Directory_and_Chronicle_1932 — Page 525

TAKU

469

There are no clearly defined anchorages but steamers arriving off the bar at low tide must anchor outside the bar while steamers from Tientsin proceeding to sea may anchor anywhere in the river clear of the shipping channel.

The village of Taku is of inconsiderable size and contains few shops and no buildings of interest. About a mile below the village in a direct line lie the Old Southern and Central Fort, while on the northern bank of the river lies the Northern Fort. All are completely demolished and now present the appearance of mounds of earth, though periodical whitewashing of the surface facing seaward makes them serve a useful modern purpose an aid to navigation. The railway from the neighbouring town of Tangku, on the Northern Bank of the river, to Tientsin was completed in 1888.

Between the signal-station and Messrs. Butterfield & Swire wharf on the northern bank is situated "Cockle Village" so called because of the comparatively large industry for the boiling and drying of shellfish such as cockles, crabs, clams, etc., that is carried on there. When dried, these shellfish are exported by steamer to Shanghai and Canton principally, whence they are sent inland for consumption. This is Taku's greatest asset, as the country round about for some distance is covered with salt-pans and salt heaps, which render the country unfit for cultivation,

The lights and aids to navigation are under the control of the Maritime Customs, as well as the up-to-date signal station, completed in 1920, to use 8' symbols by day and electric light by night whereby depths in the bar-channel are recorded from 8 feet up to 25 feet. The Hai-Ho Conservancy Commission maintain the navigable depth of the bar by means of a suction dredger with a self contained hopper of 500 c.m. capacity. The navigable depth of the bar varies in accordance with the extent of the silt evacuated by the river after the freshet seasons. The existing channel has been greatly improved in recent years; but, as it was decided that it would never prove entirely successful owing to the set of the current, the Hai-Ho Conservancy Commission constructed a new bar channel in the direction of the set of the tide. The completion of this work in 1929, restored the Hai-Ho to a depth admitting the passage of coasting steamers from Tientsin, though unfortunately the construction of the new channel caused serious loss of life in the provinee.

Taku is memorable on account of the engagements that have taken place between its forts and the British and French naval forces. The first attack was made on the 20th May, 1858, by the British squadron under Sir Michael Seymour, when the forts were passed and Lord Elgin proceeded to Tientsin, where on the 26th June he signed the famous Treaty of Tientsin. The second attack, which was fatally unsuccessful, was made by the British forces in June, 1859. The third took place on the 21st August, 1860, when the forts were attacked from the land side and captured, and the British ships sailed triumphantly up to Tientsin.

Taku and Tongku as naval bases have been very prominent in the history of China. In May, 1900, as the Boxer sedition came to a head, the European Powers assembled a large naval armament at Taku Bar. Sir Edward Seymour, K.C.B., as Senior Naval Officer, was in command. The Admirals were called upon to protect the Legations in Peking and the foreign Settlements of Tientsin, and in the second week of June naval landing parties were sent ashore by the six European Powers, the United States and Japan. Russia, however, sent to Port Arthur for troops and landed very few sailors.

During the week, June 10th to 16th, the general situation in Chihli became critical in the extreme, and it was a fine point to determine whether the Taku Forts command- ing the entrance of the Peiho should be seized. It will probably be a contentious ques- tion to the end of time if the ultimatum sent in by the Allied Admirals to the Command- er on Saturday, June 16th, to hand over the Forts before next morning, precipitated the crisis in Tientsin and Peking or not. The official people in general held that it did; lay observers affirm that it made no difference, that the Imperial Government now captured by the Reactionaries was fully committed to the Boxer movement, and that the non-capture of the Forts would have involved the destruction of every foreigner and native Christian in North China. The admirals had to decide this fine point, and, with the exception of the American officer, they took the line of men of action. After a council of war they sent in the ultimatum that they would open fire at day- break next day if the Forts were not surrendered. Mr. Johnson, of the Taku Tug and Lighter Company and a Chinese scholar, carrying his life in his hand, delivered the

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