Directory_and_Chronicle_1891 — Page 494

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SHANGHAI

of cholera have occurred at intervals in recent years, but the great majority of the cases were among the ships in harbour. The number, 25, in 1885 was the highest recorded. Of these 8 were amongst residents. In August and September, 1890, another outbreak occurred, and it is reported that 20,000 natives fell victims to it. If we exclude non- residents the death rate was 16.4 per thousand in 1889 and has varied, so far as can be. estimated in the absence of an annual census, from 14.2 per 1,000 in 1884, to 20 per 1,000 in 1883, a rate which compares favourably with that of large towns in Europe. The Health Officer in a late report says, "out of the seventy-five deaths registered, there were but nine which can in any sense be termed climatic." The Chinese authorities reported 2,400 deaths amongst the natives in the "Anglo-American Settlement" in 1889, which would make the rate 14.3 per thousand, but that is no doubt considerably under the real number: 32 of these deaths were registered as from cholera and 29 from small-pox. The thermometer ranges from 25 deg. to 100 deg. Fahrenheit, the mean of eight years having been 59.2 deg.; winter being 39.1, spring 50.9, summer 78.2, and autumn 62.6. Shanghai approaches nearest to Rome in mean temperature, while the winter temperature of London and Shanghai are almost identical. In the months of October and November there is generally dry, clear, and delightful weather, equal to that found in any other part of the world; but when the winter has fairly set in the north-east winds are extremely cold and biting. On January 17th, 1878, the river was frozen over at Woosung. The heat in the summer is sometimes excessive, but generally lasts only a few days at a time. In late years very severe gales have become more frequent. The annual average of rainy days in Shanghai during eight years was 124, the annual rainfall 32.464 inches; 55 wet days occurred in winter, and 69 in summer; the heaviest shower was on the 24th October, 1875, when 7 inches fell in 3 hours. Earthquakes occasionally occur, but have not been known to inflict any serious injury.

The streets of the English and French Settlements all run north and south and east and west, mostly for the whole length of both settlements, crossing each other at right angles. Notwithstanding the soft nature of the soil they are now kept in remark ably good order, at least those near the river, the district chiefly occupied by Europeans® Owing to the nature of the ground, expensive piling or concrete foundations are neces- sary before any foreign buildings can be erected, and all stone has to be brought from a long distance. The Soochow Creek, between the English Settlement and Hongkew, is now crossed by six bridges, three of which are adapted for carriage traffic, and the French is connected with the other Settlement by eight bridges. There are several good driving roads extending into the country, two leading to Sicawei, a distance of about six miles, and one to Jessfield by the banks of the Soochow Creek, for about seven miles. Another broad road, more recently constructed, runs by the side of the river for six miles. It is intended ultimately to extend it to Woosung. Several other roads have been proposed, but although foreigners are prepared to pay high prices for the land the opposition of the officials has hitherto prevented their construction. At the time the Taipings approached Shanghai some roads for the passage of artillery were made by the British military authorities at the expense of the Chinese Goverment, one of them extending for seventeen miles into the country; but, excepting those close to the settle- ment, they have now been turned into ploughed fields. An inland carriage road to Woosung, made at the expense of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co. and others, has now also been reduced to a narrow footpath. The foreshore in front of the settlement has been raised, turfed, and planted with shrubs. The trees planted some years ago having now attained a good height, and several more imposing buildings having been completed, the English and French Bunds form as magnificent a boulevard as any in the East.

Many foreign houses, nearly all of them with several mow of garden ground, have been erected near the outside roads, especially on that leading to the Bubbling Well, which is the main outlet from the settlement, and from which most of the other roads branch off. This road and its extension to Sicawei is planted with trees on both sides, forming a fine avenue of over five miles in length. A small but well laid out and admirably kept Public Garden was formed about 1868 on land recovered from the river in front of the British Consulate. It is now proposed to considerably extend its area by reclaiming the foreshore. A general Public Garden, eight mow in extent, by the bank of the Soochow Creek was opened in December, 1890.

Immense sums have been wasted in various attempts to drain the settlements, principally from the want of skilled direction; but the great difficulties in this matter, arising from the low lying and level nature of the ground, have now been fairly overcome. The settlements are well provided with telegraphic fire alarms. The desire of the Municipal Councils to keep the monopoly in their own hands retarded for many years the inauguration of water works, but a public company has now been established,