1986-02-03 — Page 20

were also

頁四第張五第日五廿月二十年乙

1986

strengthened.

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史(十九)

明德出版社

胡應亮提供資料

Revision Exercise

for

Cert. Exam. (1986)

HISTORY (19)

VIOLA Y.Y. 900

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE 1921 - 22

BACKGROUND AND CAUSES A. Japan's expansion in

China and the consequent; overthrow: of East Asia's balance of power-

To the Western'poversi Japan's war-tine' gains. in China had destroyed East Asia's balance of power. After 1919, the Western powers.. especially the US, felt the need to check Japanese expansión. Japan's willingness to return to a policy of cooperation with the Western powers, for following reasons:

the

The Anglo-Japanese. Alliance would come to an end in 1921. Thus Jepan would soon be without a Western ally.

After 1919, the war-time economic prosperity that. Japan enjoyed had come to an end. Economic difficulties

began (which could only be overcome by cooperation with the west). During the First WorldWar, both: the US and Japan had greatly expanded their

trade with Chine,

Japanese-American

economic ties

最是以

五 的篇

藏

作到严重

是很部心

聚柜

After 1919, Јаралеве businessmen realized the importance of

WAH KIU YAT PO

further commercial cooperation with the US so as to deal with the Competition of the expected return of the European pawers to the China trade.

Party rule had been estublished -in Japan since

1918. The.

political porties,

which were supported, by businessmen, favoured

cooperation with the West.

C. The fall of Tsarist

Russia and the rise of: the new Soviet threats

Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks' succeeded in seizing power and founding a Soviet government in late 1917. Tu vin China's friendship, Lenin promised to abandon ald treaty rights and, destroy the old. imperialist treaty system itself. The capitalist Western powers, especially the US, therefore found it necessary to come together and work out ways to deal with this Soviet threat...

D. The rise of the US

and her new policy in East Asia

Old imperialist powere Like Germany and Tsarist Russia bad disappeared in East. Asia, while others

such as Britain and France had been weakened after the First World War.

Consequently, the US became the

strongest power in the Far East. She disliked the old imperialist treaty ayetem in which the povers recognized

one another's spheres

光,面原學舞運幣:

本身小的準時

報日僑華

of influence in China.

E. The race for neval

power in East Asia and the intention among the powers to put an end to it -

Britain, Japan and the US wished to cut. their military spending so as to eoncentrate on:

internal problems.

The need to deal with other unsettled problems

The First World War had created, many.. problems in Eust Asi: meny of them still unsolved by. 1921. As the Versailles

Conference was primarily concerned with Europe, many o票 the problems in East Asia bad not been satisfactorily settled. For example:

The question" of Japan's occupation of Kiaochow was not taken up, în the 1919

conference. The troops that Japan sent to Siberia bad not been withdrawn by 1919.

TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

Four-Power Pact, December 1921 ~ Knowing that the US was opposed to the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese- Alliance, both Britain and Japan invited the US to join a friendly pact as a substitute. The American government,: however, wanted only à more general and less imperialistic pact that included France. Thus the Four-Power Pact was signed, by which the US, Britain; France and Japan

promised te maintain the

existing.

conditions in the

-Pacific areas, and

-agreed to discuss

with each other

if their rights

腰式

iii

and interests should be threatened i future.

Unlike the Anglo-. Japanese Alliance, however, the Pact did not necessarily require the four powers to help each other militarily, Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty, February 1922 This treaty was signed by the US, Britain Jan. France and Italy: es en attempt to limit The armanent races

A ratio of capital-ship: 'ownership for the powers was agreed upon: 5. for the US and Britain," 3. for Japan, and 1.67 for France. and Itèly- All the three. powers the US, Britain and Japan

agreed to'cut back navy- building plans, to break up some battleships, and not to build new fortifications, naval bases and. battleships ing the Pacific for the next 10 years: Nine-Power Pact, February 1922 - In this pact, which was aigned by all the nine powers, some. general and idealistic principles about future Sino-. Western relations were laid down: a. Traditional.

spheres of influence were considered imperialist products of the past and were abolished,

The powers agreed. not to seek exclusive nod separate privileges from China, but

existing rights.

enjoyed by them.

. still remained,

c.

中華

"security

在台北

-期星

健

日三月二年六八九一公年五十七國民華中 刊遇力健育教

clause" wit$

included in the

pact, hy which the

powers agreed not to violate · one another's rights in China. China's national right. (i... yovereignty) was

to he'respected. Check on war-time. Japanese expansion Japanwa9:

cooperative in giving. up some of the gains. that she made during the First World War, For example; he a. Group V of the 21

Demands, was

formally withdrawn.”

The right to employment of Japanese advisers in Manchuria was abandoned.

The Kiaochav lessed territory and the: Tsingtao- Tsinan railway. (in Shantung) were returned to Chine

A promise to. carry out an early withdrawal of. Japanese troops from Russian territories was

made. Measure's

to improve relations with ⠀ China The Chinese representutives proposed the famous 10-point program, calling upon the Western powers to restore equality and independence to. -Chine: In responge

to this program, the powers at the conference adopted the "Root Resolution"; promising to give Ching the fullest opportunity to develop and maintain a stable goverment. a. Certain increases

in tariffs ön imports into China:were agreed. upon.

Britain promised

to return

Weihaiwel (leased.

in 1898) to China.

WEAKNESSES OF THE

WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

A. Lack of unity between the Western powers

The Four Power and Mine-Pover treaties. were only empty agreements, for there. was little cooperative effort among the Western powers. Great powers like the US. and Britain were fond of taking individual actions.

B. Absence of Soviet

Russia at the Washington Conference and subsequent: Soviet threats

Soviet Russia was not. invited to the Washington Conference because she was not - recognized by the US. Consequently,

教你

check on Soviet

action in: China

was posible.

C. Failure of the powers

to define one another's' intereste

The povers at the Washington Conference intended to continue the exploitation of Ching but failed to specifically, and clearly define their own interests among themselves in the country

EFFECTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

A. In the Pacific areas

Generally'speaking, the Washington

Conference was more successful in keeping peace in the Pacific areas than in East Asia. The abolition of the Anglo-Japanese. Alliance, together with

the naval limitation arrangements, made sure that no two Pacific powers could ally with each other and be strong enough to challenge the rest. A balance of power was

maintained:

Over the East Asian

訪專

continent

On the East Asian

continent, however,

the, Washington

Conference failed to

solve problems that

later led to

international troubles:

i.

·Japan's 'ambition would not be

removed just by an empty international agreement of non-aggression on

paperi

-Despite the Four- Power treaty, the powers failed to cooperate: wholem heartedly to check: Japan.

Japan

Japan, gave up her war-time

Aggressive policy and some of her var-time gainš. For a moment, therefore, her relations with China.and. the West. were. improved.

Yet other more important

rights Japanese.

during the war were retained.. iii. Ne while,

D. China

because of the cooperation between Japan and the West, -:

at

democratic party. government bome was strengthened;

Political

domination over China by the Toreign powers bad: considerably been cut down after the Washington.

Conference.

ii. Yet, China was

still not recognized as a modern state.. Unequal treaties. still remained. The foreign power过 were not yet prepared to give

up all imperialisti rights of the past. fany of the Chinese- nationalists were

dissatisfied.

糕

學大

蚊的

瑤民所

腿小

第五七八期

萊赫緻主

光對健壇的貢献。 無行時由國際健美協會(I:Fi'B, B. ) 本·韋特頒發的,以實榇竹 我磉健力美宗師——趙竹光 去年第三屆力士东在北京 趙竹光手持的獎狀是

山岳

香港健身技

光。在寓所合影。 固保本在上海拜會我躪 力美宗 竹 港、江健力交流•察體育聯會秘書

我國健力美宗師

到

趙竹光

十萬上海先生柳離廟,勁校後,但大的向校方

·務到上海上海·考入了泡江大學, 寫作健美的書籍,從招下,我報名參加了田,以助教姿態去帮助新事

高崙,爲笨考做好聯絡,安排了一個可供八 房鏽簡單,用來搭 及深圳市健身會教練冷建議,校方開設了健身 是上海陕西北路,健身平時習健身。 一所退休後,他集高精神 解,經經美國的叔父外,另有資狀的學生,例如說健力美運動是健身之一,送給對健美運動有致,

「在一九四一年, 的頭腦。 ,在上海體育科学研究 對上述各項運不十分瞭無絕收學耍,對健身,是有補助的,可以美協會(I-FiBiBi ,祗是左耳聽覺不大好,老師担任,老實說,我「而學醫只收一元,家強足球、籃球等項目的力 筆者對,這也國際健 趙老前輩絲毫沒有老態 負資,柔道由一位朝鮮的紀錄達到六百多人,的,用作田樹、排球、一套出一個精緻的獎牌槍 雖属七十多初始,一摔角、畢爾、健身由我名的人很多,最多學員練得適量,是可以提儂告辭,那知趙竹光老闆 二工作,預約時間會見趨十多人練習的健身房。,每月招一期學生每 現代女子健美及报纸, 不好意思再打攬趙竹光 力健美心院長尉宗德,提出開觀體育必修科的「開設在四十年代,地址正常。這也許是得益于,要有柔和的肌肉。

·趙竹光及要藏玉,得到心真難受得很,回到學 亞一薇的靑年華優。而了,醫生檢查後對他說應該練習肌肉平均,公 會拜訪健壇兩位前聚: 中國人却瘦小得可憐,中國青年外,尙有東南,鼻咽癌,現在已經全好一子懸美,一點也不美, 「記得那脚掌擊、「兩週開一次座談會,钼,他有以下的見解,如果老前輩休息,举饨起身

鳥嘴,趁機,國的運動寳體格魁偉- 健身授班,學員除了者,大約三年前患上了出來,上述兩種所語女 丁心理準 國人打棒球,發現到外:故,後來又必立了一個的健康情况,他告訴舘却本坦,胸骨眜到落了 ,事前有 在黃埔江邊,若一草外我出版了一本健力美雜 蕭竹光老前輩目前 的强拉織,胸部 因公」:「一九二八年來到了八年的時間, 格健全的靈魂,健全 十六时,葯部像一只 與趙竹老前韋誠要 「第一間的健身院」,心、肺、肝、胃、全一具有女子的枝條,又

啞蛤似的,更有一些選

竹光老前輩。

A

·無者見時已深夜!

「財的運動家,這時,便

·禇竹光老前輩從事社會科學,外交的書籍 法-不日出版。 : 生物學都讀,甚至乎 H萬的途帕格鍛鍊關體育、歷史、心理學 英杏籍,最近完成了讀書是十分廣泛,有 前後寫了三---本有關健|杏本,學生時代,我 三四年的肌肉發達沃,書館閱讀有關健美健全的身雁,健全的人:肌肉,手臂到十五 的莚美杏綴,老三一九一們都回家,但我仍然留一,是練習健身的人應有跟男子一樣,拼命的陳先生及愛好者一個交代 百弍拾元至老百伍拾元的肌肉,「這是沒有開 ,也是我国第一本翻譯,過上了寒告俊,同學時我開辦健身房的目標的情况,他不實成練到念,也舒商君缸樂將酒 百至四百元, 月費娩學員度身稚上每一部份

本

港各健美中心的設施

近期各大報章的讀

·香港健身技暨體育聯會主席黎東芬

間不限。.... 關規定外,其它練習時|上許列出黑要練習動所 ,至於師資方面,置、次數、組數,呼吸

了女子能健康舞的有時一個健身鍛煉程, 「至伍拾元,上課時巨除你的體能及身就,編定 ,報名費八十元至娩百,始鍊健身時的身 式十元,租衣樣式拾元,我便是種能考驗,按照 所需要用的器械

港、台健力交流 杜體育聯會秘嶴 茶,咪業眼睛狂间懞說一程,我實察上等于别人一般手術美中心的問綬,院,隨著科學的進展,一來有此的音樂,再加一教練,大部份都是在慰,新學員跟畫散,會群 身的包,她開口」「榮,四年大學舉者園地內,出現了很多,下是健身學院或後健學一般維體對,所以鼎維,一健美中心的負责人或一等,長看人做示範動作

台北強美小姐劉雁文合影. 台北市宫由杯男女子他美賽時與

健體舞教學法及我見

舞蹈班導師,有责任爲 一運動時應知以小心而 「希望}{}們從事這種

土或勇士們提出忠告,

·段而会处姫的女 千萬窰村美好身 以選應,至此,我在轰 一動作,可能對初學者 啓健康,而份健體的 得其法,可能引致推

·腰,就此衡,如果不

式,而非局 減肥;善

要有器人院呼

,狹不,被人四設對學院心

大型種的菜

可式:人計 運的或數

同的的了動推體

粗她製笑時,租,展健的

合方成 觀 與主也合健,學稱

一且他們大約參旧過公開時的身桄作一比較,便

;但本港近年來由於興最先採用的是新型的大 本月份的理拙牙刊,大多採用不錄鋼製成一段無室。。 的設備,收養了上課時間,最爲適合,這種組合一攤費要有三,四間務強日的成紋以作生招一的身扰,那是要特别说 者 提供更多的資料。一人一起集會,為北美機,專門為女仕而設的點營,方就有一定的認錯,而一度全身肌肉,與本練習 一角,向本港美愛好,有十人武八人式的,主戲,有的具有休机商的構近或異營養學,每隔一個月便重新圾 心的資料,現做体力版,器械,有十四人的,也一教室,每一學員均設有,是正式的舉鐵起家,對作,對肌肉有何帮助等 量的提供了很多健英中一身設計家便設計了組合,桑拿蒸汽浴,直站的更一身界內有一定的歷史, 細解釋然何要做這個動 ,這對本港狹少的地方一設備的發燒中心,占用一定擺設在當眼處,或標,若學員想練到鞬身家 一般像上池最基本性的健美比賽,獎品馬上可知道進步的成

·富一新學员報名入一息,教練多數兩班制

[做介紹了很多躂美中心

課程,多注重營養及休

以及電視台播出有關組合器械,是專門練習 |彌敦道已有十間左右":"現在所有私營的或非上十一時才林恩,這是 一建莞中心,甚至乎九龍化心思的去佈置,故此七時或八時開始直至晚 一地屭突然出現了不少,爲了競爭,侧到多一般,個字,和依畫獎 美的新聞,使到本港多一某一部份的肌肉而数的一設有年費,月費,不會 國際健英協〔T.F,最後才是选美中產珠[香港,最少也要风多二 【厚的地,所有健身器一處,一般的健美中心收

B.B.) FE Wale che WWWVEME~ www. 柔道穗節樾坐姿式左園7.1右園7.2 3 牟利機構一定無滿了厚,與日的健身院不同之

香港流行算法會主席陳健民及助教李忠貞小 香港流行器總會會長陳素貞

·姐的母體的優美姿態。.

吸重所要定

啟開

壇上有一定的歷史,一

全日注說學員練習。 柔道社節整坐姿式左自右:7.3 7.4 7.5 健美中心主持人,在健 來說並沒有損失的, 去要倒閉時,負責任的如以往交費道對動瓦 關閉,但真的支持不下的健美中心維讓林習, 生意一樣,沒有人希望 學捅轉到與總會有傑 的問題:鉅英中心如散向樣會商討,將現時的 至於健美中心街開了保持自己的名譽,食

明報年 能租 最的一室爲 規·浓操怪

休開間,月,但

院始有租費,故一

中不,直的表, 此鷇

爲晌應86國際和平年面寫

上費會 便費

青少年柔道、柔道內容

坐雞(ZAREI),立禮(RITSUREI)及坐、立、

的姿態,

*在這場上要坐下來休息,不能隨意到處亂坐。上文提過這場的四周有:

一定的名稱,分有SHIMOZA,SHIMOYEKI,KOMIZAZ

及JOSEK19SHOMOZA及SHIMOZEKI是學生及賽員們,

卡的坐處,KOMIZ1及JOSEK,是貴賓席,是教練,職員及富實的,線

只保處。所以一個選學生要在道場上坐下來休息,須沿SHIMOZAZ 合 和SHIMOZEKI一辆地方才可坐。

至於坐的姿態可分兩機即跳坐和蛙來

1坐姿式:跪在席上,足背牆期,在大足要在左大足趾上之

弛華,兩肘貼身,兩手按方在腿之上部。(見圖七、二)

跪坐在開始的時候,由於膜背及際部都未會訓練過,坐上幾分鐘,就 覺得腰酸背指,膝部您痛難於夜業,可以改爲盤坐,但是,跪坐能多練智

就會習慣的,並不難,日子久了,跪坐坐上半小時,成爲易事。

·見圖七、一)上身正直,兩眼向前帶親,两腿分開,寬度可容兩拳。兩智。

2翻坐發式:整坐就是兩腿交盤的坐式,擲七、三

注意事項:A、坐的時候,定要端正,不可背倚靠在愛份上,兒圖七

∵B,不可將兩腿伸而坐,見圖七、太

C、不可將腿伸出彎起,見圖七、六

2业的姿式:坐在晚上起身的時候,先將上身豎起,足提起,足趾

承在席上,見團七、七。

右足前踏出,你都問起,凴圖七、八、

右足用力,將身起立,左足移前,嶼足跟拚攏,兩足足。 断稍微向外,上身保持正確,兩腿向本說,兩下垂

→見圖七、九

注意事項:起身時候,不可先將左右足踏出,混圖七、十、

上身豎起時,不要忘記將脚背跟番提起,克圖七、十一 起立時,不可用手郡,見圖七·十二

女然有每汽的光了

像佳宏的一浴秀,親早

中上大具學,樂再一

三心逃,說的故員寬,加,鶴

有均關再上採鋼

(休設的加動用。

健有息 有更 上的茶四

蔡德培(七段)

七、柔道禮節

;本身¥要動腦筋去研一角,確實能收到效果,一以後,身體有所改進,

柔道禮節,立的姿式圖右由上至下 7.7 7 8 7.9.3 往态事項脚左由上至下7.10. 7.11 7,123

親與級相距過遠,生人 於健體舞要求快速的動」的腳衣一樣效果,通常 一動作之危險, 主要是減少臂臂受到拉力,由一級數,等如穿上不透氣 十分危險的動作。這種方法是雙脚屈曲才做到-

後,體重又宜摸來的, 變成茶中度角,質感,最佳改良你的起坐鸛了身體的水份,經過補 【動作,如站立將兩腿們在受到不必要的拉動一汽去減肥,但其實发说

由到

是仰臥坐起動作,很容 熱身,Lii) 舞+(以想像,如對健康有懷 性的另外一個動作 | 做以下三個程序(一)可應,否則,後果遊 究後,一致證實有 危險 在開始時,帶領學生 清楚了解本身皮膚是否. 疑,可以做一次普通的

直以來她(他們

識

雖否

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