148
/-i/ #k'iw2 'earth'
/-iw/ 橋 kiw4 'bridge'
/-im/ 染 yim1 'dye'
/-ing/ king1 'see'
/-ip/ 劫 kip4 'robbery'
/-ik/ 舌 sik4 'tongue'
/-0/ 過 kwol 'pass'
/-oy/ 菜 ts'oy3 'vegetables'
/-ong/ 床 ts'ong2 'bed'
/-ok/ 國 kwok3 'country'
/-u/ 古 ku3 'ancient'
/-uy/ 妹 muy4 'younger sister'
/-ung/ p mung2
/-uk/ 竹 tyuk3 'bamboo'
/-0/ 靴 höl 'boots'
/ông/ 傷 söngl 'wound'
/-ök/ 脚 kök3 'foot'
LAURENT SAGART
#ti4 'door'
#ty'oy1
#ty'ong2
/-ü/ 去 hül 'go'
/-üng/ sông2 'lack'
/-ük/ #k'ük3 'boat'
The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u/ and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging
148
/-i/
/-iw/
#k'iw2
/-im/
染 yiml
/-ing/
king1
/-ip/
劫kip4
/-ik/
舌 sik4
/-0/
過 kwol
/-oy/
/-ong/
/-ok/
國
kwok3
/-u/
古 ku3
/-uy/
妹 muy4
/-ung/
p mung2
/-uk/
竹 tyuk3
/-0/
靴 höl
/ông/
傷 söngl
/-ök/
脚 kök3
LAURENT SAGART
#ti4
#ty'oyl
#ty❜ong2
'earth'
'bridge'
'dye'
'see'
'robbery'
'tongue'
'pass'
'vegetables'
'bed'
'country'
'ancient'
'younger sister'
'bamboo'
'boots'
'wound'
'foot'
'door'
/-ü/
hül
'go'
/-üng/
süng2
/-ük/
'boat'
'lack'
#k'ük3
The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, star- ting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging
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