RAS-1982 — Page 170

RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 All AI Reviewed

148

/-i/ #k'iw2 'earth'

/-iw/ 橋 kiw4 'bridge'

/-im/ 染 yim1 'dye'

/-ing/ king1 'see'

/-ip/ 劫 kip4 'robbery'

/-ik/ 舌 sik4 'tongue'

/-0/ 過 kwol 'pass'

/-oy/ 菜 ts'oy3 'vegetables'

/-ong/ 床 ts'ong2 'bed'

/-ok/ 國 kwok3 'country'

/-u/ 古 ku3 'ancient'

/-uy/ 妹 muy4 'younger sister'

/-ung/ p mung2

/-uk/ 竹 tyuk3 'bamboo'

/-0/ 靴 höl 'boots'

/ông/ 傷 söngl 'wound'

/-ök/ 脚 kök3 'foot'

LAURENT SAGART

#ti4 'door'

#ty'oy1

#ty'ong2

/-ü/ 去 hül 'go'

/-üng/ sông2 'lack'

/-ük/ #k'ük3 'boat'

The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u/ and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging

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2026-05-13 00:54:08 · NVIDIA / meta/llama-4-maverick-17b-128e-instruct
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148 /-i/ #k'iw2 'earth' /-iw/ kiw4 'bridge' /-im/ yim1 'dye' /-ing/ king1 'see' /-ip/ kip4 'robbery' /-ik/ sik4 'tongue' /-0/ kwol 'pass' /-oy/ ts'oy3 'vegetables' /-ong/ ts'ong2 'bed' /-ok/ kwok3 'country' /-u/ ku3 'ancient' /-uy/ muy4 'younger sister' /-ung/ p mung2 /-uk/ tyuk3 'bamboo' /-0/ höl 'boots' /ông/ söngl 'wound' /-ök/ kök3 'foot' LAURENT SAGART #ti4 'door' #ty'oy1 #ty'ong2 /-ü/ hül 'go' /-üng/ sông2 'lack' /-ük/ #k'ük3 'boat' The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u/ and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging
Baseline (Original)
148 /-i/ /-iw/ #k'iw2 /-im/ yiml /-ing/ king1 /-ip/ 劫kip4 /-ik/ sik4 /-0/ kwol /-oy/ /-ong/ /-ok/ kwok3 /-u/ ku3 /-uy/ muy4 /-ung/ p mung2 /-uk/ tyuk3 /-0/ höl /ông/ söngl /-ök/ kök3 LAURENT SAGART #ti4 #ty'oyl #ty❜ong2 'earth' 'bridge' 'dye' 'see' 'robbery' 'tongue' 'pass' 'vegetables' 'bed' 'country' 'ancient' 'younger sister' 'bamboo' 'boots' 'wound' 'foot' 'door' /-ü/ hül 'go' /-üng/ süng2 /-ük/ 'boat' 'lack' #k'ük3 The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, star- ting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging
2026-05-13 00:54:08 · Baseline
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148

/-i/

/-iw/

#k'iw2

/-im/

染 yiml

/-ing/

king1

/-ip/

劫kip4

/-ik/

舌 sik4

/-0/

過 kwol

/-oy/

/-ong/

/-ok/

kwok3

/-u/

古 ku3

/-uy/

妹 muy4

/-ung/

p mung2

/-uk/

竹 tyuk3

/-0/

靴 höl

/ông/

傷 söngl

/-ök/

脚 kök3

LAURENT SAGART

#ti4

#ty'oyl

#ty❜ong2

'earth'

'bridge'

'dye'

'see'

'robbery'

'tongue'

'pass'

'vegetables'

'bed'

'country'

'ancient'

'younger sister'

'bamboo'

'boots'

'wound'

'foot'

'door'

/-ü/

hül

'go'

/-üng/

süng2

/-ük/

'boat'

'lack'

#k'ük3

The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, star- ting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging

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