1909-06-05 — Page 10

The Flying Man

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Nerve Strain and Exhaustion

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TABDY CHINESE HISTORY.

INTERESTING LECTURE.

(Continued from May 24th) Comparisons of myths and customs may however not be very ponvincing although they are e fascinating subject of study. But when we come to Astronomy, I think we come to a

systems are connected with one another or independent of one another. No doubt they all originated in historial writing. A man wished to communicate with another man, but for soDIS reason could not speak; he wanted to tell him some thing,say about an animal or a man, so he drew a picture. We know that men lid that oven in these pictures were systematisad: and man got the peo-lithic stage in Europe; and gradually

the great idea of using thoma as sounds only.

for instance, a man wanted to say

subject where can be found important com- og he might use an "eye," and a pintura

parisons between the two races. It is difficult | see;

I go to a Professor of A This process occurred in the cuneiform, and;

to those who are authorities on Airy, although the Japanese did salt

I had long studied and been familiar with Akkadian signs, when I first saw the compari son made by Professor de Lacoperis, in 1880, between 12 signs of Akkadian and 12 signa of Chinese. Three of them were unsound because the Akkadian symbol was not right; but in re gard to the other nice it soon to me that he was perfectly right. I therefore took Chalmers?

to speak of Astronomy, especially when Bir of the "son, and & "yor tree. He would Charles Warron le in the chair, because he knows then simply be using the sound value of mush mere about the science than I do. But these signs. And thus they would becomie one great mistake that archeologists make when syllables which gave a limited number of trenting of

any other science, lies in not eigus; and then fually they reached the Consulting apenelists in that science, If I idea of an alphabet which means that the want to know some hing about

aigus are still further reduced in

number. Aboni

Philology, I ask a. Professor of

Hittito and Egyptian. We know that each of Philology

about Natural History, I ask a these systems began with picture writing and "Naturalist to give the rest facts. In that way

wont on using ideographic signs, and then the ons escapes many popular errors. Archeologists syllable, and son developed afterwards an have made some extraordinary statements with alphabet of its own. In regard to the Chinese regard to angient Astronomy, which have been they went on developing the idea of an ideogra recently

shown

to be entirely wrong by s men-phic system; they went on making compound ber of the Astronomical Bociety Mr. Mann-signs, so increasing the araber of their der. So in regard to

this

subject I have turned emblems; and they nover rived at a pure and not to popular statements on the

a certain number of Chinese, sigus as We have an extraordinary habit of preserving syllabary. The Chinese were too conservative old and obuele te ideas in Astronomy. Wo talk to tako ho Bnal ateps in simplification, which about the sun ontering the point of Aries at accounts for the enormous number of signe you the Equinox, but when we core to investigate havo in Chine. I see it stated that the Imperial the matter, wo find that the son does not now Dictionary of Kanghi has 44,419 got to the first point of Aries till about the 18th about nine-tenths of these are phonetic coa

aigns; bat of April. And in the same way Vergil spoke of pounds, so that you can easily reduce that the Ball being the first constellation about 100 number to about. 4,000 signs. But some have yasra after I 'ieces became the Equinoctial sign. gone even further than that in reducing them that I do not think we cau atlash much to the original system, and Dr. Chalmers, who importance to the fact that the Chinese calendar wrote on The Straotute of Chinese Char- plass the Hill at the Equinox, because although

acters in 1882, reduces the whole of this that might bring us back to 1700 8.c., still like enormous number of signs to 300, including other nations in the world, they might have gone some compounds. The celebrated Stone Drums on with the old system long after it had of the Chow Dynasty (Henad. Wang) date about sensed to represent the facte. But I believe I 800 C.B. But you have no complete system of am seret in saying that their zodiac has 12 Chinesewriting to study until about 100A.D. the signs. I have seen it stated by Dr. Edkins and Shwo-Wa by Professor de Incorporis that the ancient Chinese had a lunar year of 12 months, and intercalated a month ae in Babylonis. I have not bean able to find that statement anywhere

but if it is so it is else;

one of the most important indications you can have of the connection between China and Babylonia Thore are 28 constellations known to the Chinese, including the 12 signs of the zodias; the Greeks

Chinese characters in his valuable book on had 48, and in eight cases the names are

the subject, and compared them with complete the same as in China I have not been lists of some 300 Akkadian signs, and I came to able to sscertain whether there, names apply to the conclusion that there were between 40 and the same constellation, although they probably 50 signs that are ovidently the same in the Would You might say that they may have Akkadian and in the Chinese out of 50); but in taken their Astronomy, throngh India, from only 13 uses was the sound the same. It was a the Greeks, but I not think that can be asserted, pictorial connection, not a syllabic connection, because the signs of the Chinese zodiac and therefore it was probably a very remote one. are of unequal length, they did not divide But, of course, it might be said that people used the circle of the heavens into 12 equal

the Bama kind of igne naturally. It does parte; some constellations were larger, some not follow, however, that there would then smaller, which shows the early date of be agreement as to the actual signs need thir obesimation, because the actual con- The extraordinary thing is that you find stellations of the zodiac are of unequal length. so many to be the same in all the old The consequence is that when the Greeks systems of hieroglyphies; so it seems to me that came, in later times, to divide the signs squally the original picture writing mast in some degree they did not follow the real constellations. The have been systematised before there was Chinese, then, in adopting the signs of the dispersion in different directions of the diferent zodino which are unequal, show that they had populations, and the Chinese at some early time received the zodise at an carly date. And they have carried this systematised zodiacal names of the "twelve mansions" are writing with them and then have developed it pictorial not the same that are found among the Greeks, themselves in isolation for from the west.

For or in India, or in Egypt in the Roman age. you must take the differences into account as Those names were taken from Babylonis, so well as the resemblances: the Chinese numerals that they can be traced back further than the are differant from those of the west. These sigus Grook period, Thut the idea of the zodiac in the west of Asia are the same in Hittite, is as old as 3000 n.c, and it has been shown Cuneiform, and Egyptian, but, after numbers by Mr. Mwander that it could not have been one, two and three, they are not the same in invented at either Babylon or Ninoveh, for Chinoso. And then there are a number of both cities were too far south. The inventors Chinese signs never found in the west, such as must have belonged to Armenin in 40 degrees those for rat, tortoise monkey, dragon, elephant, north latitude, which bappens to be exactly the pheasant, porcupine, lizard, pig, moth, horse, same latitude as that of Pekin: so that obgorva, and phreni tions made in Armenis, where the zodiac wus first invented about 3000 3.0, would also apply to the latitude of Pekin The Chinese, it is supposed, caleniatad eclipses of the Moon back to 2127 B.C., and the Greeks stated that the Babylonians calenlated back to 2250, or the time of the foundation of Babylon. The Greeks observed eclipses of the Sun-that of Larissa in 603 .c, and of Thales, 585 B.C.- and in China they were recording them in 776 8.0., and in 719 n.c. Gibbon, in his history, says that out of 36 eclipses that are mentioned as having occur- red between 722 B.c. and 480 n.c., down to the time of Confucius, no less than 31 have been identified as having really occurred to that Chinese astronomical observations as regards eclipses go back to nearly 80 BC., and These are the various considerations I would perhaps may 20 back 38 far дя any lay before you. As you see, I have not claimed records we know of Babylonian obser anything new in the way of discovery, though I vations of elipsos. They were not obser- have studied the subject a little in detail, and it vations with instruments, they were observa- has been one which has interested Sinologists, tions with the naked eye.. The Baby- and

ред loriane made mistakes as to their observatious:

whose tames are perfectly familiar to you, during the last 30 years. It appears to ma for, when they tried to calculate, they made that theso material for study if they wore put mistakes in their calculations; and it was not into the hunds of specialists who thoroughly for some time they found, by rocording actual understood both sides of the question, would af occurrences, that the celipses of the moon came ford still further proof of the reality of this in a rogular cycle of about 18 years. A Baby-connection, and that it must has the cage that lonian ropo

states that they looked for a somehow - probably along the central silk trade eclipso on a certain day and it did not come The route through Eastern Turkestan by which- reason was that their calentations were rough afterwards the Chinese name west-perhaps as and the observations were mado with the naked ourly as 2300 c. those tribes who migrated to oyé. not with delicate instrumente.

China from the wast took with them a civilisa- tion which was of Turanian, Aksodian, non- Semitic, Babylonian origin.

Next as to irrigation; I have bat little to say. There is a remarkable similarity between the systems of Chinese and Babyloniau irrigation. The Chinese we know were in possession of a most interesting piece of practical knowledge as early at least as the third century BC. They know that in irrigation the most important thing to do

to koop the channel down; to on dredging, and keep the bottom of the channel down. If that had been followed oat in Italy along the river Po, and in other parts of Europe if they had taken a hint from the Chinese they would have had a safe. systern of canalisation. At a meeting of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, in August, 1904, it was shown, that about 250 BC, the Chinese knew that the great thing is to keof the walls and the bottom of the channel low for if the level of the bottom is allowed to rise, and the banks then burst, a great deal will ensue. This shows that at an early pried the Chinese must have had a very Thorough knowledge of irrigation, and there is hardly any part of the world, wopt it be along the Gauges, where they could have learnt irrigation unless they brought it with them from the great plains of Babylonia, where sevese laws of irrigation existed at least as early Fas 2100 x.c.

way

The last question is that of writing. Chinese writing in a very difficult question to treat, and requires special knowledge; but a good deal hus been done of Inte years by the searches of various scholars including Terrien de Lacouperie. (whom I have mentioned so often) and Dr. Chal- mers, and others who are perhaps not done qaite so much as these two. W lezvy Out-of-consisteration-the-Aztos hieroglyphics which no one yet knows much about, but which arp obably of Chinese origin. There are four ancient systems-Egyptian, Akkadian or Baby tonian from which ennoiform came, the Hittite which is a separate system by itself, although in close ennection with the couneiform, and the Chineso; and the question is whether these

Therefore, as regards writing, my conclusion was that there was an early pictorial con- nection between the various systems of writing: but that the Chinese went east at an early period when the systematising was only just beginning, and that they then developed the old stem for themselves, being entirely free and isolated from the intinences by which these complicated systems were sim- plified down to the age of the alphabet, includ ing the alphabets used in Central Asia--the Uigur, the Mongel, and the Mauchu-anit other alphabets surrounding the Chinese in the south; for they stil stuck to the hieroglyphic method and refused even to modify it into short syLabary like that of the Japanese,

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