1925-11-16 — Page 9

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The issue of August 8th contains the detailed reply by A. G. M. to Wu Hon Man's Manifesto. This reply analyses very fully the various contentions put for- ward by the Bolsheviks in their propagands, and gives the British point of view. It should be kept on record as it will always be useful for reference purposes.

The issue of August 29th contains the full report of the great indignation meeting held at the Theatre Royal, together with the text of the Telegram sent to the Prime Minister.

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[62

THERAPION NO. 1 THERAPION NO. THERAPION No. 8

· Ka, 1 fer Tücher Church. : Há 3 ́Soricism & Midi Dennen. Xo, il ser. Chentede Wondermann, · BOGA JI

WAR PROM KI, DOMEKAN DA, H2 TONE CATECH Yax Deion Bau Pramones.

PRESS, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16TH 1925

GUILDS OF LONDON.

SINGING" PSALMS AS QUALIFICA.

N

TION FOR MEMBERSHIP.

In one of a series of articles on Old London, a correspondent of the Fext- minster Gastite describes the formation of crafts and guilds, dealing with those of the Town Clerks and Barbera,

Londoners of the present day owe much to those early pioneers of trade who, in their time, not only founded and deve loped their crafts, but also loft as a memorial their Halls, many of them due examples of architecture. It is true that the Great Fire and the hand of the re storer have done their baneful work, but there still remain in London many in- teresting links with the past,

Com The formation of Gailds or panies of the various callings had a two- fold advantage. For the members, they were a defrasive organisation, and they were also a means of control for the King, who could grant, or withdraw, legal sanction as required by circum stances.

One of the most curious of these old Companies is that of the Parish Clerks, whose headquarters was styled the "Hall of the Master Warden and Fellows of the Fellowship of Parish Clerks of Lon- don. Westminster, Borough of South- wark, and Afteen, out parishes." They received their licences as a guild in 1933, by the name of the Fraternity of St. Nicholas

Owing to the peculiar nature of their" calling, for they were not held to be a working craft, they were dissolved in 1547, and their Hall was sold. They were reincorporated in Henry VIII's times, but their actual charter was granted by James I., in 1811, and con- Armed by Charles I. some 25 years later.

The Charter directs that each parish clerk shall bring to the Clerk Hall. weekly, note of all christenings and burials, and admission to the guild was only to be granted to such as were able to "sing the Psalms of David, and write." In 1625 the Star Charüber gave them permission to have a printing press to issue their weekly returns.

THIRD HALLA

The present, hall, in Silver Street, Cheapside, is the third they have had, for the first, at the sign of the Angel, in Bishopsgate they lost, the second, in Broad Lane, was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1688, and then the present, oug was built, having been occupied since 1671. During the last century it suffer- ed considerably from another fire, and was restored with greater elaboration.

In this instance, again, the hand of the restorer and modern demands ou space have faced the greater part of the old building in Monkswell Street, and there remains little of the older work but the carved doorway. The old dining-ball was in part swallowed up in 1864, and the theatre, described by Walpole, an one of the best of Inigo Jonce's works, was pulled down in the middle of the eighteenth century.

HOLBEIN PICTURE

The Courtroom; also restored com- paratively recently, contains a remark- ablo picture, attibated to Holbein, of Henry VIII., giving the charter" to the company in 1543. It is about eft. by 10ft, and has 19 Sguren, but it is generally agreed that Holbein did not paint tho whole of it.

Pepys writes under August 20th, 1608, that he went to "Chyrurgeon's Hall," and intended to buy the picture for £200, thinking it worth £1,000, but ha changed his mind, as it had been spoiled, possibly by removal during the fire.

The connection between Barbers and Surgeons is interesting, and of great antiquity, in 1307 barbers wers forbid- den to show blood in their windows, thus proving that blood-letting was part of their calling at that time.

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"ROMANTIC CAREER.

This life" explains how Mussolini, the class war" Socialist, became" thé leader of Fascism, and it gives a glimpse of the romance of his career.

J

His father was a blacksmith, and after- wards innkeeper in the Romagan, but he may be a descendant of the Mussolinis who ruled Bologna seven centuries ago.

The arst recorded. Master of the

"Just a Lenin was sd archetype of trade of Barbers" took the oath before the Tartar," writes his biographer, "o the Mayor in 1307, in which he swore Benito Mussolini is an archetype of the to punish the ill-behaved, and, cariously Italian-he is a Roman from top to toe." enough, barbers were sometimes appoint-

Mussolini emigrated to Switzerland ed gatekeepers of the city, the suggestion when he was eighteen or mineteen. He being that their medical knowledge began by wheeling a barrow, but in a would enable them to detect leprosy, for few months became a clerer stonemason. lepera were forbidden to enter the towns, As a university student he helped to earn The first mention of a surgeon, as "cir- his livelihood by working during the sam urgicus," is that of John of Southwark, mer as a mason, and "during the winter in 1319,

as a porter in an inn.

The guild appears to have had two Masters in 1316, one representing those who could let blood and draw teeth.

It was not until 1748 that the Barbere and Surgeons each had their separate organisations

MUSSOLINI'S CONFESSION.

BOY.

At the end of his first week in Lau anne Mussolini himself is quoted as writ ing to a friend, "the only piece of metal I had in my pocket was a nickel meðal- own Eon of Karl Marz. I had eaten a bit of bread in the morning, and I did not know where to go to sleep that evening. I wandered about in desperation."

STARVING.

He wandered out from Lausanne, star- TIPS AS A WINE SHOP ERRANDving, and going to a chalet where a family were having supper at an open window exclaimed: Have you any bread? Give ins some "They gave him some, ho anys, but without a friendly smile.

Mussolini, the wine-shop porter who has made himself master of Italy, contributes an entertaining preface to The Life of Benito Mussolini, translated by Frederic Whyts from the Italian of Margherita G. Sarfarti

"First of all, a confession!" writes Mussolini, "I detest those who take me as a subject for their writings and their disconises!

"There is a bridge at Lausanne which has played an historic part in his life," says his biographer. Under this bridgn Mussolini used to sleep. One night it rained, and he took refuge in the lid of a compositor's case which had been left open in a printing office hard by. Early The public man is born 'public-hein, the morning he was arrested, and he bears the stigma from his birth. He it was locked up for a night and a day, i

"Here it is added, “began that long a pathological case. The public man, liko the poet, is born to his doom. His series, of imprisonments which was to be tragedy is, one of infinite range it ex- continued throughout so many years of tends from martyrdom to the supplying, venturesome wandering in Switzerland, of autographs.

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JAZZ Fzám: “0” ovis“Ám, PETELER”

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When Mussolini acted as "errand-boy at an Italian wins merchant's" in Lau- This confession of mine is's caprice. prison he learned more things than one anne he used to receive tips.

I am perfectly resigned to my lot as a can easily catalogue, from foreign languBarefooted and bareheaded," it is public man. In set, I am enthusiastic ages to Arabic numerals; but, above all patience a gift which enables this rest about it

The thought that I no longer belong less, impetuous, and fiery being to control merely to myself, that I belong to all, has himself completely and evince no sign of on me an intoxicating effect."

etrain during long periods of trial," (Continued on next Column).

(Continued on next column.)

said, "wearing a cleati shirt with patches in it, and a pair of breeches, he would go down the Grande Rue in the early morn ing among all the well-dressed people, pushing fa front of him a little cart laden with bottles which he had to deliver at

the pensions for foreigners, or for stud- enta or for the people of all means who live in such numbers along the shores of Lake Geneva

While in Berne, Mussolini was talking about work with a companion, a Refor zust-Bocialist, but of a lukewarm kind," and the discussion became vehement. Mussolini and his rival exchanged pistol shots, without hitting, but Massolim was expelled from Switzerland.