1924-09-22 — Page 2

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HISTORY AND MALARIA.

HOW IT ENFEBLES INFECTED NATIONS.

*** THAT · GREAT TYRANT."

What bas history, ancient and con temporary, to say to the proposition that preventivo medicine, by outraging natural selection, leads to racial decad- ence? During the present century, epidemiological science has afforded us aew interpretation of some old problems, including the very largest that history has to offer ns. At the present hour, history is repeating itself in the most remarkable instance of all, and we look on, indifferent or rapt, but in either case, impotent.

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to consider, that national decadence is an old story-" History, with all her volumes vast, hath but one page, as Byron wrote-whereas preventive audi. cine is new. If, therefore, our present efforts to prevent disease be condemned as leading to racial degeneracy, some ca tirely different explanation must be found for the decline and fall of all our from Babylon to gerat predecessors, Spaic. By way of carrying the war into the enemy's camp, I now propose to submit a theory of the decadence of Greece, if not of Rome, which attributes those stupendous phenomena not to pre- ventive medicine. but to the lack of it; and to illustrate the theory by reference to the contemporary destruction of a great nation by a repetition of the same terrible process which we seem first to se at work in the fifth century before our era

LA

WE ENTI

agencies nay

The quotation is from an introduction to a little book by Mr. W. H. S. Jones, of the Perse School, Cambridge, in which, as a scholar anu historian, and with the aid of medical men like Sir Clifford Allbutt and biologista like Sir Arthur Shipley, he argues very power- the decad- fully that the sera cousa ence of Gruece was the introduction of malaria in the afth century, B.C. The Anopheles mosquito may have been there already, but was harmless in the absence of the parasite; but Africa and Asiatic slaves, and soldiers returning infected from expeditions into those continents, may have brought back the parasites in their blood-and the indigenous mosquito would soOD ALC to it that they were effectively distributed. Bays Ross: "1t would require, say, half a century to obtain a firm hold of the country, and would then probably undermine that august civilisation when at its height."

WORLD SHORTAGE OF QUININE. The more conventional explanation is thus recently given by Professor William McDougall:-

The causes of this'disaater were many. There was the psychological infertility of the selected classes, with the decay There of marriage and family life. was exile and colonisatiou, both on a great scale; and there was almost per

of petual warfare, largely Greek the Greek; all tending strongly to elimination of the most fit. There was finally, and on a great scale; exporta- tion of Greeks by their Roman Con- querers, as slaves to do the clerical and professional work of the Roman Empire. No wonder that, the collapse of that civilisation, borne by small a population, was sudden and cam- plete.

It is to be regretted that Galton, a great and observant fraveller, above pre-

We have defined preventive eugenics Judice, and deeply interested always in the protection of parenthood medical problems, was too old to con- From the racial poisons-by which sider closely the suggestion made by which in-Jones and Ross. He read and approved jure not merely the present gene- the proofs of a volume, now out of ration but, through it, the next. The print, published by the present writer in pesudo eugenic argument is that diseases 1909, in which reference was made to the and poisons, seemingly injurious, are new theory, but without comment. For really eugenic, being agents of natural my part, I think the argument most selection for the elimination of the cogent, as I did fifteen years ago. So weakly. This argument that you protect does Sir Arthur Shipley, whose recent a race by poisoning "it may fitly be article on the introduction of malignant examined in the case of one of the most malaria into Russia by refugees return- widespread and patent of all discawen ing last year from Astrakan should be that afflict mankind. Before doing, consulted by the student. The popula we need only observe that many diseases tion of Russia bas diminished by sixteen are wholly without any injurious racial to eighteen millions since 1918, and the action that we can discover. Measles cultivated area has been reduced by 50 kills many children and docs lifelong per cent. The League of Nations has damage to many more, but its harm ends formed a cordon scanitaire on the east- there; pneumonia and typhoid are greatern aide of Poland and Roumanian, but inurderers of men, and probably typhoid, has been able to do ne mors. To mention as any rate, has been so for vast ages; nothing else, there is an immensa "world- but the patient who recovers is none the shortage of quinine. The author says worse, and posterity is untouched. On that: From a healthy land inhabited the other hand, I do not remember hear by energetic, hard-working pesants and ing, even from the pseudo-eugenists, that cossacks, Southern Russia has beon the age-long destruction of such vast nur changed to a highly malarious country, berg of mankind by typhoid fever hp and the physical degeneration which in resulted in the evolution of an immube volved the decay of Egypt, Babylonia race, as it certainly should have done' on and 'Greece is overtaking half, and more their principles.

than half of its population.

· The absolute dissolution of Russia is taking place at an appalling rate”

SIR RONALD ROSS.

"THAT GREAT TYRANT."

About a quarter of a century ago, Sir Ronald Ross, as he now is, verified the guess of Sir Patrick Manson, ind By contrast, look at Japan, which proved that the parasite of malaria is enjoys an almost absolute immunity from. conveyed from the sick to the sound by malaria. "The Japancae," says Dr. Jelletty a mosquito, in the body of which it goca have displayed a patriotism and fear- through definite portion of its lifelessness such as was displayed by the. cycle. We know, beyond dispute, that Greeks at the height of their military contemporary nations or. races or parts and naval glory, before the moral de of the world which are cursed with cline, which ultimately proved their malaria ara enfeebled and unprogressive. ruin, had as yet sat its mark upon The disease is less a killer than a sapper them.

The case of Japan is 80 of vigour though it, kills vast numbers rery, striking, more especially when look- of its victims also. It has been eademic ed at in contrast with her gigantic but in certain areas for long ages. "No im- unprogressive "neighbour China, where munity has been developed-or, at least, malaria of a very severe type is con- no immunity worth mentioning. What stantly present." might we expect to happen to a vigorous, progressive and dominant people, if this disease were introduced among them? Here is a passage from Eo55:

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North and South America, the non- malarial and malorial parts of Africa, may similarly be compared. The Japanese illustration is of no small moment to-day. Doubtless, marriage customs, by the Dr. Ellett was writing shortly after the substitution of parental for soxual Russo-Japanese War. Now we find selection, must exert a bad effect on Japan still unique amongst Asiatic the eugenics of some Faces

peoples and not unlikely to make history Vices, superstition, misgovernment, of a catastrophic kind. Wo need scarcely and finally intellectual decadence, ask the reception which Japanese parasi- like failure in war, are probably tologiste and statesmen would give to secondary to the original causes. day to the proposal that malaria should

Among the most potent of these, and be introduced into their country yet strangely overlooked by historians, order to enhance the vigour of the stock must be widespread disease. I do not by elimination of the susceptible in ac- mean epidemic infection such as cordance with the principles of pseudo- plague and cholera, which sweep eugenics. But if Imperialists, not with- through a population for a time and out concern. for India in view of current then leave it, but these endemic 'dia events, will listen to a suggestion from eases which, when once introduced, biology and true eugenics (as never Im oppress it for ever-particularly those perialist did yet), we may urge that a which attack the children, kill many of successful campaign for the reduction of TL 0. 209. them, and reader a large percentage of malaria in India would enhance beyond the remainder wickly for years. 1am toeasure the vigour and resistance to For aware it has been, argued that such Eastern aggression of the population of maladica really enhance development the peninsula, at present in the grip by destroying the unfit and leaving of malaria that great tyrant, as SANITARY INSTALLATIONS.

finally robust and immune race; but Roms, calls it," which now holds halt the there is no evidence that they do really world."Less, in the New Statesman. select or destroy the unfit in prefer- ence to the fit; while, as regards the acquirement of racial immunity, thin

if it really exists at all, müst take thou sands of years to be established. On the other hand, in the international

· SENSATIONAL MURDER" TRIAL IN SCOTLAND.

struggle for existence or anpremacy, a The most sensational Scottish murder

people of whom a large proportion trial of recent years has recently been have passed through a sickly childhood heard at Edinburgh, where William King, cannot but be at a disadvantages com- aged twenty-two, was charged with kill pared with more healthy nations; and ing his mother by administering arsenic it is quite possible that the sudden and attempting to murder his father, who introduction an endemic disease is a Chartered Accountant and one-of- among a people hitherto dominant in the most prominent professional men in Edinburgh. The father made a state- the world may end in its rapid down-ment that his wife was taken ill after a fall as regards science, arts, commerce supper parts and died. Accused, who is and war In warm climates, scientifically inclined, wanted to take part intestinal parasites, dysentery and in the Everest Expedition. The trial was malaria probably have a mont maliga dramatically finished by the Jury acquit Modern science has, ting the accused, who stated that he pur- of course, shown that disease is very chased arsenic for experimental purposes largely nothing but parasitism, or its but forgot to mention this to the police. results; but this fact has not yet pene He declared that his mother had taken trated sufficiently into our studies of a packet of arsenic from his pocket-in history. Historians, in attributing the May, but he saw this in the pantry in downfall of nations to human agencies, June, leaking. The defending counsel have overlooked the probably greater urged that it was a mystery how the effects produced by those obscure or in-poison entered the food which proved visible foes which destroy us from Intal to King's mother. Accused find no within

motive for committing the murder.

influence.

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