1948-07-06 — Page 4

4

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The guy is nuis. Says thank you!'

VISUAL AIDS IN EDUCATION

By F. R. GARDNER

7ISUAL methods of instruc- The group-viewing apparatus pro- tion today can be the main vides a picture by either episcople provider of first-hand ex- reflected light from a solid surface, or dinscople projection, that is by perience, for man's knowledge or by transmitted light through a Is Increasing rapidly, and to positive, respectively. accommodate this, school life is being lengthened and the curri culum widened.

Visual methods may enable us to speed up education as well as enrich it in other ways. Topics, too complicated for verbal presentation, can be in- troduced visually at an earlier singe, These are but two of the benefits which, it is hoped. will accrue from a change in techniques now being used to an increasing extent in Britain's schools.

The episcopo with a diascopic lantern, and called (usually combined an epidiascope) is, in theory, the ideal teaching aid. Any flat object or paper can be projected on to the screen-an exact replica of the original. Thus the visual material is available already in almost every classroom and library.

eficient, however, that this ubiquity The episcope is so optically in-

of visual material in outweighed by the serious disadvantage of full blackout and difficulties of bad ventilation

the complementary poor tenching conditions Το usc this instrument to extent

any hot weather would chiall a fully

ងរ

air cult classroom Even

When people are asked. "What it is are visual is?" many are quick Rive

other

and

in

but not impossible, to projection apparatus projectors, those Films play their part, but which a concentrated light beam is they are nut, by any

directed the means,

a transparency,

to answer "films." This mistaken cqual idea is, unfortunately, all too valent.

pre-.

Dlability in visual material.

through

colle oot jour- Jector, still or moving,

in

Icost con-

only or most valuable visual nid lend themselves more readily to available to teachers. There are classroom conditions. Any pro- the equally important

should be neys, muscum

black- able to provide a pleture at boards, charts, diagrams, Innlerns, two feet six inches wide in episcopes and film strip projectors, troll

trolled daylight if it is to be

10 30 còn A visual aid, in fact, is any picture, sidered suitable for school use. model, object or device which pro- The standard lantern, using three- vides the pupil with concrete ex-and-a-quarter inches by three-and- perience for the purpose of intro- a-quarter inches glass slides, during or developing abstraction, supreme for brilliant clear pictures stimulating activity or developing to large audiences. ja being nup- planted in Britain's schools by the combined Optical

miniature slide aidy can be classed as inches by two inches) and film strip (two those for group viewing, and those

desirable attitudes

for individual viewing. Briefly, the projector. The film strip is cheaper, takes up less room and is less Butter consisı of suel things fragile than glass slides. It is a microscopes, magnifying lenses and stereoscopes. The stereoscope, unge projector associated in prewar duya nd wartime development of the silde a toy in every home, should be in with miniature cameras, every school in sufcient quantity

for vach member of a class to use Film strips were used to a small one. With it scenery attains a vivid extent before Work War II, and reality, and its use in such subjects it was discovered to be an ideal as solki geometry and geography, method of mass instruction for the would repay close investigation.

Reporting the battle

MONDAY -JUNE 14,

INGO, our puppy Boxer, wakes me carly. The sun shines through the win- dow and Bingo is exuberant. I take a jaundiced view of being wakened early to a week which has crisis written all over it.

As Bingo chews the blanket, my thoughts go this way: The Russians are going to close the autobahn bridge; tomorrow the French are going to debate the London Six-Power Agreement; currency reform in the west is any minute now, and then the balloon goes up.

for Berlin

By Selkirk Panton

TUESDAY

We never see from the Germans. any fresh milk, rarely any fruit.

With its thousands of foreigners,

a cross between Poona in the good the British Berlin and tween DOWN the 120-mile autobahn be- Derlin becomes every day more like old days and Brussels on the eve of this morning to see

Waterloo. Three different diploma- zone by car

tle cocktail partles this afternoon. what is happening at the bridge.

attent onc. Mourcen gushes, Did not get back till tate tonight.

Stopped by British military police My dear, Isn't it nwful?" I Imagine at the check-point just outside Der she is referring

political to the a and given on iron tag with a

She continues, "It's number on-one-side-and-a-list-of-one-party-after another. They "Do's and Don'ts for the Journey' on the other.

"Hand this in at Helmstedt," the lieutenant says, "If you don't check in we will go out and see what's happened."

situation, No.

never stop."

Early this morning France ratiiles

seems

Was

Armed Forces, ensuring that training was identical. This, · of course, does not enamour it to the educationist. Up to come hundred or so pletures can be printed in n sequence on a roll of film, which Lakes up a very small amount of space. The pictures are printed in one of two British standard sizes— cine size, which is 30 millimetres by 21 millimetres, und cinema frame, which is 24 millimetres by 18 millimetres.

Although the strip projector 19 cheap and convenient to use. It must be bome in mind that there are serious restrictions and limita- tions which must be overcom it is to be used fully, The pre-

of arrangement

illustrations and the dificulty of obtaining local or individual specialist illustrations Is the greatest drawback.

the

This brings us to the question of motion pictures.

If ilms arc

He suid: . "That silly, doesn't it? What are ine Russians doing it for?"

The same question being asked by everybody at another diplomatic garden cocktail party this afler-201

noun.

to justify their great cost, it is essential that they are made with a full understanding of the require- ments of both teacher and The very

term

"motion i

nor.

Major-General Herbert,

means that they must have

some British commandant, talked

dynamic content. This often takes on the lawn with his

the form of continuity of processes American opposite number, Colonel Howley, who pre-r events, but their greatest value cipitated the Russian walk- lies in the ability to portray

the mally unobservable of the Kommandatura mal the London Agreement on Germany.

out of the

motion--un- So now we are off again—to a splif

inst Wednesday. They say obst

observable due to rapidity or slow- Germany and fireworks.

that General Clay, the U.S. ness, or because the moving object I learn that the London dockers'

military governor is "mad" is too small to be seen. Thus, ani- up shipment of

wth Howley for giving themation, slow motion, and speeded strike is holding

Hamburg-50

and cine-micro- thut's Russians the pretext to go.

up photography *friends are now calling him Colonel Kraphy are the very essence of the

educational film. Howler Howley.

With the bridge gone, I re- mind myself, we shall be more bottled up than ever in Berlin. Hence I decide to get the liquor One of the Dos is: "Do stop and ration at the British families' Jovestigate why any British car in wineshop round the corner, stationary and render all assistance my

of a This month the ration is better possible-even to the loan

wheel." than usual; per family-one Two Don'ts: "Don't start without The bottle of whisky, three bottles enough petrol, oil and water,

is 120 miles of English gin, two bottles of nearest petrol pump

troops as rof-gut), one brandy, one rum, one sherry-total cost £3 8. 9. (Brighter side of Berlin Hfe.)

With a hent wave reaching

for

spare

WEDNESDAY

to car

messed up.

FRIDAY

YESTERDAY

His

in

away."... "Don't allow the Hussions AM offered 200,000 marks (£5,- German gin (known to the to board your vehicle for insper- I 000 at the official rate) for my

tion" (No advice given how to stop Leica camera, which I bought 12 puITISH troops und civilians the Russians.3

£25. Offer refused. Germany are now told details years ago for

reform of how the currency reform in the Details of the currency

west affects them.The inevitable coming into force next Sunday are

who chooses "suitable published this afternoon in n tor- Army wit,

has With fresh news names" for Army operations, Tent of documents. pouring in all the time, had n sand- named this one "Operation Eyebrow," Operation eyebrow tells us that Russions react swiftly. At the new Deutsche mark in the west midnight they clore the frontier be will have three times the value of

zones and the the old mark room tween the western

against the pound,

cost me 75. Od. Instead of half-a- crown.

The

the 60's. I have a quick swim at the Nol of the Kommandatura, four wich supper at my desk.

NEAR midnight the Russians walk Noul Blue-White Club (for British

for Beriun. rul Allied only, in the Grunewald, Power control connell former Berlin millionaire

Because villa Why?

Colonel Howley, U. S. German nannies are there colony).

commandant, left the looking after Allied children, but

saying he was tired and wanted they are not allowed to swim.

of wrangling. 'Ile had Jeft deputy in charge,

his

to go home to bed nfter 13 houre Caslern zone, elose also the autobahn My haircut and shampoo will now

for all Incoming frafle.

Now the only way of getting out and inck agaitis by air. London dlockers 1 or no London dockers won't get my car to Berlin,

East and

SATURDAY

The

success or fallure of the visual aid programme in a particu-. Jar retion rests not only with the teachers, but equally with those responsible for the educational ad- ministration. They have to provide, maintain and service suitable

ap- libraries of still aralus, supply

nrick and moving picture material make facilities available for the provision of Individual material for teachers, Where it is essential, through local

for circumstances, chile projection units to be pro- vided, the schools visited must have their own selection of films,

cameras

Larger schools should be provided with apparatus for taking photo- graphs and making lantern slides. The Russians today show no signs In some schools cinema of relaxing the fronter ban. The could even be provided. Groups of real battle for Berlin is now on. teachers who meet to study and Tonight nobody knows how it will discuss visual methods, ought to be go, for nobody knows how far the given sympathetic treatment in the Russiahs are prepared to flirt with loan of apparatus and material. ire to get the western allies out of is difficult to differentiate between the city.

the relative importante

ante of the sup ply of equipment and the training

No rations brought to the house today by the German-driven British

ever sees a I wonder if Bevin Army ration truck, so we had to ent out. Our son-ke is' eight years.

verbatim report of these four-Power old-has his lunch at the British wranglings, with their hot trade in school near by. My wife and I eat studied insults between

West? at the British Press Club (former home of the Germa salt mines chief). Two soups, one scrambled

HAVE difficulty in explaining it ony cold meat, CHE on toast,

all to my son. He is enjoying beer, and two coffees-10s. Od. (tips

the erials tension and the excited The poor Berliner, madly trying of teachers but it is certain that forbidden).

frient, buzz of the grown-ups and wants to get rid of any marks he has now, one is useless without Stateless MISCHA, my A friend asks me this afternoon: A comes to lunch today (lunch action. "Do you think we will all does not know what kind of mark Lastly, but by no "Can you lend me your ear to go out of a tin), and brings with him start shooting soon, daddy?" I tell he may have next week-n western architect administrators must con

In the strawberries and cherries, the first him we could go out by ear to the Deutsche mark, an enat zone mark, sider carefully the needs Russian sector? C., G. axis are

visual methods in their school we have seen. The British are for- west, but could not get back to Ber- or a Berlin mark. forbklden there,"

Maybe a mixture of all three.. designs. bichlen to buy any food on fruit lin-except by air.

to the Unter den Linden

NANCY Exaelly That

I'M GOING TO TELL

MY FORTUNE WITH THE TEA LEAVES IN

THIS CUP

une

THURSDAY

BAW WHAT

A p

I WONDER

THAT MEANS

BAW

MAY-E

the other.

Ivast,

of all

By Ernic Bushmiller

BAW

HEAD FIRST FOR BEAUTY!

*USE

Fitchis

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