頁二第張九第 日八十月十閏年子甲歷夏
1985
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HISTORY (12)
"VIOLA WONG YUK-YUE
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The following is a basic outline of the Meiji modernization of Japan (1868-1912). The word "Meiji". was the name of the emperor who ruled Japan. during this period the Meiji Emperor. Before 1868. Japan was basically a feudal country: no. central government, backward economy and society, etc. From that year to 1912, when the Meiji Emperor died, many reforms were attempted, and they changed, or transformed, Japan greatly. Japan then became a modern state.
The process through which
Japan became a
modern
state is known as'
Tmodernization”, Background to
modernization
Why did Japan try to modernize herself?
1. Western imperialism
Since 1853-54, foreigners came to Japan and opened her up for trade and increased contact, (A)Economic imperialism
Western goods entered 'Japes and destroyed
the traditional
handicraft industries .in many ways,
(B)Military imperialism
Western countries had
superior military technology and weapons. They could иве them to threaten Japan's national safety. Therefore, the Meiji statesmen (who. helped create the new Meiji state in 1868) aet the goals of " modernization as "ric country and strong army”
2. Meiji Restoration
The Maiii. Emperor was. restored to rule in 1868, when the Tokugawa shogunate vas. overthrown. This made it possible to carry out modernization. (A abogun was a military general in pre-1868 Japan. His government which dominated the many feudal lords, ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868, and was known
as the Tokugawa -- shogunate "Tokugava"
the family name the shogun.)
Was
of
Preliminary steps to modernization – Before modernization could be successfully carried out
a few steps had to be taken. These steps include:
1. Abolition of feudalism
- Political, glan governmenta (3) of the past (ruling different parts of Japan rather
independently)" were abolished. Clan armies were abolished too.. Thẹn Japan was divided into over 70 prefectures (similar" to provinces), and in each of them the central government in Tokyo appointed. officials to rule the people. In society, the samurai'a social position, WBS
cancelled, so that all people enjoyed equal rights and shared responsibilities. (A samurai was similar to a knight). The samurai vere given a salary', but from 1876 on the salary was changed into a sum lump paid
salary was changed into
a sum lump paid. once and for all. Many 'samurai resented their
loss of a superior social position. Some revolted against the new government, like in 1877. But they were
not a serious problem.
Setting up a
centralized government
This is necessary so
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that central planning of the modernization programmes could be carried out.
3. Creation of reliable
sources of income for the central government
The land tax as reformed. In 1873, all landowners were
required by law to pay a yearly tax (of 3%
of the land value) to the central
government. So the central government had a constant and reliable
source of
money to carry out its different moderniza tion programmes. As after this reform the land tax could be predicted, the Meiji government could plan it finances better too. Until 1888, land
tax alone
was respon- sible for over helf of the Meiji government's total income.
Different modernization programmes The Mei ji government carried out these programmes at the same time. The
willingness to do so explained why modernization was successful.
1. Economic modernization
-Development of military strategic. industries. This in. understandable, in view of the felt need to defend the country against foreign imperialism. There was development of consumer industries too. This aimed at protecting Japanese goods against foreign economía imperialism, (A)Firstly, agriculture
vas modernized, for Japan was still an agricultural country: at this time.
Agricultural students. were sent to other countries to learn more advanced @gricultural
technology. Foreign experts were employed, New kinds of needs and plants were
introduced. And experimental agricultural stationa and colleges were set up. With income obtained from sunken agricultural develop- ment, the Meiji government could finance other modernization programиев, (B)In the 1870s, the
Meiji government. developed industries herself, because..... private businessmen were unwilling to do
so, because of the risk involved, Thus shipbuilding yards, gun-power and munition factories, and artillery works were established. These vere all military
strategic industries. Non military-strategic industries included ailk-reeling plants, glass and chemical manufacturing planta, cotton-apinning. factories, eta.:
(C)From the early 1880s opwards, the Meiji government began to sell non-military. industries to private hands but retained control of the military industries. (D)Because of (C),
private Japanese companies benefitted. greatly. They obtained industries from the government at very: cheap prices. They became financial giants or financial combines called the
zaibatsu ( 1 )..
2. Educational
modernization – There' were 2 main aimsi 4. acquiring Western
knowledge. ii.strengthening
national unity.
(A)In the 18708,
universal, compulsory education was pregn introduced and carried
out. However, conservatives soon feared that Westero
education would
deatroy Japan's
pational tradition.
They apposed education.
本
on Western, liberal lines.
(B)In the 1880s or so,
education become more and more illiberal and conservative. Although, Japanese still learnt Western technology.
they were taught absolute loyalty to: the state. Free thinking was not encouraged. This was the root of Japan's oltra-nationalism,
which late- (in the 20th century) led to conquest of China, the Pacific War (1941- 45), and lastly
disaster for Japan.
(C)Meanwhile, during the
Meiji period, national unity was strengthened by educational
modernization, which therefore contributed to the success of all modernization programme a..
3. Military modernization
At first, the aim was to defend Japan against, possible attack from y foreigners. From the 1880s on, however the aim was to win offensive wars and acquire imperialist. possessions
(A) 1875, Conscription Law
-All adult male
citizens had to serve in the army or navy for a period. In this way, national armed forces were created.
(B) 1878 and after
discripline in the army and navy was made tighter.
Administration was centralized. There- after, the Japanese military forces became more and more authoritarian and conservative;
4. Political
modernization - constitutional ·
movement
(A)It started as a
struggle for power: among the Meiji leaders. Some political leaders. wanted to make use of the movement (calling for the adoption of a constitution) to obtain power from the leaders who ran the government. Therefore there was not a real desire for the benefits of a constitution..
some
(B) From 1868 to 1877,
of the Meiji leaders opposed the ruling leaders by armed rebellions. The rebellions were suppressed. So the opposition leaders chose the peaceful way of struggling for power through the
constitutional movementi
1881-the Meiji government announced that a constitution would be adopted by 1889. The Meiji government wished to imitate the Western constitutional
system.
From 1881 to 1889, the Meiji government strengthened the rule
of the Emperor and discouraged the activities of political parties, iii.Therefore, when the
constitution vas adopted in 1889, there was not much change to the basically illiberal, authoritarian nature of the Meijā state. Results of Modernization - The results were
superificial (on the surface);
1. Only national
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Western powers, When Japan was successfully modernized, she revised these unequal treaties (in the 1890s).
But because undemocratic, authoritarian forces
were not removed during
the modernization
proces, the ground was poved for the rise of militarism later,
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institutions were changed: rural society. remained very conservative. The people
were conservative.
2. But meanwhile, Japan
successfully protected herself against foreign imperialism. In fact, because Japan had been. successfully modernized, she became an imperialist power: herself.
3. When Japon was weak (in)
the 1850s or 1860s),`she
had to sign some une qua i treaties with the
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ECONOMICS (12)
K.K. WONG & LIT. CHAN
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Supply
I. The definition of
supply
Supply refera to the total quantity of a commodity that vill be made available to the market at a given price, ever a given ́- period of time.
The supply of a commodity depends mainly upon the business decision made by the entrepreneur in the industry.
Just as demand is pot the same as need, the quantity of supply does not only take to mean the existing stock in the market. It represents the amount of a good pr service which is ruled by the price at a certain period of time.
II Supply Curve
There is a tendency for a seller to put a greater quantity of goods and services into the market at a higher price than at a lower price..
The following diagram shows that a firm called a will supply greater quantity of the product as price becomes higher.
Price Per
Unit of a
Quantity
Supplied
Commodity. Per Month
$3.00
2,000
2.90
1,800.
2.80
1,600
2.70
1,400
2.60
1,200
2.50
.000
2.40
800
2.30
700
2,20
600
2.10
500
2.00
400
Putting the above table into a diagram, a upward sloping individual supply curve can be drawn. This curve represents. the state of supply of Firm A at a particular time. The vertical axis refers to the price acale and the. horizontal axis refers to the quantity supplied of that commodity.
P. Price par unit
Individual
Supply curva
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日十月二十年四八九一屦公年三十七國民華中育教僑華
The Lav of supply statem that the higher
the price of a
is
commodity, the greater will be the quantity supplied in the market. The law based on the Iscarcity'. problem in. the economy, implying that the producers are utilizing the limited
to produce
resources
in order to satisfy people's wants. The: decision of an entrepreneur depends on the cost and benefit analysis in the production: process.
III.Change in supply
A change in quantity supplied
мездя that the change
of the quantity in a firm or in the market in respect of a range of price changes.
A change in supply seans that a greater or smaller amount of goods and services is supplied in a firm, or in a market, without. any changes in the price of the products
A change in supply involve a shift in the supply curve.
If the curve moves towards the left (from SS to 5.
Вл
then there increase in supply, as shown in Fig. A.
Price
Fig. A
Quantity supplied. for a commodity
If the curve moves backwards from SS to S25. it is said that there is a decrease in supply, as shown in Fig. 1.
Price
Fig. B
Quantity supplied: for a commodity.
IV. Factors affecting.
change in supply
The chief. factors
affecting supply are the price of the commodity, and the condition of supply.
They can be summeriand as follows;
1. The price of the
commodity
2.
500
L00D
5500
2,000 Quantity Supplied: Per Month:
The individual supply curve clearly shows that the higher the price of a commodity, the greater quantity would be supplied by the firm.
The aggregation of the supply curve of all' firma in the whole industry is called
market supply curve the commodity, as shown in the figure balov. Its shape is similar to the shape of individual supply
curve.
P Price par unt
Market supply
Curve
Quantity Supplied
(modity
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The profitability. in a company is affected by the pri、e of the commodity in the the market. A entrepreneur. must take the profit ratio into consideration. He must consider whether there is normal profit during the operation. In other words, he will attempt to operate at the best level possible. The rise of the price will Ioad to good prospect of profitability. The entrepreneur vill expand the production scale so as to improve productivity.
cost of production The whole businega depends so much on thé. control and calcula÷ tion of the production cost in the firm. The rise of the wages,. reat, interest and other costs of produc tion will generally reduce the supply of a commodity coming on to the market. A fall in his costs will have. the opposite effect..
3. The technique of
production
The development in new method of produc- tion and the invention. of new technology can help to promote the production efficiency.
The introduction-of new machinery may make. the extension of output possible,
4. Effects of taxation
Taxation of
commodities can
directly inflwence thị
price of the
commodity. It will
certainly raise the
price of the commodity
and the cost .ox
production. Therefoot zd
the imposition of
taxation will generally result in the decrease of supply.
5. Natural influences and
political influences
Political disturbi ance may discrupt: either the actual output itself or the distribution system. For example, war, strikes, fire and civil unrest hinder
the normal activities
of production.
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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (12)
S.F. KO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Solutions to Exercise
cose-isine
CB0+1.9ine
· cos()—i síně. co99+isinė
сове і діво
2 (cóso)-(isine)
cose+isine.
2
cos
2 eine
(Ans.)
(b)
1+éos☺-isinə
in4
1+co8@+ising. [(1+cos@}~ísinė}]}][{
1+cos@+isinė
(1+co80)*+ain"@
1+2cos@+cos 1+cosesisine
2+2cose
ZA
+ising).
1+(2008 -1)+2ising cos
242(2008 -1) 242isingcos
2eon
400g 2
2000 (coining)
co
contain
(1+itan)
(Ans.).
* 5+ki ·
(∞) 5-41
254401-16 25+16
94401
41
9:40
+
(Ans.)
(s) The polar form of
-(1)(coa120°+isin120°)
-cia120
The polar form of
1-13
(1) (246 C18240
1
vis120° cix240° -cis(120′′-240°) =cis(~120"} «(1) (cos(−120°)
+isin(~120°))
modulus-1 and
rgument--120° (Ans.)
(b) z_(i-1)(2+1)
(1+i)(2.1), Ji
(1 + 31 ) ( 3+ i).
32-(1) 34101-3
9+1
-icia90°
modulus zw1g
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arg z-90° (Ans.)
cosD+isine
cos¿-ising",
cose+ising costising
cosceîsìné coa¿+í Bí¤Á
COSŪCONC
COB %-(18in)2
i( casesin2+ginėcoRL)
cos <-(isin)'
2
iginėsinė
2
cos-(ising)
os@com/=sinesin
cos +sin
i(cosesin rain@cost)
COB +sin” =cos(x)+isin(0+6)
-1cis(0+2)
modulus-1
arg z=0+x.
(a)
12+11
-2:
jiz+1!
now, }z+1}={x+iy+1}·
and · [iz+1|-|i(x+iy)+1}
(1) is
√(1-7)2
Squaring both sides,
(x+1)2+y2-4 [(1-y)2+x2) +2x+1+y=k-8y+by2.bz2 3x2+3y2-2x-8y+3-0·
which is the required locus of z, and is a circle.
(ADB)
{b}; }z=1{+}z+1}=4
Lat z-x+iy, we have Ix+iy-1|+x+iy+1]=4 ]{x-1)+iy|+|(x+1)«iy
Squaring both sides,
2
16 - 8 √(x + 1)2 + 3 2
x2-2x+1+y-
2
4x-16=-8√(x+1)***
2
Squaring both sides again
(x+4) 2
· [ ( x + 1 ) 2 +
2. +8x+16=4x+8x+4+4y
M
2
which is the locus of
and is an ellipse.
(ADB)
i.. 3x2-14y-12
(c) 2z-21-12-6i||
Letz=x+1y, we have -2x+iy-2|=|x+iy=6i|| 21(x-2)+13=[x+1(3-6) |
i.e.
2 {{(x-2)2 + y2).
"+y^}=√x*+(y-6)* Squaring both sides,
4 [(x-2)2 + y2] =x2 + (v-6)2
4x-1
x2+y2-12y+36
3x2+3y2-16x+12y-20-0
which is an equation of a circle with
centre (§,-2) (Aus.)
zx-(x-iy)(x-iy)
(Ans.)
2-1)
(b)
27×1 from (a)).
(ADB.)
5. z=x+2y
(a)
- 2 (2+2)
y=-(2-2)
(And.)
(b) Substitute x, and y into ax+by+c=0,
~(x+3)--(2-7)+c=0
az az íbz ibz
2(a-ib)+7(a+ih)+c=0
Putting
and
asib
we have
(AGB)
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