)2=0 (a*-2b+2b)(a2-2h-26)=0

2

b (A118.)

31. R

positive,

(Ana.)

R

Now,

ав

1/3

is

Bin545

B (5,9)

x+y=-8x-7y+12=0

2

At A and B, yu

-8x+12-0 (x-2)(x-6)=0

.:.x-2

от

G

‚'‚A(2,0),B(6,V) {ans,},

At C and D, x=0

‚'‚2-7y+12=0

(y-3)(y-4)=0

.'.c(0,3), (0,4) (Anà.)

centre 0(4.2)

Since AP ia a diameter /R-90°

Pis (6, x)

Now, (Sinpe of DP)x

(-)--1

-(-1)(2)

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The exer Hovement originated by e-

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and suffering. It was also caused by the presence of foreign imperialism, This

explained why the Boxers were at first both anti- dynastic and anti-foreign in attitude. From 1899 on, however, the qing government encouraged and then supported the Boxers, who became exclusively anti-foreign. Thus the Boxera attacked foreigners in the Beijing areas, and Beijing declared war on the powers in 1960-01. The Boxer Protocol in 1901. Let concluded the uprising further subjected China to foreign imperialism wa politically. economically and militarily. Culturally, China's pride and self-respect were badly hurt, on the international level, however, China' determination to resist foreign aggression helped stop the Scramble for Concessions (1896-1899).

LATE QING REFORM

After the failure to resist foreigners, it was felt, especially by the Empress Dowager, that Chium abould imitate them through reform. Many of the reforma undertaken by the Qing government after 1901 vère similar in content to thos proclaimed in 1898, Education was updated and students were sent abroad to study Western knowledge. Politically, constitutional rule and local self-rule vere experimented with. Militarity, regional armies were trained and developed. The Qing

the new equation is (2.1) (02-26).

b

مكيف

2

1.e.b2x2 - (b2 + 1) { a2 -2b) x

+(62+1)2-0

Since this equation has equal roets, then Dal

{b} C ̧1p»x2+2 QQ:74x2+3

The volume generated

2 C

32

dx-x

dx

(Ans.)

3x-360°(180°-x) |i,e.4x-360°n+180°

x=90°0+45°

-45", 135, 225°

or 315" for

n-0, 1, 2, 3

or 2x-360-180°

x=180°n~90°

90 år 270°

for n=0, 1

x-45°, 90°, 135°,

225", 270° or 3150

(aos.)

(b)

Put co-sin21 -xin(-2x)

=c08-(-2x))

1.0.co0jx=ces(+21)

3x=2u**(+2x)

or

(4-1) 10

-54"

for a=1...(2)

x-54° is a solution of the equation (Aus.) (ii)ather solution are:

1-90° (from (1) when

n-0)

or 126" (from (2) when

(iii)

-4x-4)dx

-* { { { x * + 6 x2 + 9 = x * -4x2 -

•^{{(5+2x2)dx -x(5+)

0

-X (5x3+3(3)"}

-33 cubic units

(Аля.)

(n)ein7x+8ìn5+in+sin

-0

Now, sin2x+20=3x=U 29inzcosx+cosx-cox-0

cosi (29iux-ain2x+1)=0

4sin x-Zain-1-0

.".equation of tangent

TP is given by

y~7~~(x-6) 7y+4x-73-0

-1

(b) cos8+ising....(1)

={cose+isine)" =cos(-8)+izin(-0) -cose-isine..(2)

**2008@mz+z ̃1 and 2+1

2-1

(3)+(4):

2coane-z"+z (3)-(4):

-n

2isione-z"-z"

-D

(b)(2inipu)"{2cone)?

(2-1)(x+1)2

− ( x − 1 ) 2 ( x + 2)2 ( z −1 ) -((2-2)(2+2)2(x-4)+

(x)(-)

-(2-2)

(x)=4(+)+

(2)+(+)-20

=2c0x80-8cvsb@+8cos40+

Scos28-10

-148(5-4C0820-4cn840+

beastig-e0880)

(Ane.)

2

ain, ecne ade

"12830(5-4c0828-4case+

Geos50-cos80) do

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