RAS-1982 — Page 170

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/-i/

/-iw/

#k'iw2

/-im/

染 yiml

/-ing/

king1

/-ip/

劫kip4

/-ik/

舌 sik4

/-0/

過 kwol

/-oy/

/-ong/

/-ok/

國

kwok3

/-u/

古 ku3

/-uy/

妹 muy4

/-ung/

p mung2

/-uk/

竹 tyuk3

/-0/

靴 höl

/ông/

傷 söngl

/-ök/

脚 kök3

LAURENT SAGART

#ti4

#ty'oyl

#ty❜ong2

'earth'

'bridge'

'dye'

'see'

'robbery'

'tongue'

'pass'

'vegetables'

'bed'

'country'

'ancient'

'younger sister'

'bamboo'

'boots'

'wound'

'foot'

'door'

/-ü/

hül

'go'

/-üng/

süng2

/-ük/

'boat'

'lack'

#k'ük3

The vowel system of KHW consists of 4 lax vowels /a, i, ü, u and their 4 tense counterparts /aa, e, ö, o/ respectively. /ü/ and /ö/ are similar to the vowels in French pu and peu. When the vowels occur alone without a final (that is, not followed by any final consonant), they are distinguished only by their timbre, and the contrast between /a/ and /aa/ is neutralized. When combining with a final consonant to form a final, the lax vowels emerge as short vowels, while the tense vowels emerge as long vowels. Simultaneously, all vowels except /a/ and /aa/ become diphthongs: the tense vowels /e, ö, o/ are realized as opening diphthongs, starting mid-high and ending mid-low, while the lax vowels /i, ü, u/ are realized as closing diphthongs, star- ting mid-high and ending high. Similar diphthongs of lesser amplitude are sometimes heard when the vowels occur alone. When combining with a final consonant, /a/ and /aa/ exhibit simultaneous contrasts in length, frontness (the tense vowel /aa/ being always more fronted than the lax vowel /a/, even emerging