1909-05-29 — Page 9

INTERESTING LECTURE.-

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THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, MAY 29¤, 1909.

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from ono or two ancient centres, interesting to Empire, we then find that this civilisation ex. the Chinese are still called by the Rusians who could say what the oldest forms of

uro P11:534

in-

its

15

Of course, one diealty in supposing there was say direct communication with China lies in the geographical position. Chin is Stoppes on the north very much cut off by the grunt Mongolian the Gobi Desert on

kkadian and there ara

In

in this ancient inscription and in the account of Chinese sacribes.

EARLY CHINESE HISTORY. one of the great families, but who wers more humanism of Gautama's religion, but the mystic went into this subject some years age and I nearly akin to the Turks and Tartars of Centralism of India that Lao-tze introduced. Coming learned from Eitel's Dictionary, published in Asia These ancient Mesopotamiens were down to 200 n.c. you find the Hana in Yannan in 177, and from Chalmers Dictionary, published the original invontors of the civilisation contact with the Burmese civiliation of the age in 1876, that the Cantonese was regarded as which the Samitie Babylonians afterwards of a soka brought from India, and you find the the oldest of Chinoso dialects. Eital says that this dialect was derived directly from the an Under the auspices of the China Society in adopted. If we go back to the celebrated King Hans again in Turkestan in the same age. In

Cantonese dialect was the safest London a most interesting lecture was recently Ammurabi, who was supposed by Sir Henry 65 1.D. Buddhism was introduced into China cient Chinese language, and thus it appeared delivered by Colonel Conder R.E., LL.D. Rawlinam to be the same as Amraphel man- and 73 A.D. Wa-Ti repelled the Huns, and the that the

tioned the Book of Genesis, there is no doubt Chinese ruled in Afghanistan till 420 A.D. and for the purpose of comparison with Akkadian. M.R.A.B. on The relation of the Early

that in his time--I think I may say there is later yet, when Mohammedaniem impinged Chalmers says that the old terminations of the Chinesa to the Turanians of West Asia. General Sir Charles Warren presided and at strong reason for supposing that he acceded in upon them from the west. Then in 166 A.D., as words are better preserved in Cantonese than in the conclusion of the lecture made an interesting 2139 8.c. and though some students give the find mentioned in a learned paper, a certain the Mandarin dialect. So I went through the

is Mendariu dictionary,

by Doolittle, published in date a contary earlier or later, that is the date An-Ton sent an embassy to China, He speech.

COLONEL CONDER, Suid:--Ifost some diffidence which appears to nuo to benow proved-in his time posed to have been Marens Antonians, and we 1872, and found it was evident that the in addressing the China Society this evering, for there was an extensive trade organised all over know that at this time the Romans had a silk Cantonese was a much older dialect than the I have never myself postrand so for bust bis Empire writing was already reduced to a trade, the silk being brought to Home along the Mandarin, though the Mandarin preserves the to reach China, As. Sir Charles Warren in phontic system; the science of Astronomy not Central Asian trade route, and fabulous initiale; and I found at least 30 or 100 Centopi his kind romarks has said, the main branch only included the observation of the eclipses of prices being paid for it. When we come down words that were evidently the same as in Akka- the moon, bat they had even fixed their year by to the time of Justinian is 530 we and it said in diaz. Well, you will say 9 or 10 words are not of ancient history with which I have been con- nested in concerned with the Far West, with inventing an intercalary month-a thirteenth Chinese history that contain people in the west much out of a dictionary of 10,000 words: but Syria sud Babylonia. But I have no doubt that month which they put in every three or four whose capital was Asto-support by samo to you will remember that in early times vocabu

to keep the

in mann Antioch-tended silk worms. This was laries were not large. It is said (though this ja the subject that it is proposed to consider this years

Then, too, about the time when Jastinian stole silk-worms disputed) that even the English peasants of the evening will be of interest to The China Society accord with the solar As you will see from the card, it is concerned with they had severe laws on the subject of irriga. from China and brought them to Antioch and to present day do not really no more than 500 tion. The whole country was oversprond with the Syrian coast, and began the making of silk in words; and, in the inscriptions found on mona- "The Relation of the Early Chinese to the Tur- asians of West Asin" with the connection between channels which were kept up by the Govern the west. Then coming to 1000 A.1. you find ments in Akkadian, only about 400 words are a grant people used. Therefore, if you consider the limitations the early Turnian, or non-Semitic races of Westment. and which made the land so fertile that the Khitai of Central Asia Asia, and this oarly Chinese. But not only, I we can hantly believe this density of population in the Middle Agos: they had an alphabet of these uit vocabularies, to find a quarter of Which Babylonia could then support. "It of their own much like the Uigur alphabet, of the akkadian words preserved in a dia. think, in this subject interesting to your

down to 700 8.0, as the line when we know and a civilisation of their own; and they leet at the present day is somet Society, but it is part of a greater subject, the

the Assyre-Babylonia subjected the north of China, that worthy of the consideration of subject of the gradual lision of civilisation at about the extent

tended certainly within the limits of Persia, Khitei; and this Mongolian people thus came Chinese words. wore. I do not think that various scholars who are more and more com-

in the opposite direction through Eastern the connection with Akkadian can be very ing to that conclusion. Of course there and was being carriel castward from the

safe coatres at Nineveh and at Babylon. Some Turkestau to Northern China. Then coming close, because the grammar is not the anme others who believe that the

this time to the 13th century, Mongols, ander Tchengiz and grammar is a more permanent alement in led to the size results in differont scholars have supposed that ut

The pro- or even much darlier there was a regular Khan, entered bina ou the north, and in the a language than is the vocabulary. parts of the world, and that similar in-

trade along the great route to China north of time of Marco Polo, Kublai Khan was conquer nouns are not the same, and the numerals are ventions were independently made by dif- farent men in different lands. To me that the Kuce un mountains through Turkestan, ing oath China, and even when that lynasty not the same as in the Auggestion is not allogether satisfactory. It and although no canfora inseriptions have decayed, and the hinese were left to them-other points in which the kkadian differs very Las been stated with regard to other nations, in been found in this part or in India, it is thought selves, the great Ming civilisations. seems to have greatly from the oldest Chinese that we ca Groves, and Egypt, and America; but in all that ilusions may les supposed to be found in been founded on the ongaliun. nd then came study. But still the two languages belong to that what- the Manchus, who brought in a further foreign the same class, and appear to have had there cases I think that scholars are more and history to this extension of trale,

over may be the case as to this, one interesting element. I say, considering these things, we

A remote connection. That spons to be mote coming to the conclusion that there was

conclusion at which anyone Who a single contro: that the great civilisation of discovery has actually been made, and that cannot suppose that China was always closed the

in regard to white jote. This jade has to the outside nations from a very early has studied the subject in detail must arrive. thee, wouderfully developed though it wa

Cond bally been

So much in regard to language and raso, in Babylonia and Assyria, period; and we may therefore think that there by the Greeks themselves was originally

found

must always have been to a certain a mixture of regard to religion there is no doubt that the at Troy that and it has been Asiatic and ultimately Babylonian;

races in China, as there is in every country on general principles of native religion in China knowledge and art came te them through early at least as 1500 BC. Now many

common Baoigh, but the earth oven in the earliest times of which are exactly the same that you find in ancient the civilised tribes of Akis Minor, that the kinds of jade are

white jade" I believe is hardly to be

we can find any acconat

Babylonis and Syria amongst the Akkadians, Egyptians themsetres owed much of their

And Hittites. For instance, the grens sacrifices to knowlelgo in early times the same Babylonian found anywhere in the world oxeept in the centro, and that even-in-America whore wa Kuen-lah mountains, and this white jade mast,

in China to Heaven and Earth, which were the find the sporadic sivilisations of Mexico and it is supposed, have come to Waters sia from

two principal Alkadien deities. Then there Central Asis through Babylonia. That would

are, the middle sacrifices to the Bun and Peru, these came much later from East Asia, through China, Japan, and Sian: And when give at least by 1500 a... and probably cartier,

Moon and various other deities; and you wo compare either modern or ancient civilisa sotne very palpable evidence of trade between

fed these gods coinciding with what were the old Akkadian secondary and the in-. Lions, it seems to me that the peculiarities mark Babylonia and Asia Minor and Central Asia,

ferior are to the Clouds, and the Rain, and the the local development, and the things that are common to two countries indicate the common

Wind, and the Thunder, and the Mountains, and the Rivers, and the Seas. Well, we have a origin af their civilisations. No doubt the man who first introduced a new discovery of a nowa

treaty of the fourteenth BC. made by the Hittites--their great trouty with Rameses the veution to a country was in one souse its inventor,

on the west by the great plateau of Thibot and

Secund-and in this they swore by the Clouds, and as time went on and the national patriotisua disinclined a great nation to think that it owed the torrille pass in that direction: and so

Wind, Mountains, Rivers and Sea. So you closer comparison of two anything to some suller nation in the past, he China is to a certain extent isolated from

could not hure systems of "animism" than that which is found became traditionally the inventor of whateror Western Asia. But there are directions in great idea was attributable to him. In the which China can be entered and has been same way at the present day we see the whole autored. We know very well that from Man- of the world covered with steam machinery churia the Mongols came down south in com- used for every purpose we can imagine, for sea paratively recent times; and we know, there and land transport, mills, railways and tole was a trade route through Eastern Turkestan on the north side of the Knon-lun range which graphs, all founded on the simple idea of the piston, and eyclinder, and valves. But Dr. Stein has moontly been exploring. It was we do not doubt that all these variations at least as passable in early days as now; and, spread over the world originated in the ons diy according to his description, it was apparently and again, if we go more ony to reach China about 200 6.C. covery by an Englishman. back to the very ourliest times--take one of the by this great central trade route than at the greatest inventions in the world, the alphabet present time, Besides this, it has been pointed we find the same story. The world is covered out by various scholaes that from Barmah also with innumerable alphabetsso unlike one another thate must have been in untry into Yunnan by that nothing but the most laborious and detailed various tribes from the wast at an early period: examination of their growth would lead to and even from the south in the direction of

Siam there appears to

to have been an optrance, conclude that they had one origin; and rotor Thus, though China appears to be isolated on know that they bod; and every sound Acholar of the subject sumits that they aroun cant of the the whole, there are various ways by which it original Phonician alphabet. Thus it appears can be reached from the West of Aciu that the idea of the diffusion of an original civilisation over the face of sin, which kow gradually devoloped into various peculiar systema hich apparently, at first sight, have little or no connection with one an other, is quite a legitimate hypothesis in the case of the Chinese civilisation. Of course we have the traditional story in China which I believe, is to be found in Yih-King (the first of the five Classics) and according to which at

Professor T. de Lacouperie, in 1887, wrote some date about 2900 n. c. Pac-Hi invented nots for tebing and hunting, and a century later

very interesting book on "The Languages of Shin Nung-exense my pronunciation of tho parallels of civilisation from which you may form China before the Chiness," and collected a large lan Paradise has a jewelled peach tree just as words as I am not a-Chinese scholar-invented

number of the aboriginal dialects mentioned in the wooden plough and agricultural implements

history, and of the existing dialects of the the other Paradises have the tree of life. They of various kinds; and barter which began in his

aborigines earlier than the civilising clement all, to my mind, suust have come from one or- that come in after. Even among these yoriginal, from one central story. Then, too, there are other legends connecting Chius with the time. And from 2700 to 2300 B.C. ander

I do ust venture to suppose that I am telling constantly find that there are words in the west, the legend, for instance, of the wolf-child tion of weaving, and of clothes; boats were you anything very 20w. Nor have I any claim vocabularies which he gives, which are closely of the child suckled by a wolf-in Chine at- Hwang ti. Tao, and Shan, there came the inven hollowed out of tries, and ox carts and horse to have made any great discovery, for although similar to the chariots came into use, and these were forts. I have investigated this subject independently, it Now I do not words of the Akkadian Jongtributed to the country of the Haus nat Kwen-Mo, a wonderful child nursed by a wolf and bows and arrows; houses began to be built is one that has interested Sinologists for the last my vi-ws, but I have often heard Chinese spoken became a hero; which is the same story that we instead of care-dwellings, and burial mounds 30 years. The first scholar who turned my atten of as a mono-syllabic language, and I have were raised, and writing began to be used for tion to the question was Francois Lenormant, a not the slighter Idea what that really means get in Rome; and Ropalus and Remus were not great student of the non-Semitic civilisation of Mous-syllabic would mean a language of words Aryans at all. The legend is Etruscan, and a agreements, instead of knotted cords which were the only form in earlier times of mnemon Babylonia, who made some very enlightening that are monosyllables. No doubt the Chinese story of the Etruscans means a Turanian story ies, and which resorabled the curious quipus remarks on the connection between the hierogly. roots are all mono-syllables; so are the roots of in Italy. The legend of the wolf-child is found used by the Peruvians at a later period. We pick and the languages of Chine and of the a great many other languages--the roots of our also in India amongst the Turanian, non-Aryan, Akkadians, some 30 years ago. Dr. Chalmers own language originally, and the roots of other peoples. There is also the story of the three maidens who bathed in a wonderful lake and cannot say that these various inventions may not have come to China from abroad. These horse Terrien de Lacouperia in 1880, and since him

in 1868, and Dr. Edhins in 1871, and Professor European languages and of all Turanian lan

guages, are mono-syllabic. But although Chi who became the mothers of heroes. You have chariots, and or waggons, for instance, were in ase

Persia; it is a story very well known among very early se amongst the people of Babylonia, the R. C. J. Bal, and several others, have nese is in a very early stage of grammar, still that story in China, and you find it too in and amongst the wild Aryans of the steppes of investigated the subject. But, of course, if we read in the dictionaries that they have clam: the Zoroastians of Persia. I may mention too the extraordinary "Convade" custom, a custom of this tradition-considering how like those of this connection it is necessary that the you want to want to say "to observe," you say "to | by which it is necessary that the father should Southern Russia and we cannot say on account are to convince the general public of the reality shell" words to denote a particular meaning.

remain in bed and and nurse the baby for 40 inventions were to those in other parts of the examination should be critical; and that we peep-look" and use similar combination that are world that they were Logossarily this peculiar should remember not only the points of not peculiar in principle to China, but belong todays while the mother goes about and does the contact but the points of difference. We have many other languages if you trace them back Coming down to 2300 BC., we reach have one great advantage in the independent far enough. The Chinese also form words by work of the house; a most extraordinary studies of the various departments, for as cach putting the suffix for the adjective or for and abnormal custom you would say, and described by Marco time when the Bak tribes, supposed to have bson.

scholar worked his own department he amassed the agent, and they form verte by putting too Bactrians came into China from the west and

facts without having any theory of connection before the root exactly as you find in Turkish Polo in China. Yet it is not only known t you reached the Yollow River. At one time I was in hopes that some direct Information with to support. And if we take these independent and ancient Akkadian: and this even applies to there, and even known in California, but: regard to these Bak tribes would be derivable results and put them together we find ourselves the sound themselves. It has also beart stated find it in India, and you find it in Poatus in the on. a rory sound basis, beruse the various in a very learned paper I once read that north of Asia Minor, and amongst the Basque from various inscriptions, found near the

scholar were working without any knowledge there is an evident contection between people in Franco. But in every caso it is of Turanian origin. Bo that when the author of Yenissei River, which it was suggested to me of one another's discoveries. But in China Chinese and Mongolisn. If it is admitted Hudibras laughs at it as a Chinese custom, belonged to the time when they were spreading t

this is the case, you are a over Mongolia and Scuthem Siberia before the history seems to me to be more difficult that

to follow than that of Western Asin regular chain from the Mongolian which he might, had he known, have found it among they got to China and with some dialty because of the absence of very early is most intimately connected with the Turkish, the Basenes in France much nearer home.

(To be Continued.)

inventions of the Chinese.

the

So I would ask yon with regard to the Chinese race whether you do not consider that there is more than one element of natiquality in China. Of course, I am only repeating what I have heard more than one Chinese scholar say when 1 urge that there are two separate stocks, the North Chinese and the South Chinese,

the that Iu

north there is the Mongolian element: in tho south att element which is perhaps more distinctively Chinese, but nearer akin to the populations of Siam and Burmah. Both those stocks belong to the one great race which we call Turanian Turazisa I think is an excellent title for it. Turan was the country beyond Persia-Turkestan-and that was the home from which this great racespread eastward. Ju China, thon, there are now two great branches, the northern branch which is Mon- golian Turkish, and the southern which is called

If you torn to the myths about the duties you' Malayan, which perhaps in a softer climate come to much the same result. There are the three kinga," three Chinese kings who are became smaller, with smaller features, and which was more like what we consider typical of exotly like the three great gorts of Heaven, and the Chinese of the present day. Both stocks Earth, and Hell that you find in _sbylonis. have the short head, lank black hair, a beard and you have the story of Pwang-Ka who was that does not grow till late in life, a peculiar turned into various elements, or sacrificed him- double fold of the eye-lid and a slanting eye: self to himself, and from whom the whole those peculiarities are to be found in the phy-ureation then sprang. Well, you have vorg story about Gayomard in siognomy of the northern and southern breaches of alike. If you go back to the beginning of civili Persia and Mardak in abylonis, who made sation in the west, 5000 a.c.. there you find the man from his own blood. And the Flood story same Turanian type, The Mongolian and

the food is a river flood. I do not know whether the Tarks are, however, nearest to the you find all over Asia and Europe. In Chiza

non- or amil Hittite ancient Akkadian

that is sufficient to make it distinct from Semitic population of West Asia. But both the southern and the northern branches an of the Turanians are certainly skin

to this one original race. You find portraits of the Hittites, and of the akkadians themselves, with shunting eyes, and pig-tails like those of the Manchus, who forced the pig tail on China iz our seventeenth century.

Historically, I do not venture to say how far the curly Chinese dates are generally received as erodible, but I suppose that there is no doubt that from 841 HC. you have an historical chronology in Chim, and communication with Afghanistan about 200 .c., with India shortly after, and even with Rome in the second century Therefore China has never from the A.D. earliest taes of which we have historical notice beeu entirely eat off from the rest of the world

And now what I propose to do this evening is to go into some details with regard to the some conclusions on the subject-especially de- tails regarding race, and speech, and religion, and scions including astronomy, and irrigation, and writing.

Then if we go still further into the matter, if we study their language we can have no doubt that in ancient Babylonia this stock which has peopled North China existed from the earliest historical period.

I

If

of copies of these inscriptions, muments. Of course we have Chitose written while the Turkish is the direct descendant of which were to us ourly as 1022, but

the ancient Akkadian. If it is admitted that Syria, our ideas as to the very early times

fortunately they have nothing to do with the histions. at in India, Greece, Babylonia, Egy the Mongoliau and the Chinese hare a connec

subject, Evidently they are written in the

The

Uigu alphabet which was used at a much later are now based almost entirely on contemporary tion you thus have necessarily a chain of langa- The time by Turkish tribes as they spread over monumental information and this fails na in age connecting you with Babylonis.

I suppose it will be Akkadian, however, is mach nearer to the Central Asia, and they had nothing to do with China before about 300 BC. any of the ancient Chinese hieroglyphics. Thus admitted that Chins was not an Empire, but a Turkish, the pure Turkish of Central Asia, we are left with comparativaly very little in-series of loosely federated or independent States than it is to Chinese. I have had canse to down to about 200 B.C.; and there is the great fonuation as to these Bak tribes.

nearly half the vocabulary of the Now we will turn for a little to the wost diffealty about the Book Burning" edict, how thestigate that matter and 1 have found far it was carried out, and how for all the books Akkadian le the same as modern Turkish, and consider what was the contemporary civilisation of these early times, say, 3000 were burned or whether, as it is supposed, some and the grammar is on exactly the same B.C to 2000.B.C. At Umt time there is so of the works of Confucius, and we of the principles in the two languages. Of course, they

are more advance than in the Chinese. doubt that Babylenia or Mesopotamia-that is, classics, were hidden away and sared. It is the great plain between the Tigris and the rather a difficulty to find that there was such an Chinese is a more primitive language; but in Euphrates was in a very high state of civilis- edict from 221 B.C. to 191 .c., that is for 30 many of its weak points such as the want of stion. These were two races in the country. years during which period all books had to be defining time for the verb, absence of gonder,

barned, and, There was what we call the Semitic race to

I any scholar found concealing one and so on, it has the same weakness that the which the Babyleriane proper and Assyrians was to be buried or burned alive for this casts aneient Akkadian had. Professor Terrien de belonged, akin in the Syrians azid Hebrews and some fitile doubt yet only on the history of the Laconiperie was the first I think to give a great

this study of the two languages, Arabe, a group of races who spoke cognate earliest times, but even upon the later time of languages in the south west of Asia; but they Confucius himself. However this may be, the 1880, in a lecture at the Society of Arts on were not the originators of Mesopotamiau point I want to insist upon is rather that of the Early History of Chinese Civilisation He civilisation. It is well known that the Akka existence from early times of foreign intences brought ont-a-list-of 50 andent Chinese dian originators of civilisation in Mesopotamin in Chius. Lao-tze is admitted, I believe, to have which he compared with 50 ancient Akkadian been descended from one of the Burmese tribes, words. I do not venture to express any belonged to a Turanian or Mongoloid race, as it is variously called, or un Altaic ruce he was not a Chinese. Thps in 500 B.c. you opinion on the Chinese words, but he was not as others call it. I mean people who spoke hure a philospher coming into China from the always right in regard to Akkadian words, yet west, and tesching a mysticism which was very at last half of his comparisons were certainly a language different in character from that of

Hul then words alone are not the Semitic peoples, and who belonged to that similar to that of the Jains; he may have been convincing. great stock which spread all over Asis, and to which the Chinese are soknowledged to belong

to

the

Words

a disciple of the great Jain, teacher Mahavira I salcient, bocanna all the possibilities of loans say Jain and not Buddist, for it was not the from other languages have to be considered. I

flood, bat even the Babylonian

floods were due to the rising of rivera. And above, all you have the story of Paradiso. It is notable that the Paradise of China is in the wost, that the Indian

Paradise with its tree of life was in the north-

wast, that the Hebrew Paradise was in the cust and the Babylonian Paradise, as far as we can if these peoples all remembered the home from judge, was really also in the east. It seems as which they came. Their old home was Paradise to them; and as they spread over the earth those who went east had their Paradise behind them in the west; and those who went west thought of the Paradise behind them in the east. The Koen

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