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THE CHINA MAIL, MONDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1940.
THE THIRTY-SEVENTH INSTALMENT
CRUSADE IN EUROPE
For the feat value of this in- formal memorandum la in Mar shall's postscript. Already, in the fall of 1943 false and mallelous gossip was circulating to the effect that Marshall and I had been prize to be the command of Over- conducting a private vendetta, the
lord. Many of my friends knew that I hoped to remain somewhere In the field rather than return to
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower's Own Story Of The War, In Europe
of distance, rapid building up of the attacking force at Anglo would be difficult and Iunding cruft would be needed long after the agreed-upon date for their 10- lease.
The Prime Minister was nevor- theless determined to enrry nut the proposed operation. He and his staff not only felt certain that Our Mediterranean experiences was a most competent comman--'
great and the assault would be H.K.$10.00 | Washington for duty. Yet never find reallined the truth that der of courage, resourcefulness, prompt success but they engaged
had . or General Marshall, stoop-unity, co-ordination, and co-opera- | and tremendous energy, More release
the landing craft a H.K.$30.00 el to the level of conniving for flon are the keys to successful over, all of us knew him to be quickly as the two divisions had position in either pence or war. operations. War is waged in three helpful and companionable, evenveen established on the beach. II.K.$72,001 i had never, and I know he had elements but there is no stress among ourselves at the care with as to the probable outcome, I ac- though We sometimes laughed Although I repeated my warning
COMMUNIST
not
415
Marshall's thoughtfulness
else's, that sent me to the Over-appreciated
the
On Christmas Eve we listened
DS
Americans
such
eral Marshall at the beginning of capacity to develop and maintained Commander Butcher, my ranean for a considerable length; pondence with the War Depart-
11
'The
rice-
front lines
mendous, and of this I was well raies. Our observation, however. The matter for discussion was a defy any attempt to establish and a number of staff officers,
able
prenticed
דון
and
than
expressed to anyone a per-¡ land, sir, or naval war. sonal preference for particular all assets in all elements DFC which he guarded, in British cepted their firm commitments on assignment. In thet from the per- eflciently combined and co-or-
tradition and practice, the "senior the date of the release of these sonul viewpoint Σ would have dinated against a properly select-service" position of the British craft, which would be so badly COUP D'ETAT preferred, over anything else, toed, common objective, their max- Navy
needed in England, and agreed to remain
the Mediterranean Imum potential power cannot be
Government, would recommend to the United States The Communist municipal commander.
realised. Physical targets may be to the radio, having learned that Chiefs of Staff that the equip cause, him embarrassment. coup d'etat which has been
separated by the breadth of a
On the administrative
side, carried out with Soviet pro-sending me a memento he knew destruction must contribute a significant speech. During that for an additional two weeks.
in continent or an ocean, but their Preakdent Roosevelt was to make ment remain in the Mediterranean
however, there was much to do. In the final outcome the Anzio In addition to my Allied respon- tection in the Soviet sector would value was certainly not maximum degree to the further-tulk he made the Brst public o
transfer to operation paid off handsomely but sibilities I was, of course, the nouncement of my of Berlin is the most specta-the action of a disgruntled and ance of the combined plan of
command of Overlord and includ in its initial stages it developed commander of American forces in cular step yet taken to split While I have never discussed the dination means,
defeater opponent for "Job. uperation. That is what co-or-ISI
ed in the statement the designn- exactly
my headquarters the theatre. Administration of Berlin in two and is a fur-
tion of the title I was to assume thought it would. Ia addition, Not only would I
a forec, with its eternal matter directly with him, I have ther move designed to place atways been confident that it was
need com The litle was Supreme Comman- the landing craft scheduled for
questions
lons of supply, maintenance, manders who understood this
Forces. transcr Allled Expeditionary Forces.
Lo the United ali Berlin under the domina- his decision, more than anyone truth, but I must have those who This sounded very imposing and had to
der,
Kingdom replacement,
domo- promotion, remain in the Meriter- tion, and a voluminous corres- tion of the Communists and lord post. Since I first met Gen- morale and had demonstrated a Importance of their Soviet patrons.
alde, to say that his major of time to provide rapid reinforcement, is a very intricate
ment for the hardpressed troops at sometimes very personal process. The new Magistrat nomin-the war I felt for him only in it. Morale is the greatest single problem for the next week or so would be to design proper sla-
Anzio. Fortunately this circumst- ated by a Communist minor- tense loyalty and respect, and factor in successful war. Endur-
no harm lo Overlord.
One of the first questions to be ity of the Berlin City As-had already informed the Prest-able comparisons with the enemy tionery to carry my exalted title, ance did
results were settled other essential factors-leader- The most significant
rea! But before ut my
was the choice of the sembly in the absence of re-ent of my conviction that no one hip, discipline, technique, num- Gnal nets
achieved the Anzio force had to American officer who would now the Mellterranean Jn cow could undertake the Overlord
be bulit up to more than six divi- become deputy to General Wilson presentatives of the three command with greater prospect and maintenance-pre prerequisite 1943. On
Christmas Daysiana and had to fight under ad- and who would therefore take bers, equipment, mobility, supply, teak plare
that day I bnd just majority parties are, it goes of success thun could Marshall,
for some four over American administrative without saying, not recognis believed then, and I believe the existence of morale. It completed another tour along the verse conditions
breeds most readily upon success; on
In Italy pad then month. On the other hand, the duties in the Mediterranean. ed by the three Western |
now, that he would have been as but under good leaders it will be took off for Tunisia, where 1 met move undoubtedly convinced Hit- pre-eminent in field work as he Powers. The proceedings in
This brought up the problem troops even the Prime Minister. Present wither that we intended to push the was in the complicated duties treintained among
Itallan campaign as a major of Alling high Amerlegn positions the State Opera House in the encountered in Washington, during extended periods of ad- him were the new commander in Men. I versity.
Mor- The nethods employed chief of the Mediterranean, Gen-peration and he reinforced his in both theatres-Generat Soviet sector
honour and confidence im- were gross
selection for This by successful leaders in develop-eral Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, mies there with eight divisions. shall and I of course wanted to violation of the provisional pled by my
ing morale differ so widely ns to along with General Alexander This was a great advantage to the place cach man in the post where eritical post were, of course,
Allies elsewhere. constitution of Berlin from
we felt his special qualifications Facing an early transfer to could best assist in the prosecu- the beginning to the end, aware and appreciative. Never-
London, I found myself entangled tion of the war. The three Western Powers theless, there
I always some bitter campaign morale will suffer against Anzio.
always applies: la any long and proposed amphibious operation in a mass of terminal detail in the
The operation Mediterranean theatre. emotional letdown when unless alt ranks thoroughly he
I could unhold
the
At that time my own ideas as degree of existing pro- military
could not comunander in war is
be launched before visional constitution which removed from one task to enter
lieve that their commanders are January, after my departure, and not escape a feeling of uneasiness to the best possible allocation of over the Anzio project and was American commanders to the concerned first and always with my own conclusions on the mat-disturbed to learn that my plast two was enacted with the ap-upon another. By the
the nature of
theatres were given in a TRANS-ASIATIC "AIRLINES (SIAMY LTD. (moval of the four-Powerthis work-he-has-become-so-in the welfare of the troops_who_dater_were_not_decisive. Neverthe-for-concentrating-the entire-AFHQ-telegram-sent to Cene at Marshall-
fighting, A+ human under-less, I was involved because of In Caserta was to be abandoned. December 23, 1943: and assistants and with innumer-
standing and a natural ability to the fact that launching the attack To me this decision seemed to he mingle with all men on a basis of would require a
a delay in problems that he.
the imply a lack of understanding of In the early stages of Overlord problems
equality are more important than planned schedule Under that constitution, the feels almost a resentful shock at
for shipping the situation and of the duties of see no necessity for British and of technical skill.
certain any degree
landing craft to England, the highest commander City Assembly is elected for theing again the problem of
In the American Army Group Comman- was happy a period of two years, at the and plans necessary for the con- deputy for
building up organisations, staffs.
10 secure
Air Consequently my cuticurrence in field; regardless of preoccupation ders. In fact, any such setup would Chief Marshal Tekler
with multitudinous my the project was sought.
problems of be destructive of the essential end of which there must be duet of another operation. On top Mediterranean he had won the Italy it was apparent that a steatly touch with the
Overlord. In the
As the situation then stood in great import, he must never lose co-ordination between Ground and
"feel" of elections. The Assem- of this we were in the midst of
his Air Furces. When Army Group the peninsula de troops. He can and should' de-Commanders become necessary, 1 bly itself elects the Magis-active campaigning and I and all respect and admiration of all his advance up trat, the supreme executive those I took with me were going, associates not only as a brilliant mander a succession of outflank- legate tactical responsibility and profoundly hope to designate an
period for th
of some months, airman but as a organ of the City Govern-from the scene of immediate and
avoid interference in the authority ofcer who has had combat ex- staunch suppor-ing operations by sea, preferably the "alled" principle as on both flanks. Head-on attacks of his sciccted subordinates, but perience in this War.
My pre- ment, and the Macistrat re- fierce action to one of study, in-
In - that command against the enemy on his moun- he must maintain the closest kind ference for American Army Group Authority was also granted to tainous frontiers would be slow of factual and spiritus contact Commanders, when more mains in office throughout vestigation, and planning.
lake
રામ કો પા along my chief of staff, and extremely costly. The real with them or, in a vast and critic-one American Army is operating The command organisation that Walter B. Smith, without whose question to be decided the two years of the Assem-
was she- el E11 existed
the Mediterranean at
the contact requires frequent visits' One of his Army Commanders Aeratio tions, the
stat Assemblysult of new
for the Allies would
served by best an evolutionary process, ficult to organise a. elects a new Magistrat. the beginnings of which were far conduct of a great allied opera-
commander finds that these visits other, a man that
be-do- that sumclent resources
to maintain to
to troops
may of other nationalities veloped in Overlord operations or originally either General Alexan- momentum in
advance, or inevitably, assume the summer and fall of 12. present Assembly and the
was whether
a regrettable alternatively, somebody like Hod- We had entered Africa in No- der or General Montgomery was
the contrary we formality-but he can and should ges or Simpson, provided such Magistrat came to an end on vember 1042 with preconceived val
available for the command of the should content ourselves with avold ceremony when visiting officer could como over to United areas in which| Bhu
British forces in the new ven- October 20. Early in Octo- notions of the
well-prepared minor,
attacks in troops of his own country.
Kingdom at on early date and ber, the Magistrat submitted British and American troops would ture. At that time I expressed a the mountains with limited aims
accompany Bradley through the for preference be respectively employed.
Alexander, pri- but
It was a simple affair to turn early stages of the operations. but with maximum economy in to the four-Power Komman- command organisation had been arily because I had been
so men and resources. Neither troops over to another responsibility for datura for approval a draft designed to fit the anticipated closely associated with him and nor landing craft were imme-controlling operations. The great To my mind, Bradley should be order fixing the new elections situation. The moment we found developed for him-an-admiration diately available in sumcient bulk of the staffs and principal the for October 24.
that the military requirements and friendship which have grow numbers to carry out large-scale subordinates would remain in the Army Commander, and become The three differed radically from those ex-with the years. I regarded Al-operations on both flanks, and Mediterranean. They were fam!- Army Group Commander when Western Commandants gave pected, we had to begin reorgani-exander as Britain's outstanding because of comparative case in liar with plans and resources, as necessary.
was the new commander, General their approval without delay ation of command stuff. The les-
the field of strategy, their later support such opera.
I have sent to you at Washlag- but the Soviet authorities son was plain that in the new He was, moreover, a friendly and tions were more feasible on the Wilson of the British Army, who
we should avoid the companionable type; Americans Western than on the Eastern flank had been on duty in the Eastern ideas for the American Command ton a long letter outlining my waited until October 20 be- necessity of major revision of the instinctively liked him.
of Italy.
Mediterranean. He was prescot fore stating that their con- conmand structure in the midst
The Prime Minister finally de-i I agreed to the general desir- at the Christmas Day conference setup, both here and in Overlord. sent to the elections would of battle and should adopt one cided, however, that Alexander ability of continuing the advance with the Prime Minister in Tunis. I hope that letter will be await- be dependent on four condi- whose basic soundness and flexl- should not be spared from the but pointed out that the landing where every factor of our mill-ing you when you arrive in Wash-
bility would meet any probable Italian operation, which would of two partially skeletonised fary situation tions which were totally un-eventually in combat,
was exhaustively ington, but I summarise it here have important effect upon the divisions at Anzio, u
a hundred view
reviewed. Mr. Murphy and Mr. for your immediate information, acceptable both to the West-
one we were to undertako the miles beyond the front lines, as their political capacities to assist der here in the Mediterranean
Macmillan
to remain The American Theatre Comman- were
in ern Powers and to the major-
following summer,
and
from then situated, would not only be thei ity of the City Assembly.
Consequently I should be Devers, leaving Clark formation of the Communist decisive
which he still hoped for almost risky affair but that the attack General Wilson.
results,
would not by itself compel the had no fear that his lack of ac-free at the appropriate time to Consequently The date for elections was Magistrat and the fact that General Montgomery was assign-withdrawal of the German front.quaintanceship with the principal take complete charge of Anvil, then fixed. with the approval this coup was the culmina-ed to command the British forces Military strategy may bear some French officials, and with plans of the Western Powers, fortion of progressive Soviet in the new operation, a choice similarily to the chessboard, the it for arming French forces by thei December 5. These elections efforts to split Berlin in two, gomery has no superior in two too far.
acceptable to me. General Mont- is dangerous to carry the analogy A threatened king n have now been held in the were cogently developed in a most important characteristics. chess must be protected; in war three Western sectors, but long statement issued jointly He quickly develops among Bri- he may instead choose to Oght! they were not held in the by the three Western Powers tish enlisted men an intense de- The Noals had not instantly with Soviet sector.
in Paris for the information
votion and admiration-the great- drawn from Africa' or
Sicily In reply to a question in of the currency experts ap can possess, Montgomery's other rear,
est personal asset a commander merely because of threats to their On the contrary, they had the House of Commons about pointed by the six "neutral" outstanding characteristic is his reinforced and fought the battle the illegal establishment in members of the Security tactical abiuty in what might be out to the end. In this case, of the Soviet sector of Berlin on Council to work out a Ber- the study of enemy positions and lects was to induce the enemy to called the "prepared" battle. In course, one of the principal ob-
siluations and In the combining reinforce his Italian armies, but it ist Magistrat, Mr. Christopher The three-Power statement of his own armour, artley, air, was equally important that this Mavhew, Parliamentary says that on November 13 the
and Infantry to secure tactical be done in such a way that our Under-Secretary for Foreign Soviet authorities "counten careful, meticulous, and certain.
success against the enemy he is own costs would be minimised. anced and indeed encouraged
was from the standpoint of I was particularly pleased to costs that I urged careful consi- "This self-styled Magis- a series of events in their secure the
services
of Admiral deration of the whole plan, I trat, which was hot clected sector which have completed Ramsay as the naval commander argued that a force of several but nominated, was set up in the exclusion of the legal had left us some weeks earlier to established in Anzio before sign!
In chief. Admiral Cunningham: strong divisions would have to be the Soviet sector of Berlin City Administration from its become
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be
bly's life. After the elec- { Christmastime, 1943, was the re- services it would have been dif- ther the overall interests of the campaign, he will fail. This In Overlord, is General Bradley. The two-year term of the back in the hectic London days of on, I at first understood the allocating to the Italian operatione troops themselves. An allied should probably be Paiton; the
venture
SOUTH AFRICA · PAKISTAN · INDIA - CEYLON November 30 of a Commun-lin currency plan.
AUSTRALIA - NEW ZEALAND.FAR EAST-JAPAN Affairs, said:
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En God Avon Olfiem 4051 York Building, Chater Hond
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& Chimal
B.O·A·C
The
soldier
irt
2
It
on
the
First Sea Lord of the Beant results could be achieved,
by members of the Socialist, proper seat in the Soviet sec- Admiralty, but Admiral Ramsay I pointed out also that, because Unity Party and other Com-tor and from the exercise of munist-controlled organisa- its legal authority in the tions at what was purported areas of Berlin under Soviet to be an extraordinary ses-administration." Referring DO YOU sion of the Berlin City As to the formation of the 'Com-
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convened by the Socialist says: Unity Deputy Chairman. "Although this illegal body "This is the culmination of will be excluded from a long Soviet campaign to usurping any functions of the disrupt the legal administra-legal Government as far as tion of Berlin and to divide the Western sectors of Ber- the city.
lin are concerned, its exist- "The establishment of this fence in the Soviet sector will
Magistrat has been recognis end all possibility of a legal,
YOUR
HONG KONG?
Can you re- ed by the Soviet authorities unified administration func-ognise where but has been publicly con- tioning on a city-wide basis. taken? The an
this, picture, WHE demned by the British Mili "This is a development that awer is in Page. tary-Government who will the Western Powers have Deven. continue to give its support constantly striven to avoid. to the constitutionally elect It is obvious that the de facto ed City Assembly".
division of the city makes the establishment of a single cur- frency extremely difficult."
Two points stressed by Mr. Mayhow, the illegality of the
United States Assaulting
To Be Continued
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