1947-11-13 — Page 9

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In

THE CHINA MAIL, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1947.

ENGINEERING PAGE: Continued from Page Eight

WHY THE

THE V-8?

Engineering Murder Averted

1

gine length for years, yet there Weight

m.p.g.

m.p..

1,000

(future) 85

2,000

40

GG

2,500

30

42

3,000

20

20

3,500

10

9

24

17

4,000

is nothing which has less com- class (lb.) (present) merelal value than taking anj inch out of the engine. It can not appeal to the sense of utility, comfort or vanity Somehow this business of crowding-nry engine has appealed to the vanity of the engine designer.

It is not weight alone which is It usually turns around and costly in mpg, but all things blies him.

which go with weight; engine With an opposed engine the alze. horse-power to drive the hores can be greater in diameter car on the level and on grades,} than the stroke and the span of axle ratio and the general cross the individual bore dan be section of the car. used to do a job on diameter of etankpin, check thickness and length of crankpin. At this

men

Page

ADVANCES IN DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES

Steel

Output Record

Britain's

on t of

of the

Among the notable advances: made in diesel locomotive prac-> tee recently is that achieved In the layout and erection of the complete strnight and au- tomatie Westinghouse air brake la 05 and 100 b.h.p. flameproof mines locomotives by ihe Hunslet Engine Co., Ltd., of Leeds, England. One of the yirtues of opposed they can be entirely ignored. In However. It is fair to assume,

Erection and testing of the and V-type engines is that com-fact, the opposed four makes that work

Our ability to burn tean mix-valves, piping and connections pared with an in-line engine it possible the return of the four-minimizing the total surface of ability to supply uniform lean of time, and in both surface will proceed on tures is stymied unti our Invariably occupies a good deal to not necessary commit cylinder engine to the American the car and correcting the mixtures is established.. Ability and underground steam

September atcel engineering murder to Have Acene.

front end for aerodynamics and to burn lean mixtures quite de- diesel locomotives testing not 841,000 tons, is the highest for and output, at an annual rate of 13,- wheelbase. In the past it is If fuel consumption was the relieving the drag at the rear finitely controla fair to state that 1 in. of ad-controlling

our hope of infrequently holds linck trials any September on record and factor in welght end. This would bring the real economy in no far as the and delivery If everything does the highest ditional wheelbase could cure class selection, then the follow. mi'cage up to 40 m.p.g. if we engine is concerned,

for any month most engine difficulties. En-ing data would be important: apply all we know to the engine

not go well at once.

since March, 1943. American carburetter gineers have been fighting en.

By the erection of the West- for burning lean mixtures. over the past years have de-inghouse equipment in one as-

It falls little short veloped a technique for hand-sembly which can be lifted into official objective of 14 million Major Factor ling lean mixtures.

However, or out of the locomotive en tons, and this is most encourag- this art was developed to cover bloc, Hunalet has at one step ing because the success of the The greatest factor in good flat spots or lean spots. We simplified procedure of a com- economic programme depende piston and ring operation is the have known for years that plicated sequence, and increas very largely elcarance of the piston in the ignition tuning was necessary the eficiency of the locomo- production

maximum bore. The piston of the future for good carburation.

atcel. Tha This tive erection, and testing pro- quality of British steel in must be fitted with much less tuning was a simple method of gramme. clearance than in the past. The improving the ability to burn

world-famed, and at Port Tal present American piston in a lean mixtures. Low voltage at rection within the steel frame, are being laid for the Inrgest The great advantage is that bot, in Wales, the foundations straight oval having greater the spark plugs and lean mix and the subsequent full testing and most modern strip mill clearance at the aides than at ture are a sad combination. the bearing surface. The usual

by the Westinghouse engineer, steelworks in the country. source

We can give tank mileage by can be undertaken in any part

In little of trouble has been reducing the weight of the cat of the erecting shop, or indeed, montha an area of 600 acres, more than five mechanical and heat distortion and with it the cable ft. per along the pin requiring excen car mile. However, for the fur

in any part of the factory; and mostly sand dunes and mareh the complete self-contained as and Jake, has been alve clearance, Sometimes this ture, we must burn leaner mixsembly can be brought to the and levelled after being filled drained, is provided for by special militares in the part throttle range: locomotive after approval and with heavy foundation materi- paint we should consider the To continue our discussion of ing operation under the pin. 19 to 20 to I is the part throt Immediately lowered into posi-al. It will not be long before possible size of our engines. the

rigidity factors of the However, quite, often this ex. t'e ratio which will be used. The table shows the projected opposed engine, let us take the cessive clearance will extend to We use the positive here be

the site will be ready for the With a horsepower outputs of future one-piece cylinder block, the bottom of the skirt at each cause this mixture ratio

straight air brake, Installation of new blast was only two connections are neces- furnaces producing 1,000 [upposed-type engines,

The bore in materially offset side.

used in production cars in 1938 sary (to the brake cylinder and of iron a day. Assuming IL six-cyclinder, from the main bearing centre The British developed their and 1939 with very satisfactory from the comprensor), and an 2,950 cc engine with 130 h.p. ine, The webs adequately de piston shape so that it was a resfits. Perhaps American en

The complete plan for steel output, raving a maximum the main bearing into the stru- tapered oval. The skirt open gineers will go further and dearting motor (for the all engigantle one,

additional connection to the air modernization in Wales is n b.m.ep of 140 lb. per sq. in., ture, and on the rear end where, end was round and the major better,

and the installa If so, it will be because ine) where this is fitted. With tion of the present until alone, Fu-Jits dimensions would be:', under normal conditions, the ovality was immediately below of attention to the princip'e straight and automatic equip with its strip mill for bore 3.5 ins., stroke 3.125 ins. bearing support is deflected in the ring belt. This simplifies as outlined in the discussion ment four connections are need- sheets and modern flat-rolling wido opposed dimensions would be: time with the power stroke, we piston fitting, since with a split that follows: hore 3.5 s, stroke 3.125 ins, find a wall completely across skirt the pistons were

ed, the two additional ones be. plant, will cost some £30 mil- fitted We must first accept the pre.ing for the train pipes. The allowable crankpin for in- the engine. Since in this engine with a light drag t

Ilon, apart mise that any element, be it de-

from £5 million Ава line is 2.125 ins.dium. Allowable the power force is transverse Progress is being mude both sign or a condition, which ser contains not only the brake miles of railway track will run whole. the assembly for preparing the site. Sixty rankpin for opposed is 2.376 and the residual inertia forces in the U.S. and abroad on deves to interfere with uniform- equipment, but the pneumatic through the works area. ing diam. This gives 110 per are tranverse, they react against sign for aluminium pistons that ity of mixture in the combus-whistle far as erankpin is concerned. elastic bearing

or bolta.001-in clearance

connections a-half years before this huge with a 3-in ignite this mixture, must be from the The bore diameter normally However, the bearing clearance bore, One English

nir system; and a plant is operating, but the work piston corrected by the engine man, Gresham and Craven two-way already done is a worthy exam- controls the spans which gives alone allows for pendular netion maker binds the piston with not the carburetter man. valve and connections for the ple of British enterprise and spare for bearing_length" and of the flywheel. If we combine steel wire of about 040-in dia- (Continued Next Week) two-way air sanding. check thickness. We have in controlled combustion, short meter, In America

hard work. we shali t's opposed engine 0.25 in. addition to divide between cheek and bearing length. It should be divided one-eighth for beur. Ing length and one-sixteen for the future. each cheek.

Monobloc

tion.

tona

cent. Increase in rigidity in so a solid block instead of an can be fitted with from 0005 to tion chamber or the voltage to along on the front plate. It will probably be two-and-

cap

stroke, heavy overlap and rein. forced cheeks, the oppoxed en- gine should be well prepared to meet increased power output of

see this contral cast into the piston. A tapered oval dose- fitting aluminium piston would set new marks for durability and for of consumption.

Piston rings in the United States have been very good in the truck and passenger car. field. Europeans claim we were

The use of light metals ja, It is obvious that the short-bound to be considered. When stroke opposed engine is the we review the war picture we feast elusule combination, and, are certain that aluminium can As such, combined with a "con. give the performance and not so good pre-war on heavy- trolled combustion" chamber durability. However, it has been duty rings but that we improv will be more nearly ready to too high in price for cara and ed during the war,

We have meet the future. In answer to trucks, Today we can assume been obtaining results by metal- the question of why don't we that from the point of view of lurgical progress and machin- However, the tensfon kas From 1932 to

treat the in-line engine in the weight, 1 lb. of aluminium can been going up.

ing. same manner, we again point) be considered as 275 lb. of Trong 1010 the tension has gone up out that the increase in length Modern aluminium alloys, even from 8 to 18 lb. and when wear of about 1.75 ins, would find no] In secundary metals, favour among

designers and, equal to cast-iron in structural sats in we put in spring-back! truth, the additional length physical properties. The al-gs-for-more-tension: Thla does crease the relative wind-joys require heat treatment but

in to hold compression and

can be

to:

eliminate blow-by in bad bores.

up of crank and case. The so does cast-iron in order opposed engine can be treated gain strength. for rigidity of crankshaft bc-| Aluminum would permit com cause the engine will be shorter.petitive costs if full advantage This holds true for V.eights, was taken of the case of hand- except that the proportion of the ling, case of machining, and the crankshaft must be compensat lowered weight of the final proer tension than the ring.

An interesting point is that al 3/32 face ring will give better blow-by characteristics with a very much higher critical perled than the ring. The 3/2 ring is usually made with much low-

und

હે for prestressing due to duct that can add performance heavy counter-weights and, equal to one more passenger, or Therefore, we reason that high further,

tension or wall pressure is not for Iow modulus permit reduction in general materials used if the crank is proportions,

the answer. We need rings that will maintain a uniform. east, as it might well be in the In 'Europe this practice in future on most engines, The over the top, and in France all under conditions of hent

tension on the cylinder wall cast grank does permit use of a new ears include the maximum pressure, that will not cold or really hollow shaft and size enn of aluminium. This is a mat-

hot scuff. This may be an en- be increased to give stiffness ter of coal. In the pre-war tirely different ring thun we without adding weight. į

period they used 1 tons of have seen before. coal to make one car. They are get better operation and Her- If we can now alming at five small cars vico with less friction for this much coal. In England rings that have uniform pres from it is ender discussion, some be sure on the cylinder wall under is conditions of heat and pressure,

Narrow V

In the past, 60-, 45- 22%- and

16 degree V-eight have been lleving that aluminium built. In this country the 90-de economie, and others disagree-we have advanced. gree V-eight won engineering." If the aluminium indux-

ing favour over the 60-degree. tries of Britain are put under ly troublesome. The chemical; Many experimental eights of control we can look for a wide less included angle have been use there,

In

Engine valves are periodical- constituents of combustion have. alternately, destroyed exhaust

Sodium Cooled

built with attractive results. We are bound to be affected valves and intako valves. Work flowever, they eventually lost by cars built in Europe, in spite is going on to determine what the engineering decision on the of the fact that we lead the the injurious elements are and basis of roll due to firing order. world in volume, afze,

ap how to keep them out of the Europe the story was pearance and performance. Wel fuel. Unfortunately, different, and Lanela and others are continually borrowing from varies, not only throughout the petrol produced the narrow V and the Europe, almost as much as they world but throughout the Unit exedition, due to valve. gear! borrow from us. When cars ed States. design was so good that the are made to the tune of over a performance Improvement made million per year, with a max!- the job desirable. We may expect mum of aluminium, the facta such engines to appear in the will be proven that cars can bó United States, The Lancia, much lighter than at present to use rodium-cooled valves for Truck engines are beginning however, was 1 small-bore, without losing road stability. the exhaust. This will bring long-stroke engine with over The impact of these aluminium up the number of, auch valves. head camshaft with relatively developments will eventually be produced and bring down the. large valves, and was capable felt and hence aluminium for cost. Lower cost sodium-cool- of sustained high power.at high motorcars will eventually, be bd valves speeds. Such engines

aré avaliablo in considered in the U.S.

not however at a low enough Europe, however, did not have In Europe we have some fair price to interest the passenger- American traditional smooth cars. without aluminium that car field. In spite of this, in ness, It remains to be seen what carry five passengers at 2,200 the future we wil all be using may come the United States lb., and these designs are eight hollow-stem exhaust in the future.

valves A good-sized to 10 years old. I think we can with tho' stem nearly half the drankshaft and attention to predict in three crankense rigidity, with proper satisfactory automobiles for flyether, some manufacturers w

years time diameter of the head.. Whe counterweighting may do rather passengers weighing 2,000 fb. low with sodium' remains to do woll. The fluid coupling may Present care vorage 33 to 861b, then step up to filling the hal- aldo hide, a multitude of sins. per ho. available. A 2,000-lb. volop. We have hopes that just The opposed engine does not car would be happy with a 66 as B Knudsen reduced the require special treatment. It h.p. engine and would equal price of silchromo valves to eno- gives an Improved balance and presentday: performance. With third of their original cont requires a miinimum of counter the same r.p.m. per mile this present valve-manufacturers weighting, and, from rutining would, probably show, 25 to 80 will reduce the hollow sodium- experience, improves the secon per cent, fuel consumption im cooled valve to a point that will dary forces vibration in the provement. This would put tho bring it in line for passenger

our-cylinder toe point where consumption 10. p.ge card

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