1986-12-25 — Page 19

幕

·時,杜彼德表示,國際

「晚圓滿結束,壓軸節日 恢復死刑,及目前在禁 是在伊利沙伯育烱館舉閉式難民營中生活的越,將拖垮經濟改革 公,年香港爾年普樂的,前、 對於香港日後應否中國不改革改制

對蘇聯進軍阿富汗事件

特教協會來年將會加强,

日五廿月二十年六八九一番公年五十七國民藏中

壓靑 新軸年

C#)

極的會員,在一百五十國如何民主化,則東

: 據达,國際特赦的情緒等,是有其作用的。

·其代表性,但他們許有 兗,自由地透過電視 , 反映不同的觀贴,提高政治體制改革不同的意 漢字會員。各會員皆來自 發掘中國大眾傳播媒们 就是維 電台報章和雜誌發表、

予铹樂團比賽優勝狳伍。(本報記者攝) 例示:新聞處處陳祖澤有頒發獎品

WAH KIU YAN

PO

報日僑華

四期星 ®

魚縱都屬何

港來員專會協數特際國 刑死復恢否應港香

評置拒德彼杜委執

觀塘區議員報佳香

爲塘

【港鏕塘區潑貝離日探訪區內四間

黃偉文姚卓雄扮演聖閲老人 爲老弱人士獻歌曲

*

《特》「無論如]利機構,為老人及弱智人士試唱聖慈歌曲及除。

會帶來各種不安及干擾

定进些决策及法例的人都督夫人機齡中心,苦陳淑英族理安老院,魯能

- 對罪犯施行死刑,還瓦年年聖誕節均到區內顧利機等報裆。 區議員探訪的四藏機構爲鄰舍輔導會白會

,跟炮區議會自一九八一年成立以來,區議、

同參與這次報佳資活動。而區議員替碑文,

: 觀塘政務專員陳育需及政務處人員均有一

★業聞港 真三第張五第一日四廿月一十年寅丙厝夏

【各國皆有分會,在這方

的古任,該組織在世界

。因此,基於維護人權

其本質而言,甚爲殘

FRECKIKE-H

都是不公平的,因爲过

| KKET - REXUE

一受酷刑迫害的人,及其

杜氏說,對死囚芠

書會上作上透表示。 行委员杜彼襁日前在

席林烨〔左三)昨午溵發聖誕禮物給桃舍 觀璃政務專員陳育寧八左一)及區議會主》

游會白色督夫人康中心的老人家。

1987中學會考 試題預習專欄

歷史( 十四

¿ASE & X& Fi

MILL & DALE PRESS

Revision Exercises.

for

Cert, Exam. (1987)

HISTORY (14)

In this issue we shall learn how is the late 19th century, foreign powers competed with one another to obtain imperialiat benefits from China..

Note these points....... (a)use the teras "foreign powers" rather than moto "western powers here because Japan was one of the imperialista (but not a Western power).

(b)to historiaus, the

times are known as an age of imperialism, (c)the "Imperialist

benefits consisted of colonies and other things which you shall learn about.

THE SCRAMELL FOR CONCESSIONS, 1896–99

Meaning - In 1896-99, Many foreign povers obtained or acrambled different kinds of imperialist henefits from China. These benefits were called concessions.

In the end, China was. nearly partitioned by these foreign powers (though she was not). This was known as the Scramble for Concessiona in history..

A. §inu-foreign refɛtions

1842-1894".

1. China wag forced to

sign unequal treaties by foreign, powers-and- gave different treaty teras to them. For example, treaty porte were opened, and -tariff was fixed at

a low rate:

Foreign settlements. started in some treaty parte, e.g. Shanghai, Cantons Foreigners enjoyed self-rule in these settlements in

3. Because of the most- favoured-nation E clause, any privilege that Cuina granted to a foreign country would be shared by all other foreign countries

automatically.

(a)China waa independen

and maintained law

and order.

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(b)Then foreign powers

could do trade.

not need to take up Administrative

peacefully. They did.

responsibilities.

Britain monopolized

4/5 of 11 China- trade.:

B. Causes of the Scramble

for Concessions ...

The ficat Siba- Japanese War (1894-95) upsetting the balance.

of power-

(a)In the Treaty of

Shimonoseki (1995)

Japan obtained a large indemnity and extensive territories from Chino (including Taived). Wh Tuis made the Western powers worried that' their own interests were threatened. They obtained similar gains from China to balance the Japanese gains. (b)The quick defeat of

China by Japan in the war made the Western powers believe that China could not.

uphold law and order herself. The Western powers started to cut up China into parts within which they enjoyed exclusiva interests (ie. interests not shared. by other powers).

2. The growth of European

imperialism In the late 19th century, the European powera colonized way parta of the world.

increase of great- power rivalry and challenge to British pover Russia, France and Germany were jealous of

Britain's domination of the Chian trade and, wanted to challenge

Britain. Conclusion- The Scramble for Concessions started because of:

a. the fear among the European powers of looning benefits to Japan.

an unwillingness. to fall behind in the scramble for gains

the response and reaction of one power to the benefit made by another power

Types of imperialist benefits

1. Economic anú.

territorial benefits (a)railway and mining

rights

(b)loans for China in

exchange for other economic concessions

(c)leased areas, with

reduced land tariffs rights of police: Rete. power,

Spheres of influence When the above rights had been obtained by a. power in a certain

area of Chine, a

sphere of influence:

was created. That

power enjoyed

exclusive intereste there.

Non-alienation

agreements - China promised not to cede

or transfer a sphere

of influence to another power.

Course of the Scramble

for: Concessions. (Look, at the map when

reading the following port.) -

The Triple Intervention - In 1895, Russia, Germany and France joined to force Japan to return to China the m Liaotung Feninsula (in South Manchuria). Japan obtained the peninsula from China earlier in the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

la and France Russia making use of China'a weakness

(a)Both countries

demanded rewarda from China for the Triple Intervention;

France demanded interests in. Southwest China,

France and Russia. gave China a loan in 1896.

11.Russia asked for the extension of the Trans-Siberian. Railway through Manchuria in 1896.

Rivalry between France and Britain in Southwest China. German

occupation of Kinochow and Russia** reaction, 1897-98

(a)In 1897 Germany leased

Kiaochow of Shantung

(b)To balance the German

gain, Russia took. Port Authur and Dairen on the Liaotung Peninsula,

5. British and Japanese.

gains -

(a)To balance the Russian gein, Britain leased Veihaiwel in Shantung

as a naval port,

(b)Also, Britain made

China Agrée to make the rich Yangtze Valley as a British

sphere of influence. (c)Japan made Fukier a sphere of interest. French ocen kwangchow Bay and Britain's reaction, 1898 – France obtained the bay from China in 1898. This led Britein obtaining the lease of the New Territories (ugrth of Kowloon) from China in the same year so as to counter the French

China refusing to grant further

oft

concessions in 1899

In 1999 Italy asked

China for a concession

but China refused its flatly.

KEY

22 British

80 Russion.

BAL! German

French Japanese

Fukien

Kwangchow Bay

The Open Door Policy 1900-01: A

From 1896 to 1899, Britain approached the USA for cooperation in advocating in Open Door policy. According to the proposal, every foreign country would. share equal commerciul opportunity in China. (a) In 1899 the USA -

circulated the open- door uote to Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan.

(b)A second open-door

note was circulated in the same way in 1900 (during the Boxer Uprising of 1900-01). It was accepted by the forsign powers und was fzcluded in the Boxer Protocal of 1901. (The Protocol èoncluded tlie

4

Boxer Uprising.)

Ressons for Chînu!ə not being partitioned→ Lock of agreement. aving the great powers on partitioning China -When the powers challenged one another and reacted to one another's gains, a Kind of balance was. reached, tu effect, the povera vere watering each other's gains and advances. Their self-interests were divided, and they could not agree on a plan to partition China' Unwillingness to take

ur administrative responsibilities The foreign powers wanted economic benefita from China. They did not want to administer China directly as a colony, China was too large in size. Changing international attention and the growth of European- liberalism Iuter national tension else where (for example, in Europe and Africa) shifted the attention of the great powers from China. At the same time, European liberalism we's groving, which resulted in a more liberal attitude. towards China, Chins a success in balancing one imperialist power. against another - For example, when uasia proposed a loun to

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China 1895, the Ch'ing

government counter-

balanced it by opening

negotiations with.

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Britain and Geruany

for a similar loan, in 1898, China welcomeille the lease of Weihaived to Britain as a way "En counter-balance

'Khasia's lease of Port Arthur and Dairen, 5. The Boxer. Uprising:

It showed that the Chinese were prepared to resist and attack foreigners. Therefore the foreign, powers

were more reluctant to partition Chinu,

6. Britain's role

Britain did not want to see China da d partitioned into spheres of influence; The dominating position of Britain helped to make the internatioun 3" situation stable.

7. The Open-Door Folic

(as described).

G. Effects of the

Scramble for: Concessions. Stimulating the Hundred Day Reform of 1898 At a time of intensified foreign imperialian, a group of young scholars (Kang Yu-wei Liang Ch'i-ch'ao- * ☆ to etc.)-9. attempted a reform movement in Peking in 1898. They were supported by the Emperor. Contributing to the Boxer: Uprising of 1900-01 In Chinese society, the Scrauble for Concessions. Increased anti-foreign feelings and activities among Chinese people. For example, the German seizure of Kiaochow, in 1897 created great fear and hatred among the local shangtungese people. Some of these people organized. themselves and called themselves Boxera (***). In 1900 they entered Peking and killed many foreigners. This was the Boxer Uprising. Strengthening Chinese. nationalism - In the face of foreign "aggression, many

Chinese people became more nationalist,

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Nationalism became more anti-Imperialist in nature. S Indirectly leading to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war 1904-05 and of the First World War of 1914-18 - (a)After the Triple

Intervention, Japan résented Russia. Then Russia established influence in Manchuria (i.e. Port Arthur and Dairen). in 1898, but Japan wanted Manchuria too. All this helped to cause the Russo- Japanese War. (b) Great-power rivalry during the Scramble

for Concessions

increased p

international tension,

therefore indirectly

contributing to the outbreak of the First

5-65017152#E

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In the next issue, you will be shown how a'."

question on the Scramble for Concessions can be answered în practice. Sv keep this issue und revised it before you. read the next issue,

英文(十四)

Revision Exercises?

for

Cert. Exam, (1987)

ENGLISH (14)

CITY EDUCATIONAL PRESS Dear Students,

I wish you a happy holiday for your Christ- das and New Year,

• If you take a look at the past papera of HKCEE English Language II pub- Aished by the Examination

Authority,you will find that each year the paper contains a number of ques tions on words easily con- fused. The use of such worda as “affect', *effect1

'adapt','adopt" etc. has preplexed many a candidate

Students are also - CON- fronted with the problem of using the right word in composition, that is En glish Language I in the RKGEE. It is because too many English words look similar and sons Darry more than one or several more meanings. For example students often make mis takes in the use of ad- vise and advice', 'able' and "capable'.

Hore I wish to draw your attention to the fol lowing list of most com monly confused English Words together with the examples which I have com- piled specially for you. able,capable

These two words have al- most the same meaning, The only difference between them is one of construc- tion. Able is followed by an infinitive while 'capable by of + gerund.

He is able to do it. He is capable of doing

abstain,rerrain

We abstain from a habit. but refrain from an so- tion.

He was advised to ab- stain from drinking wine.

A good citizen should.. refrain from opitting in public places. afraid, fear ?Afraid' ie an adjective and is often followed by

of Fear is both a verb and a noun. As a verb it takes no preposition. As a noun, it often takes the form of 'in fear of!.

I fear ghost-

I am afraid of 'ghost. I am in fear of ghost.

arrive, reach

*Arrive is followed by

ator in Reach' is followed by no preposition We arrived at the desti- nation in the evening. He reached Hong Kong

last night.

ashamed, shameful Ashamed means

feeling

shama". ́ ́Shameful' means.

worthy of shame.

You should be ashamed to

tell- suöh lies,

漏水

專業

水亮度湖、升

切料查無、褊機。

修宇工五年底切外,地

工防

承防近水口

一材要住濕石降,

酸程水 油立素效法瓦底面可

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He is despised for his.

shameful behaviour.

assure, ensure

Aagure' means tell some- one with confidence' and is followed by a personal pronoun. ''Basure' moans 'make sura and is follow-

ed by an abstract noun.

I assured him that T

could get a pass in the

coming examination.

No one can ensure C

cess.

bath,bathe

Bath' is a noun while

"bathe is both a verb and a noun. Aв a noun, bathe! means: the act of swimming or playing in the sea, a lake, a river or a swimming pool. NA

He bathes twice a day. Have you taken your bath I went to the seashore

so as to have an enjoy- able baths.

beware, aware

"Beware' means the care- ful'. 'Aware" "mḥanu

having knowledge or con BCLouanes”....

Beware of the dog. Are you aware of the

danger that lies ahead.

alone,lonely.

Alone means 'without the company or help of others' It is both an adjective K and adverb, 'Lonely means

feeling unhappy because of the lack of friendly companionship' or 'remote and isolated. It is an adjective.

He worked alone.

I was alone in the of-

Ploe.

The aged very often feel

lonely.

alive,lively

"Alive" means not dead!,

Lively' means 'full of life and spirit:

I am afraid his grand

parents are no longer alive.

Lily is a lively as

kitten.

o, before

ago,

These two words have al- most the sand meaning. The only difference between. them is one of construc- tion. "Ago is always used with the simple present tense. 'Before! is often associated with the pre- sent perfect tense.

I met him in the street

two months ago,

I have never been there

before.

all,whole

*All': can be used for both singular and plural nouns. 'Whole' is only used for singular nouns and is usually preceded by "the" "All of us want to go.

All his life is but an

empty dream, da The whole room was in

disorder.

amount,number

*Amount is used for un- countable nouns while'

'number' for countable nouns.

That rich man has a

large amount of money. I have a large number of

books.

always, often

*Always' means 'at all times,implying without exception. 'Often' means

in a large proportion of the instanɑës...

The sun always rises in

the east

It often rains in summer

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