1984-12-10 — Page 34

頁二第張九第 日八十月十閏年子甲歷夏

1985

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HISTORY (12)

"VIOLA WONG YUK-YUE

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The following is a basic outline of the Meiji modernization of Japan (1868-1912). The word "Meiji". was the name of the emperor who ruled Japan. during this period the Meiji Emperor. Before 1868. Japan was basically a feudal country: no. central government, backward economy and society, etc. From that year to 1912, when the Meiji Emperor died, many reforms were attempted, and they changed, or transformed, Japan greatly. Japan then became a modern state.

The process through which

Japan became a

modern

state is known as'

Tmodernization”, Background to

modernization

Why did Japan try to modernize herself?

1. Western imperialism

Since 1853-54, foreigners came to Japan and opened her up for trade and increased contact, (A)Economic imperialism

Western goods entered 'Japes and destroyed

the traditional

handicraft industries .in many ways,

(B)Military imperialism

Western countries had

superior military technology and weapons. They could иве them to threaten Japan's national safety. Therefore, the Meiji statesmen (who. helped create the new Meiji state in 1868) aet the goals of " modernization as "ric country and strong army”

2. Meiji Restoration

The Maiii. Emperor was. restored to rule in 1868, when the Tokugawa shogunate vas. overthrown. This made it possible to carry out modernization. (A abogun was a military general in pre-1868 Japan. His government which dominated the many feudal lords, ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868, and was known

as the Tokugawa -- shogunate "Tokugava"

the family name the shogun.)

Was

of

Preliminary steps to modernization – Before modernization could be successfully carried out

a few steps had to be taken. These steps include:

1. Abolition of feudalism

- Political, glan governmenta (3) of the past (ruling different parts of Japan rather

independently)" were abolished. Clan armies were abolished too.. Thẹn Japan was divided into over 70 prefectures (similar" to provinces), and in each of them the central government in Tokyo appointed. officials to rule the people. In society, the samurai'a social position, WBS

cancelled, so that all people enjoyed equal rights and shared responsibilities. (A samurai was similar to a knight). The samurai vere given a salary', but from 1876 on the salary was changed into a sum lump paid

salary was changed into

a sum lump paid. once and for all. Many 'samurai resented their

loss of a superior social position. Some revolted against the new government, like in 1877. But they were

not a serious problem.

Setting up a

centralized government

This is necessary so

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WAH KIU YAT PO

that central planning of the modernization programmes could be carried out.

3. Creation of reliable

sources of income for the central government

The land tax as reformed. In 1873, all landowners were

required by law to pay a yearly tax (of 3%

of the land value) to the central

government. So the central government had a constant and reliable

source of

money to carry out its different moderniza tion programmes. As after this reform the land tax could be predicted, the Meiji government could plan it finances better too. Until 1888, land

tax alone

was respon- sible for over helf of the Meiji government's total income.

Different modernization programmes The Mei ji government carried out these programmes at the same time. The

willingness to do so explained why modernization was successful.

1. Economic modernization

-Development of military strategic. industries. This in. understandable, in view of the felt need to defend the country against foreign imperialism. There was development of consumer industries too. This aimed at protecting Japanese goods against foreign economía imperialism, (A)Firstly, agriculture

vas modernized, for Japan was still an agricultural country: at this time.

Agricultural students. were sent to other countries to learn more advanced @gricultural

technology. Foreign experts were employed, New kinds of needs and plants were

introduced. And experimental agricultural stationa and colleges were set up. With income obtained from sunken agricultural develop- ment, the Meiji government could finance other modernization programиев, (B)In the 1870s, the

Meiji government. developed industries herself, because..... private businessmen were unwilling to do

so, because of the risk involved, Thus shipbuilding yards, gun-power and munition factories, and artillery works were established. These vere all military

strategic industries. Non military-strategic industries included ailk-reeling plants, glass and chemical manufacturing planta, cotton-apinning. factories, eta.:

(C)From the early 1880s opwards, the Meiji government began to sell non-military. industries to private hands but retained control of the military industries. (D)Because of (C),

private Japanese companies benefitted. greatly. They obtained industries from the government at very: cheap prices. They became financial giants or financial combines called the

zaibatsu ( 1 )..

2. Educational

modernization – There' were 2 main aimsi 4. acquiring Western

knowledge. ii.strengthening

national unity.

(A)In the 18708,

universal, compulsory education was pregn introduced and carried

out. However, conservatives soon feared that Westero

education would

deatroy Japan's

pational tradition.

They apposed education.

本

on Western, liberal lines.

(B)In the 1880s or so,

education become more and more illiberal and conservative. Although, Japanese still learnt Western technology.

they were taught absolute loyalty to: the state. Free thinking was not encouraged. This was the root of Japan's oltra-nationalism,

which late- (in the 20th century) led to conquest of China, the Pacific War (1941- 45), and lastly

disaster for Japan.

(C)Meanwhile, during the

Meiji period, national unity was strengthened by educational

modernization, which therefore contributed to the success of all modernization programme a..

3. Military modernization

At first, the aim was to defend Japan against, possible attack from y foreigners. From the 1880s on, however the aim was to win offensive wars and acquire imperialist. possessions

(A) 1875, Conscription Law

-All adult male

citizens had to serve in the army or navy for a period. In this way, national armed forces were created.

(B) 1878 and after

discripline in the army and navy was made tighter.

Administration was centralized. There- after, the Japanese military forces became more and more authoritarian and conservative;

4. Political

modernization - constitutional ·

movement

(A)It started as a

struggle for power: among the Meiji leaders. Some political leaders. wanted to make use of the movement (calling for the adoption of a constitution) to obtain power from the leaders who ran the government. Therefore there was not a real desire for the benefits of a constitution..

some

(B) From 1868 to 1877,

of the Meiji leaders opposed the ruling leaders by armed rebellions. The rebellions were suppressed. So the opposition leaders chose the peaceful way of struggling for power through the

constitutional movementi

1881-the Meiji government announced that a constitution would be adopted by 1889. The Meiji government wished to imitate the Western constitutional

system.

From 1881 to 1889, the Meiji government strengthened the rule

of the Emperor and discouraged the activities of political parties, iii.Therefore, when the

constitution vas adopted in 1889, there was not much change to the basically illiberal, authoritarian nature of the Meijā state. Results of Modernization - The results were

superificial (on the surface);

1. Only national

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Western powers, When Japan was successfully modernized, she revised these unequal treaties (in the 1890s).

But because undemocratic, authoritarian forces

were not removed during

the modernization

proces, the ground was poved for the rise of militarism later,

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institutions were changed: rural society. remained very conservative. The people

were conservative.

2. But meanwhile, Japan

successfully protected herself against foreign imperialism. In fact, because Japan had been. successfully modernized, she became an imperialist power: herself.

3. When Japon was weak (in)

the 1850s or 1860s),`she

had to sign some une qua i treaties with the

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ECONOMICS (12)

K.K. WONG & LIT. CHAN

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Supply

I. The definition of

supply

Supply refera to the total quantity of a commodity that vill be made available to the market at a given price, ever a given ́- period of time.

The supply of a commodity depends mainly upon the business decision made by the entrepreneur in the industry.

Just as demand is pot the same as need, the quantity of supply does not only take to mean the existing stock in the market. It represents the amount of a good pr service which is ruled by the price at a certain period of time.

II Supply Curve

There is a tendency for a seller to put a greater quantity of goods and services into the market at a higher price than at a lower price..

The following diagram shows that a firm called a will supply greater quantity of the product as price becomes higher.

Price Per

Unit of a

Quantity

Supplied

Commodity. Per Month

$3.00

2,000

2.90

1,800.

2.80

1,600

2.70

1,400

2.60

1,200

2.50

.000

2.40

800

2.30

700

2,20

600

2.10

500

2.00

400

Putting the above table into a diagram, a upward sloping individual supply curve can be drawn. This curve represents. the state of supply of Firm A at a particular time. The vertical axis refers to the price acale and the. horizontal axis refers to the quantity supplied of that commodity.

P. Price par unit

Individual

Supply curva

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The Lav of supply statem that the higher

the price of a

is

commodity, the greater will be the quantity supplied in the market. The law based on the Iscarcity'. problem in. the economy, implying that the producers are utilizing the limited

to produce

resources

in order to satisfy people's wants. The: decision of an entrepreneur depends on the cost and benefit analysis in the production: process.

III.Change in supply

A change in quantity supplied

мездя that the change

of the quantity in a firm or in the market in respect of a range of price changes.

A change in supply seans that a greater or smaller amount of goods and services is supplied in a firm, or in a market, without. any changes in the price of the products

A change in supply involve a shift in the supply curve.

If the curve moves towards the left (from SS to 5.

Вл

then there increase in supply, as shown in Fig. A.

Price

Fig. A

Quantity supplied. for a commodity

If the curve moves backwards from SS to S25. it is said that there is a decrease in supply, as shown in Fig. 1.

Price

Fig. B

Quantity supplied: for a commodity.

IV. Factors affecting.

change in supply

The chief. factors

affecting supply are the price of the commodity, and the condition of supply.

They can be summeriand as follows;

1. The price of the

commodity

2.

500

L00D

5500

2,000 Quantity Supplied: Per Month:

The individual supply curve clearly shows that the higher the price of a commodity, the greater quantity would be supplied by the firm.

The aggregation of the supply curve of all' firma in the whole industry is called

market supply curve the commodity, as shown in the figure balov. Its shape is similar to the shape of individual supply

curve.

P Price par unt

Market supply

Curve

Quantity Supplied

(modity

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The profitability. in a company is affected by the pri、e of the commodity in the the market. A entrepreneur. must take the profit ratio into consideration. He must consider whether there is normal profit during the operation. In other words, he will attempt to operate at the best level possible. The rise of the price will Ioad to good prospect of profitability. The entrepreneur vill expand the production scale so as to improve productivity.

cost of production The whole businega depends so much on thé. control and calcula÷ tion of the production cost in the firm. The rise of the wages,. reat, interest and other costs of produc tion will generally reduce the supply of a commodity coming on to the market. A fall in his costs will have. the opposite effect..

3. The technique of

production

The development in new method of produc- tion and the invention. of new technology can help to promote the production efficiency.

The introduction-of new machinery may make. the extension of output possible,

4. Effects of taxation

Taxation of

commodities can

directly inflwence thị

price of the

commodity. It will

certainly raise the

price of the commodity

and the cost .ox

production. Therefoot zd

the imposition of

taxation will generally result in the decrease of supply.

5. Natural influences and

political influences

Political disturbi ance may discrupt: either the actual output itself or the distribution system. For example, war, strikes, fire and civil unrest hinder

the normal activities

of production.

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (12)

S.F. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Solutions to Exercise

cose-isine

CB0+1.9ine

· cos()—i síně. co99+isinė

сове і діво

2 (cóso)-(isine)

cose+isine.

2

cos

2 eine

(Ans.)

(b)

1+éos☺-isinə

in4

1+co8@+ising. [(1+cos@}~ísinė}]}][{

1+cos@+isinė

(1+co80)*+ain"@

1+2cos@+cos 1+cosesisine

2+2cose

ZA

+ising).

1+(2008 -1)+2ising cos

242(2008 -1) 242isingcos

2eon

400g 2

2000 (coining)

co

contain

(1+itan)

(Ans.).

* 5+ki ·

(∞) 5-41

254401-16 25+16

94401

41

9:40

+

(Ans.)

(s) The polar form of

-(1)(coa120°+isin120°)

-cia120

The polar form of

1-13

(1) (246 C18240

1

vis120° cix240° -cis(120′′-240°) =cis(~120"} «(1) (cos(−120°)

+isin(~120°))

modulus-1 and

rgument--120° (Ans.)

(b) z_(i-1)(2+1)

(1+i)(2.1), Ji

(1 + 31 ) ( 3+ i).

32-(1) 34101-3

9+1

-icia90°

modulus zw1g

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490884

arg z-90° (Ans.)

cosD+isine

cos¿-ising",

cose+ising costising

cosceîsìné coa¿+í Bí¤Á

COSŪCONC

COB %-(18in)2

i( casesin2+ginėcoRL)

cos <-(isin)'

2

iginėsinė

2

cos-(ising)

os@com/=sinesin

cos +sin

i(cosesin rain@cost)

COB +sin” =cos(x)+isin(0+6)

-1cis(0+2)

modulus-1

arg z=0+x.

(a)

12+11

-2:

jiz+1!

now, }z+1}={x+iy+1}·

and · [iz+1|-|i(x+iy)+1}

(1) is

√(1-7)2

Squaring both sides,

(x+1)2+y2-4 [(1-y)2+x2) +2x+1+y=k-8y+by2.bz2 3x2+3y2-2x-8y+3-0·

which is the required locus of z, and is a circle.

(ADB)

{b}; }z=1{+}z+1}=4

Lat z-x+iy, we have Ix+iy-1|+x+iy+1]=4 ]{x-1)+iy|+|(x+1)«iy

Squaring both sides,

2

16 - 8 √(x + 1)2 + 3 2

x2-2x+1+y-

2

4x-16=-8√(x+1)***

2

Squaring both sides again

(x+4) 2

· [ ( x + 1 ) 2 +

2. +8x+16=4x+8x+4+4y

M

2

which is the locus of

and is an ellipse.

(ADB)

i.. 3x2-14y-12

(c) 2z-21-12-6i||

Letz=x+1y, we have -2x+iy-2|=|x+iy=6i|| 21(x-2)+13=[x+1(3-6) |

i.e.

2 {{(x-2)2 + y2).

"+y^}=√x*+(y-6)* Squaring both sides,

4 [(x-2)2 + y2] =x2 + (v-6)2

4x-1

x2+y2-12y+36

3x2+3y2-16x+12y-20-0

which is an equation of a circle with

centre (§,-2) (Aus.)

zx-(x-iy)(x-iy)

(Ans.)

2-1)

(b)

27×1 from (a)).

(ADB.)

5. z=x+2y

(a)

- 2 (2+2)

y=-(2-2)

(And.)

(b) Substitute x, and y into ax+by+c=0,

~(x+3)--(2-7)+c=0

az az íbz ibz

2(a-ib)+7(a+ih)+c=0

Putting

and

asib

we have

(AGB)

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